• 한국측량학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2018

Precise regional geoid heights on and around Mount Jiri were calculated and were compared to the KNGeoid14 (Korean National Geoid 2014) model. In this study, gravimetric geoid heights were calculated by using RCR (Remove-Compute-Restore) technique and then hybrid geoid heights were calculated by using the LSC (Least Square Collocation) method in the same area. In addition, gravity observation and GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System) surveying performed in this study were utilized to determine gravimetric geoid heights and to compute hybrid geoid heights, respectively. The results of the study show that the post-fit error (mean and standard deviation) of hybrid geoid heights was evaluated as $0.057{\pm}0.020m$, while the mean and standard deviation of the differences were -0.078 and 0.085 m, respectively for KNGeoid14. Therefore, hybrid geoid heights in this study show more considerable progress than KNGeoid14.

• 한국측량학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국측량학회 2010년 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.117-119
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• 2010

Geoid is the equi-gravity potential surface. Gravimetric geoidal heights could be determined by the gravity observation values and geometric geoidal heights could be determined by the GPS ellipsoidal heights at benchmark station. In this study, both gravimetric geoidal heights and geometric geoidal heights were determined and compared in mountainous area. For the study, GPS surveying and gravity observation were accomplished at 1st and 2nd order levelling network located in mountainous area in Kyungsanbukdo and Chollanamdo.

• 한국측량학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국측량학회 2010년 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.429-431
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• 2010

The hybrid geoid model should be determined by fitting the gravimetric geoid to the geometric geoid which were presented the local vertical level. Therefore, it is necessary to find firstly the optimal scheme for improving the accuracy of gravimetric geoid in order to development the high-precision hybrid geoid model. Through finding the optimal scheme for determining the each part of gravimetric geoid, the most accurate gravimetric geoid model in Korea will be developed when the EIGEN-CG03C model to degree 360, 4-band spherical FFT and RTM reduction methods were used for determining the long, middle and short-frequency part of gravimetric geoid respectively. Finally, we developed the hybrid geoid model around Korea by correcting to gravimetric geoid with the correction term. The correction term is modelled using the difference between GPS/Levelling derived geoidal heights and gravimetric geoidal heights. The stochastic model used in the calculation of correction term is the LSC technique based on second-order Markov covariance function. 503 GPS/Levelling data were used to model the correction term. The degree of LSC fitting to the final hybrid geoid model in Korea was evaluated as 0.001m ${\pm}0.054m$.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제8권9호
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• pp.274-280
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• 2008

최근 새로운 초 고차 지구중력장 모형(EGM2008)의 개발로 인하여 중력관련 응용분야의 향상이 기대되고 있다. 본 연구는 지구중력장모형(EGM)으로부터 남한지역에 대한 고도이상(height anomalies)를 산정하고 지역별 지오이드고의 특성을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 7가지 지구중력장모형(EGM2008<2,190>, EGM2008<360>, EGM96, EIGEN-GL04C, EIGEN-CG03C, EIGEN-GL04S1 및 ITG- Grace02S)을 선정하였다. GPS 관측이 수행된 수준점 50개 측점을 점검점으로 선정하여 GPS/Levelling, 국립해양조사원(NORI)의 NORI-05 모형 및 7가지 EGMs에 의한 지오이드 고를 비교 분석하였다. 또한, 남한지역의 경 위도 $1^{\circ}\times1^{\circ}$ 6개 육상부 및 4개 해상부에 대한 30"$\times$30" 격자점을 대상으로 EGM2008 모델에 의한 지오이드고를 NORI-05 모델 및 6가지 EGMs로 부터 구한 결과와 비교하였다. 연구결과, NGA(National Geospatial Intelligence Agency)의 EGM2008(2,190) 모형이 GPS/Levelling 결과에 가장 근접함을 보였다.

• Korean Journal of Geomatics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

It is well known that GPS technique can be used for high accuracy leveling positioning if a precise geoid model is available to use at a surveying point. In this study, KOGD2003 geoid model was developed in and around Korean peninsula and this geoid model could be achieved by combining GPS/leveling data with the formerly developed KOGD2002. To this end, the software for orthometric height obtaining and geodetic datum transformation has been implemented with the visual C++ language, what we called GPS-GeoL v.1.0. In order to evaluate the performance and the accuracy of the software, GPS field tests were carried out in the Korean second-order leveling network over Chollabukdo area. Results of the tests have shown that the mean value of the differences between outputs of the software developed in this research and officially announced orthometric heights by NGII (National Geographic Information Institute) was 0.0221 m and also those of RMS was 0.0332 m. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that the KOGD2003 and GPS-GeoL v.1.0 software could be used to determine orthometric heights for civil construction field applications with cm-level accuracy.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.499-505
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 지오이드고 산정을 위해서 철도기준점의 활용가능성을 평가하였다. 사용된 자료는 호남고속철도 건설을 위해서 구축된 철도기준전점으로써 GPS/Leveling에 의해 산정된 타원체고와 수준측량에 의한 정표고에 대한 정보를 포함하고 있다. 360개의 철도기준점의 타원체고와 정표고를 이용하여 지오이드고를 산정하고, 산정된 지오이드고를 이용하여 공간처리방법별로 정확도 및 철도기준점의 간격에 따른 오차를 평가하였다. 그 결과 공간처리연산자에 따른 오차는 거의 유사하였고, 기준점 간격별 분석에서는 $0{\sim}4km$구간에서는 2cm, $5{\sim}8km$ 구간에서는 3cm의 오차범위안에서 지오이드고가 결정됨을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 통해 철도층량에 있어 GPS측량과 지오이드보간을 활용한 수준측량을 활용할 수 없음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국측량학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국측량학회 2003년도 추계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.27-31
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• 2003

It can be classified in various methods to get the geoidal heights. It can be achieved geometric geoidal heights if we do GPS surveying in leveling point. The aims of this paper are calculation of geometric geoidal heights using GPS/leveling data in study area and evaluation of the global and local geoid models in and around Korean peninsula. For this study, study area was selected in the leveling line from Kunsan to Chonju city and GPS surveying was accomplished in the leveling line. And, also spherical harmonic analysis was made on the three global geopotential models, OSU91A, EGM96, EGM96m under same condition and KOGD2002, Korean gravimetric geoid model was made in this study The results shows that EGM96m is the best model because the differences between geoidal heights of EGM96m and geometric geoidal heights of GPS/Leveling data appear the smallest value among them.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.305-313
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• 2022

The evolution of the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) technology has enhanced positioning performance in terms of positioning accuracy and time efficiency. The technology makes it possible to determine orthometric heights at a few centimeter accuracies by transforming accurate ellipsoid heights if an accurate geoid model has been employed. This study aims to generate a correction surface using GNSS/leveling co-points and a local geoid model, Thailand Geoid Model 2017 (TGM2017), through the Kriging interpolation method in a small local area. Combining the surface and TGM2017 significantly improves height transformation with the 1-cm RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) fit of 10 GNSS/leveling reference points and a mean offset of +0.1 cm. The evaluation of the correction surface at 5 GNSS/leveling checkpoints shows the RMSE of 1.0 cm, which is 82.6 percent of accuracy improvements. The GNSS leveling method can possibly be used to replace a conventional leveling technique at a few centimeter uncertainties in the case of small areas with clear-sky and high satellite visibility environments.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.213-223
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• 1998

본 논문은 베셀타원체상에서 한반도 일원의 지오이드모델을 개발하기 위한 연구이다. 여러가지의 유용한 데이터를 사용하여 remove and restore technique에 의하여 GRS80 타원체상에서 정밀지오이드고를 계산하였으며, FFT 기법에 의하여 Stokes 적분을 수행하였다. GTOPO30으로부터 표고값을 추출하여 모든 격자점의 위치를 3 매개변수 방법에 의하여 베셀타원체 좌표계로 환산하였으며, 기하학적 방법으로 베셀지오이드고를 계산하였다. 연구 결과 한반도 일원에서의 GRS80 기준의 정밀 중력지오이드모델(KOGGDM33)과 베셀타원체 기준의 지오이드모델 (KOBGDM33)을 얻을 수 있었으며, 베셀타원체상에서의 지오이드고는 용암포의 -91.8 m에서 대한해협의 -39.0 m 에 이르기까지의 점진적인 분포를 보이는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제31권6_2호
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• pp.567-576
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• 2013

The determination of the geoid in South Korea is a national imperative for the modernization of height datums, specifically the orthometric height and the dynamic height, that are used to monitor hydrological systems and environments with accuracy and easy revision, if necessary. The geometric heights above a reference ellipsoid, routinely obtained by GPS, lead immediately to vertical control with respect to the geoid for hydrological purposes if the geoid height above the ellipsoid is known accurately. The geoid height is determined from gravimetric data, traditionally ground data, but in recent times also from airborne data. This paper illustrates the basic concepts for combining these two types of data and gives a preliminary performance assessment of either set or their combination for the determination of the geoid in South Korea. It is shown that the most critical aspect of the combination is the gravitational effect of the topographic masses above the geoid, which, if not properly taken into account, introduces a significant bias of about 8 mgal in the gravity anomalies, and which can lead to geoid height bias errors of up to 10 cm. It is further confirmed and concluded that achieving better than 5 cm precision in geoid heights from gravimetry remains a challenge that can be surmounted only with the proper combination of terrestrial and airborne data, thus realizing higher data resolution over most of South Korea than currently available solely from the airborne data.