• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.522-526
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• 1998

Ferritin from germinated soybean seeds was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation (0.55 saturation), ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S-300, and HPLC with Bio-Scale Q2 column. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the purified ferritin is composed of subunit with an apparent M, 21,000. The molecular mass of the native soybean ferritin estimated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300 and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis appeared to be $510{\sim}560\;kDa$. Soybean ferritin contained 833 mol Fe/mol protein, which is 31-fold more iron than pumpkin ferritin and stained positive for iron on non-denaturing gel. Soybean ferritin cross-reacted with anti-soybean rabbit ferritin antiserum.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.498-502
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• 2005

Three Korean soybean varieties - Shinpaldal-2, Seomoktae and Seoritae - were investigated for changes in their physical properties and the amount of functional components (i.e. isoflavones and oligosaccharides), during germination. Soybeans were germinated at $20^{\circ}C$ for 96 hr in complete darkness. The dry weights of cotyledone, hypocotyl, seed coat, and hilum of Seoritae were heavier than those of other varieties. The dry weights of the three bean varieties decreased steadily in spite of root growth. The largest amount of isoflavone content was observed from Shinpaldal-2 (1.824 mg/g), followed by Seoritae (1.216 mg/g) and Seomoktae (1.125 mg/g). Total isoflavone content increased by 13% during initial germination, and then decreased thereafter. Aglycone types such as daidzein and genistein dominated the increase in isoflavone contents. The increase in genistein content of Shinpaldal-2 was 17.5 fold compared with ungerminated soybean, while the amount of daidzein was 6.7 times as much as ungerminated Shinpaldal-2 over an 18-hr germination period. Oligosaccharide contents such as raffinose (Raf) and stachyose (Sta) rapidly decreased during germination, while the sucrose (Sue) content remained constant until 36-48 hr of germination. From these results, it was clearly shown that the germination process significantly changed the contents of functional nutrients in soybeans. Therefore, the optimization of germination process should be considered to improve the biological functionality of soybeans in food processing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.359-365
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• 2006

Changes in isoflavone and oligosaccharides, and some physicochemical properties of Chokong, a pickled and dried soybeans, were investigated during pickling in brewed vinegar at $20^{\circ}C$. The used soybeans were 24 hr germinated soybeans, which was maximumly increased in isoflavone content during germination. The isoflavone contents were significantly increased by approx. 80% in both glycosides and aglycone type of isoflavone after 20 day of pickling at $20^{\circ}C$. The isoflavone values of germinated Chokong were significantly higher than those of ungerminated ones. Pickling the soybeans in vinegar resulted in a rapid initial decrease in oligosaccharides, Particularly in raffinose and stachyose. The pH and soluble solids contents in vinegar increased markedly and L values decreased during initial pickling of 24 hr.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1758-1763
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• 2008

To increase the functional properties of black soybean, we prepared the Chungkukjang with black bean at $40^{\circ}C$ after its germination according to the time course. The black soybean was soaked for 3 hr and dried three times with 2 hr interval. The germination ratio reached 50% for 12 hr germination and 80% for 24 hr, respectively. The optimum temperature of the germination was $18^{\circ}C$. The general composition of the germinated black soybean were not different from the control black soybean. During germination and growth, protease activity decreased slightly, whereas glucoamylase activity increased. On the other hand, content of isoflavone was increased to two times when the germinated leaf was 20 mm length. Absolute amount of the isoflavone was about 260 ${\mu}g$/g. When we estimated the sensory test of the Dua-chungkukjang, the color and mucoid formation was not different from traditional chungkukjang but bad flavor was decreased compared to traditional chungkukjang. And the same result was detected in the Dua-chungkukjang soup.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.836-843
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on proliferation of human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HCT-116, PC-3 and AGS) of crude soyasaponin extracts in germinated black soybean. Black soybean was germinated and subjected to HHP, followed by preparation of crude soyasaponin extracts. Cell treatments done with extracts less than $400{\mu}g/mL$ concentrations had no significant effect on 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell viability. The inhibitory effect of crude soyasaponin extracts with germination periods and applied pressure on breast cancer cell (MCF-7), human colon cancer cell (HCT-116), human gastriccancer cell (AGS) and prostate cancer cell (PC-3) growth were investigated using MTT assay. The highest anti-proliferation of human cancer cell line of crude soyasaponin extracts was observed at 150 MPa treatment after germination for 4 days (150 MPa-Day 4). The cell viability on MCF-7, HCT-116, PC-3 and AGS cell lines of crude soyasaponin extract in 150 MPa-Day4 was 48.82%, 57.37%, 39.89% and 23.94% at $400{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. These results suggest that soyasaponin extracts from black soybean subjected to HHP after germination may mediate physiological activity.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.333-341
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• 1994

Effective plant regeneration from immature cotyledons of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars was achieved via somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis was performed with the cotyledons of immature embryos 14-20 d after flowering. Immature cotyledons of cv. Whangkeum were placed abaxial or adaxial side down on modified MS medium containing 20mg/L 2,4-D. The greatest number of somatic embryos, 1.2 per cotyledon, was produced from those of 4.0-4.9 mm in length which had been placed abaxial side down. Among cvs. Pecking, Whangkeum and Baekwoon, Pecking had the highest embryo induction efficiency with 4.3 somatic embryos per cotyledon in 20mg/L 2,4-D treatment and with 1.0 embryo per cotyledon in 8mg/L NAA treatment. Germinable globular somatic embryos were induced with the highest efficiency, 27.6%, in 20mg/L 2,4-D and were proliferated efficiently on liquid medium containing 10mg/L 2,4-D. The globular somatic embryos developed into germinable mature somatic embryos on medium containing 10 $\mu$M CoCl2, 9% sucrose, and 0.5% activated charcoal. These mature somatic embryos germinated on hormone-free mediu. After transfer to the soil, regenerated plants with seeds were obtained.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.676-680
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• 2007

This research was conducted to investigate the changes in quality characteristics of cheonggukjang made with 24-hr germinated soybeans during fermentation. Our study confirmed that the pH of the 24-hr germinated soybeans was 6.7, and the value increased as fermentation progressed. The amount of viscous substances in the cheonggukjang produced with the 24-hr germinated soybeans constantly increased to 5.89% at 36 hr of fermentation, and then remained unchanged. Free sugars (raffinose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose) rapidly decreased with the fermentation process. The levels of free amino acids in the 24-hr germinated agakong and the 48-hr fermented cheonggukjang were 391.0 and 10,994.8 mg%, respectively. Glutamic acid content was highest, followed by aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, and proline. The ratio of glutamic acid to total free amino acids at 48-hr of fermentation was 18.0%. Finally, it was confirmed that the sensory evaluation score of the 24-36 hr fermented cheonggukjang, made with the 24-hr germinated soybeans, was superior to that of the 24 and 48-hr fermented cheonggukjang.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.22 no.1 s.54
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• pp.26-30
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• 1983

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) infection in seeds wits investigated by an immunochemical method Seven soybean cultivars or lines Bughae No.1, KAS 662-7, Chungbugbaeg, Gwanggyo Clark, Bongeui, and Gangrim were tested using hypocotyls of germinated seeds and presence of SMV was detected in six soybean cultivars but Gangrim. The level of SMV infection in the assayed cultivars varied from 2.1 to $12.5\%$. It seemed that seed coat mottling had no correlation with seeds. SMV infection of the seeds since virus has not always been detected from the mot tled seeds SMV has not been detected in the seeds of variety Gwanggyo which showed necrotic symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.439-447
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• 2010

Riptortus clavatus, one of the many insects in major crops, damages pods and seeds, which reduces seed vigor and viability in soybeans. This study was conducted to examine the effect of diversely damaged seeds by R. clavatus on seed germination and seedling emergence and to determine the association of damaged seed with quality and yield of soybean sprouts. All seeds damaged by R. clavatus significantly (P<0.05) reduced seed vigor as measured by the rates of seed germination, germination speed, and seedling emergence. Mean seed germination rate of non-damaged seeds in sprout-soybean varieties was 97.8%, whereas the rates of seeds damaged at different levels, 31-50% and 51-80%, were 23.0 and 5.4%, respectively. The rates of seedling rot and abnormal, incomplete germination significantly (P<0.05) increased as the amount of seeds damaged by R. clavatus increased to 5, 10 and 15% against the total seeds for sprout production. Yield of soybean sprouts from seeds damaged at different levels decreased up to 13% as compared to that in normal seeds. In customer preferences on soybean sprout produce, 84% of customers participated in survey preferred to purchase sprouts from seeds with 5% of damaged seeds, but sprouts produced from seeds with 15% of damaged seeds were intended to purchase only by 22% of the customers. Areas of the seed damaged by R. clavatus were readily infected by pathogens as the seed germinated, resulted in deteriorated quality and reduced yield of sprout produce.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2001

In order to establish efficient plant regeneration from embryogenic suspension cultures of soybean, Glycine max L, we examined the effects of auxin type and concentration, cytokinin type and concentration, and amino acid type and concentration on the growth of embryogenic clumps from induced callus, and the effect of desiccation of mature somatic embryos obtained from these clumps on the frequency of somatic embryo germination. Embryogenic callus was induced from the edge of the cotyledons cultured on MS medium containing 6% sucrose, 40 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.2% gelrite and pH 5.7. The growth of embryogenic clumps was best in early staged, embryogenic callus that was placed in suspension culture of MS medium containing 5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L asparagine. Single somatic embryos were isolated from the clumps and plated on the same medium for maturation. When the mature single somatic embryos were desiccated for 96 h, somatic embryo germination came up to approximately 90%. The plantlets germinated after embryos desiccation for 2 weeks were transfered to MS medium containing 3% sucrose,0.2% gelrite and pH 5.7.