• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.146-168
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• 1995

problems involved in defining and identifying it. However, data on ownership of business establishments may be useful and one of the best alternatives for this empirical research because of use of limited information about control This study examines the spatial patterns of external control in the Korean manufacturing activities between 1986 and 1992. Using the data on ownership iinkages of multilocational firms between 15 administrative areas, it was possible to construct a matrix of organizational control in terms of the number of establishments. The control matrix was disaggregated by three types of manufacturing industries according to the capital and labor requirements of production processes used in. On the basis of the disaggregated control matrix, a series of measures were calculated for investigating the magnitude and direction of control as well as the external dependency. In the past decades Korean industrialization development has risen at a rapid pace, deepening integration into the world economy, together with the continuing growth of the large industrial firms. The expanded scale of large firms led to a spatial separation of production from control, Increasing branch plants in the nation. But recent important changes have occurred in the spatial organization of production by technological development, increasing international competition, and changing local labor markets. These changes have forced firms to reorganize their production structures, resulting in changes of the organizational structures in certain industries and regions. In this context the empirical analysis revealed the following principal trends. In general term, the geography of corporate control in Korea is marked by a twofold pattern of concentration and dispersion. The dominance of Seoul as a major command and control center has been evident over the period, though its overall share of allexternally controlled establishments has decreased from 88% to 79%. And the substantial amount of external control from Seoul has concentrated to the Kyongki and Southeast regions which are well-developed industrial areas. But Seoul's corporate ownership links tend to streteh across the country to the less-developed regions, most of which have shown a significant increase of external dependency during the period 1986-1992. At the same time, a geographic dispersion of corporate control is taking place as Kyongki province and Pusan are developing as new increasingly important command and control reaions. Though these two resions contain a number of branch plants controlled from other locations, they may be increasingly attractive as a headquarters location with increasing locally owned establishments. The geographical patterns of external control observable in each of three types of manufacturing industries were examined in order to distinguish the changing spatial structures of organizational control with respect to the characteristics of the production processes. Labor intensive manufacturing with unskilled iabor experienced the strongest external pressure from foreign competition and a lack of low cost labor. The high pressure expected not only to disinte-grate the production process but also led to location of production facilities in areas of cheap labor. The linkages of control between Seoul and the less-developed regions have slightly increased, while the external dependency of the industrialized regions might be reduced from the tendency of organizational disintegration. Capita1 intensive manufacturing operates under high entry and exit barriers due to capital intensity. The need to increase scale economies ied to an even stronger economic and spatial oncentration of control. The strong geographical oncentration of control might be influenced by orporate and organizational scale economies rather than by locational advantages. Other sectors experience with respect to branch plants of multilocational firms. The policy implications of the increase of external dependency in less-developed regions may be negative because of the very share of unskilled workers and lack of autonomy in decision making. The strong growth of the national economy and a scarcity of labor in core areas have been important factors in this regional decentralization of industries to less-developed regions. But the rather gloomy prospects of the economic growth in the near future could prevent the further industrialization of less-developed areas. A major rethinking of regional policy would have to take place towards a need for a regional policy actively favoring indigenous establishments.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.3
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• pp.11-37
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• 2021

Korean ginseng is the one of the most famous medicinal herbs globally and has long been a representative item of East Asian trade, including across China and Japan. Since Joseon (1392-1910) ginseng trade was entirely controlled by the state, The Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty are a valuable resource that can shed light on the history of the ginseng industry at that time. By studying the subsection "The Veritable Records of King Sejong" (世宗實錄), when ginseng was used even more widely, we assess the purpose and scale of its trade in the 15th century, identify its original listing in the geographical appendix, develop a distribution map, and explore similarities to current ginseng cultivation areas. During the reign of King Sejong (1418-1450), ginseng was sent to China as a tribute 101 times, with a combined weight of 7,060 kilograms, with less than one-third of that amount given to Japan and Okinawa. It was used to cover the travel expenses of foreign envoys and servants, but this can be seen to gradually decrease after the regnal mid-term, primarily due to a decrease in the amount of ginseng being collected. At the time, there were 113 areas of naturally growing ginseng as listed in the records' geographical appendix, including 12 recorded in the 'tributes' category: Yeongdeok-gun, Yeongju, and Cheongsong-gun in Gyeongsangbuk-do; Ulju-gun and Ulsan in Gyeongsangnam-do; Jeongeup, Wanju-gun, and Jangsu-gun in Jeollabuk-do; Hwasun-gun in Jeollanam-do; Goksan-gun and Sinpyeong-gun in Hwanghaebuk-do; Jeongju and Taecheon-gun in Pyeonganbuk-do; and Jaseong-gun and Junggang-gun in Jagang-do. A total of 101 places are recorded in the 'medicinal herbs' category, located throughout the mountains of the eight Joseon provinces, except the islands. In comparison with current ginseng cultivation sites, many of these historical areas are either consistent with or adjacent to contemporary locations. The geographical appendix to "The Veritable Records of King Sejong" was compiled in the early days of the king's reign (1432) when there was a lot of wild ginseng. The appendix is a valuable resource that indicates the possibility of growing ginseng on the Korean Peninsula in the future. The apparently natural habitats in the south, where ginseng is not currently cultivated, could be candidates for the future. Moreover, areas in the north where ginseng has not been grown, except Kaesǒng, could be a good alternative under sustainable inter-Korean exchange should cultivation sites move north due to climate warming.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.131-152
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to find out the spatial characteristics of the relationships between urban large retailer and agro-food suppliers. For this purpose, Dong-A department store which is one of the most famous local distribution company was selected as a case study firm. The case study company has its own systematic food supply chain in the process of food procurement, selection, delivery, and marketing. It mainly does businesses in Daegu and Gyeongbuk province, but also procures and delivers products all around the country. Customers' recent concerns over the freshness and the period of circulation made the company use the local physical distribution system that it purchases products in nearby areas and perform procurement and delivery in nationwide areas. It is identified that trading types are significantly different by locations of suppliers in that more thin 40$\%$ of suppliers in Daegu are food manufacturers, whereas suppliers in Gyeongbuk mainly belong to the ones in fresh food production areas. In terms of durability of the retailer-supplier relation, the case study firm has relatively long-term relationship with suppliers, maintaining the relationship fer over 5 years in more than 70$\%$ of suppliers.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.5 s.110
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• pp.514-532
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to critically examine conventional spatial measures of individual accessibility, which are based on the notion of spatial proximity, the single reference location, and the unlinked travel model. Using space-time accessibility measures with the travel-activity diary data set of Portland Metro, US, three expectations from spatial measures on spatial patterns of individual accessibility were empirically examined: (1) does individual accessibility decrease with an increase of distance from the CBD?; (2) does the spatial pattern of accessibility resemble that of urban opportunity density pattern?; and (3) are spatial patterns of individual accessibility of different socio- demographic population groups basically similar as people in the same area share the same geographic characteristics regardless of gender, race, age, and so on? First of all, the results showed that spatial variations in individual accessibility were not directly determined by spatial proximity and opportunity density as suggested by previous accessibility measures. The spatial pattern of individual accessibility was dramatically different from that of urban opportunity density High peaks of accessibility level were found far away from the CBD and regional centers. This finding might be associated with the importance of multi-reference locations and linked travels in shaping accessibility in reality. Furthermore, this study found that spatial patterns of accessibility clearly differ between men and women. These findings suggest that access requires more than proximity, and that the interaction between person-specific space-time constraints and the consequential availability of urban opportunities in space-time renders different accessibility experiences to people even in the same region, which would be one of the key ingredients missing from conventional spatial measures of accessibility.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.6 s.117
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• pp.701-713
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• 2006

This study considers the case when a district with a high development possibility is set up as a regulation region. Initial assumption is that there would be regulation resistance in and around the regulation region. Pyeongchang is taken as a study areas, performing necessary analysis of environment regulation and regulation resistance based upon spatial analysis with the use of GIS. The research proceeding steps are as follows. After examining Pyeongchang present environment regulation state, environment regulation map is constructed, and classification of Pyeongchang's relatively development possibility level map is made. Using this regulation map and development possibility level map, relative regulation resistance level is measured. The results that the rates of Pyeongchang environment regulation region in its present state was higher than Namhan river basin's regulation region rates. Also, overlapping a high development possibility level region with an environment regulation region, the analysis results give reasons to expect high level of regulation resistance in Doam-myeon and Jinbu-myeon in small town units. The analysis of Pyeongchang new buildings locations with regard to environment regulation showed intensive distribution in the regulation region with high development possibility level and adjacent areas (about 66% of new buildings are distributed within 500m range from regulation region). Such results show that the local administration and existing environment regulation policy, not capable of offering direct benefit to the population, are having immanent problems in environment sustainable development and connected with it environment harm causation.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.144-164
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• 2010

This study aims to reveal path selection strategies and individual differences in a navigation task. Two experiments were presented that studied human route planning performance as well as the cognitive strategies and processes involved. For the outdoor task, university students were asked to select a route based on the instruction, i.e. to find the best route from the campus main gate to the Education Building for conference visitors by locating eight signposts. Results indicate (1) that locations of signposts were selected preferably at decision points where the traveler needs to make a choice and starting/ending points of the navigation task and (2) a variety of route planning strategies considering efficiency goal (e.g., the shortest path), environmental characteristics (e.g., fewest turns), and aesthetic purpose (e.g., most scenic) were used. It is notable that some participants took into account more than one path by locating one or two signposts on an alternative route while others preferred a linear route connecting signposts between the start point and the destination. Prior to the main experiment, the same participants were asked to complete the same task inside the classroom to investigate changes in strategies between two tasks. Participants often tend to place signposts at more regular intervals for the indoor navigation task than the same task conducted outside.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.318-340
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• 2006

In the last decade, there has been a widespread interest in knowledge production activities as a new engine of endogeneous growth. In the knowledge-based economy, there has been a growing importance of the patent as the index of knowledge production. Much literature suggests that knowledge production activities tend to be spatially concentrated and formed the clusters in the advanced economies. The purpose of this paper is to analyze spatial-temporal patterns of knowledge production activities in Korea based on a data set of patents from 1981-2000. This paper uses spatial statistical methods and GIS to explore the spatial dimensions of knowledge production activities in Korea. Through this research, it was found that knowledge production activities were unevenly distributed. The knowledge production activity measured by patent counts is highly concentrated in a limited number of cities. The top 10 cities accounted for 68.5% of the total number of patents in the period of 1981-2000, suggesting the existence of a strong concentration of knowledge production activities in Korea. The locations of knowledge production activities by themselves represented a strong spatial autocorrelation. The concentration of knowledge production activities in Korea is spatially correlated to the concentration of adjacent neighboring cities. The location of knowledge production activities is not free from a spatial context and spillover of knowledge production activities are heavily bounded within geographic limits, forming a spatial cluster. There appear some quite a large spatial cluster around the seoul metropolitan area.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.1-22
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• 2001

The object of this research is to explain types and factors of locations and regional linkages of manufacturing firms in rural areas using Eumsung County as a case of rural areas. Eumsung County is now vigorously industrializing owing to the government policy dispersing factories in the Capital region. The results of the survey conducted on industrial firms in Eumsung County through questionnaires reveal that individual sites are dominantly preferred by factory owners in comparison to the designated industrial complexes because the former is cheaper in land price. The main factors of industrial location in Eumsung County are cheap land cost, convenient highway accessibility, and the dispersion policy of the Capital region. In terms of the regional linkage, the proportion of the linkage with other regions is larger than that within the local region in case of purchasing raw materials, but the linkage with other regions is lower than that within the local regions in case of selling products. Also most white collar employees in Eumsung County were revealed to reside in and around the Capital region. In order to develop and maintain industrial firms in rural areas so as to avoid "dependency development," efforts for improving of the linkages between the local firms and expanding of social overhead capital are necessary.necessary.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2012

Each sensor node can know its location in several ways, if the node process the information based on its geographical position in sensor networks. In the localization scheme using GPS, there could be nodes that don't know their locations because the scheme requires line of sight to radio wave. Moreover, this scheme is high costly and consumes a lot of power. The localization scheme without GPS uses a sophisticated mathematical algorithm estimating location of sensor nodes that may be inaccurate. AHLoS(Ad Hoc Localization System) is a hybrid scheme using both GPS and location estimation algorithm. In AHLoS, the GPS node, which can receive its location from GPS, broadcasts its location to adjacent normal nodes which are not GPS devices. Normal nodes can estimate their location by using iterative triangulation algorithms if they receive at least three beacons which contain the position informations of neighbor nodes. But, there are some cases that a normal node receives less than two beacons by geographical conditions, network density, movements of nodes in sensor networks. We propose an indirect localization scheme for low-density sensor nodes which are difficult to receive directly at least three beacons from GPS nodes in wireless network.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.534-553
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• 2011

Analogical thinking is a problem-solving strategy to use a familiar problem (or base analog) to solve a novel problem of the same type (the target problem). The purpose of this study is to provide new insight into geography teaching and learning by connecting cognitive science research on analogical thinking with issues of geography education and suggest that teaching with analogies can be a productive instructional strategy for geography. In this study, using the various examples of analogical thinking used in geography we defined analogical thinking, addressed the theoretical models on analogical transfer, and discussed conditions that make an effective analogical transfer. The major research findings include the following: a) the spatial analogy, indicating skills to find places that may be far apart but have similar locations, and therefore have other similar conditions and/or connections, can provide a useful way to design contents for place learning; b) representational transfer, specifying a common representation for two problems, can play a key role in solving geographic problems requiring data visualization and spatialization processes; and c) either asking learners to compare/analyze similar examples sharing common structure or providing them examples bridging the gap between concrete, real-life phenomena and the ideas and models can contribute to learning in geographic concepts and skills. The spatial analogy requiring both geographic content knowledge and visual/spatial thinking has the potential to become a content-specific problem-solving strategy. We ended with recommendations for future research on analogy that is important in geography education.