• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.172-178
• /
• 2005

[ $21{\alpha}$ ]- and ${\beta}$-Methylmelianodiol were isolated as the inhibitor of IL-5 bioactivity from Poncirus tripoliata. To develope as an anti-septic drug, the genotoxicity of $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ was subjected to high throughput toxicity screening (HTTS) because they revealed strong IL-5 inhibitory activity and limitation of quantity. Mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase ($tk^{+/-}$) gene assay (MOLY), single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay in mammalian cells and Ames reverse mutation assay in bacterial system were used as simplified, inexpensive, short-term in vitro screening tests in our laboratory. These compounds are not mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Before performing the comet assay, $IC_{20}$ of $21{\alpha}-methylmelianodiol$ was determined the concentration of $25.51\;{\mu}g/mL\;and\;21.99\;{\mu}g/mL$ with and without S-9, respectively. Also $21{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ was determined the concentration of $24.15\;{\mu}g/mL\;and\;\;22.46\;{\mu}g/mL$ with and without S-9, respectively. In the comet assay, DNA damage was not observed both $21{\alpha}-methylmelianodiol\;and\;21{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ in mouse lymphoma cell line. Also, the mutant frequencies in the treated cultures were similar to the vehicle controls, and none of $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ with and without S-9 doses induced a mutant frequency over. twice the background. It is suggests that $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ are non-mutagenic in MOLY assay. The results of this battery of assays indicate that $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$ have no genotoxic potential in bacterial or mammalian cell systems. Therefore, we suggest that $21{\alpha}\;-and\;{\beta}-methylmelianodiol$, as the optimal candidates with both no genotoxic potential and IL-5 inhibitory effects must be chosen.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2011

From the total methanolic extract of Gardenia jasminoides (Rubiaceae), various antioxidative characteristics were identified in terms of nitrite scavenging ability, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation inhibition, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and elongation effect of lipid peroxidation using Rancimat. After successive partitioning with n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol, and water, potent nitrite scavenging abilities were shown in the n-butanol fraction and water fraction, and $IC_{50}$ values were 183 ppm and 194 ppm, respectively. As for ABTS radical cation inhibition, the chloroform fraction was most potent and its $IC_{50}$ was 159 ppm. SOD-like activity was slightly low in all of the fractions. The elongation effect of lipid peroxidation also increased dose-dependently and the antioxidative index (AI) of the total methanolic extract was 2.93 in 1000 ppm, which was more effective than 1.66 of butylated hydroxy anisol in the same concentration. The compounds I and II were isolated through silica gel column chromatography of the active fractions, and identified as geniposide and crocin, respectively, by $^1H-NMR$ spectral data. The $IC_{50}$ values for the nitrite scavenging abilities of geniposide and crocin were 940 ppm and 77 ppm, respectively. In ABTS radical cation inhibition, the $IC_{50}$ values of geniposide and crocin were 684 ppm and 549 ppm, respectively. And the $EC_{50}$ value for SOD-like activity of crocin was 259 ppm, which was much smaller than 453 ppm by the positive control, chlorogenic acid. The $EC_{50}$ value of geniposide could not be identified.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.337-346
• /
• 2019

To develop a new antidementia acetycholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor from edible mushrooms, the inhibitory effects on AChE of water and ethanol extracts from various edible mushrooms were measured. Among the tested compounds, 70% ethanol extracts from Tremella fuciformis showed the highest AChE inhibitory activity, at 25.3% (IC₅₀: 9.9 mg). Water extracts from the fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus (Heuktari) showed AChE inhibitory activity of 20.2% (IC₅₀: 12.4 mg). However, the yield (40.8%) from Pleurotus ostreatus (Heuktari) was higher than that from Tremella fuciformis (5.0%). Therefore, we selected Pleurotus ostreatus (Heuktari) as the most promising candidate for a mushroom containing anti-dementia AChE inhibitors. The AChE inhibitor from Pleurotus ostreatus (Heuktari) was optimally extracted when its fruiting body was treated with water for 6 h at 30℃. The anti-dementia effects of the partially purified AChE inhibitor from Pleurotus ostreatus (Heuktari) were observed in PC12 nerve cells.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.195-201
• /
• 2003

An easily available, simultaneous identification/determination procedure for sildenafil, homosildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil in adulterated health related foods was established by using a combination of three different analytical methods; thin layer chromatography(TLC), liquied chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and high-performance liquied chromatography (HPLC)/photo-diode-array detector. The sample solution for TLC was applied to silica gel 60 $F_{254}$ plates with ethylacetate/acetonitrile/25%ammonia (90:10:5) as a developing solvent. Spots were located under UV radiation at 254 nm and dragendolfs reagent. Mass spectra of the compounds by LC/MS were investigated with electrospray ionization (ESI) interface, under positive ion mode. The HPLC analysis was performed on a column of capcell pack $C_{18}$ (UG120, 4.6${\times}$250mm I.D. 5 ${\mu}$m)with 0.1% sodium 1-hexansulfonate (in 0.1% phosphoric acid)/acetnitrile (73:27) as a mobile phase, and effluent was minitored with a photo-diode-applied to commercial foods, Sildenafil content was inthe range of 0.4mg/g~360.9 mg/g from 7 out of 35 samples. Homosildenafil content was in the range of 2.2 mg/g~336.0 mg/g from 7 out of 35 samples. Tadalafil content was 429.3 mg/g, 9.6 mg/500 mg from 2 out of 35 samples. The procedure described here is available for the screening of sildenafil, homosildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.253-258
• /
• 2016

The $MnO_x-WO_3-TiO_2$ nanoscale powders were synthesized by sol-gel method in order to prevent the biological fouling on the ships and offshore structures. Powder characteristics and antifouling performance were investigated with respect to the crystalline, microstructure and surface property for application in self-polishing copolymer resins. The high antifouling activity of $TiO_2$-system biocide was attributed to its redox potential and soluble metal ions originating from tungsten oxides according to the improvements in the powder characteristics. Based on their physio-chemical characterizations, the specific surface areas of powders were about $90m^2/g$ and the grain size was in the region 100 ~ 150 nm. Powder characteristics and surface properties were improved by the addition of $WO_3$. Antifouling performance were analyzed according to their surface properties and static immersion tests to determine the effects of the $TiO_2$-system compounds. The surface of 2 wt. % added sample was clean for 5 month. This may be attributed to the ability of $MnO_x-WO_3-TiO_2$ powders to act as a promoter in antifouling agents.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.124-134
• /
• 2013

The authentication of the physico-chemical properties of ginsenosides reference materials as well as qualitative and quantitative batch analytical data based on validated analytical procedures is a prerequisite for certifying good manufacturing practice (GMP). Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1, representing protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides, respectively, are accepted as marker substances in quality control standards worldwide. However, the current analytical methods for these two compounds recommended by Korean, Chinese, European, and Japanese pharmacopoeia do not apply to red ginseng preparations, particularly the extract, because of the relatively low content of the two agents in red ginseng compared to white ginseng. In manufacturing fresh ginseng into red ginseng products, ginseng roots are exposed to a high temperature for many hours, and the naturally occurring ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 are converted to artifact ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, and Rh2 during the heating process. The analysis of ginsenosides in commercially available ginseng products in Korea led us to propose the inclusion of the (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3, including ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1, as additional reference materials for ginseng preparations. (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 were isolated by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography, silica gel flash chromatography, recrystallization, and preparative HPLC. HPLC fractions corresponding to those two ginsenosides were recrystallized in appropriate solvents for the analysis of physico-chemical properties. Documentation of those isolated ginsenosides was achieved according to the method proposed by Gaedcke and Steinhoff. The ginsenosides were subjected to analyses of their general characteristics, identification, purity, content quantification, and mass balance tests. The isolated ginsenosides showed 100% purity when determined by the three HPLC systems. Also, the water content was found to be 0.534% for (20S)-Rg3 and 0.920% for (20R)-Rg3, meaning that the net mass balances for (20S)-Rg3 and (20R)-Rg3 were 99.466% and 99.080%, respectively. From these results, we could assess and propose a full spectrum of physico-chemical properties of (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 as standard reference materials for GMP-based quality control.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.183-187
• /
• 2007

Compounds of multiferroic materials $YMn_{2-x}Fe_xO_5$ (x = 0.00, 0.01) were prepared using the sol-gel method. The crystallographic, magnetic and electric properties are studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD), neutron diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and physical property measurement system (PPMS). The crystalline structure of $YMn_2O_5$ was found to be orthorhombic (Pbam) at room temperature. The lattice constants of $YMn_2O_5$ were determined to be $a_0=7.275\;{\AA},\;b_0=8.487\;{\AA},\;c_0=5.674\;{\AA}$. The lattice constants not changed with Fe concentrations. Our data demonstrate the correlation of magnetic and electric properties in $YMn_2O_5$ materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.7
• /
• pp.1053-1062
• /
• 2011

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen (${O_2}^1$), superoxide anion radical ($O_2{\cdot}^-$), hydroxyl radical ($HO{\cdot}$), peroxyl radical ($ROO{\cdot}$), hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), and hypochlorous (HOCl), are generated as byproducts of normal cellular metabolism. ROS induce damage to many biological molecules, such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA. It is widely believed that some degenerative diseases caused by ROS can be prevented by the high intake of fruits and vegetables due to their antioxidant activities. Recently, research on natural antioxidants has become increasingly active in various fields. Several assays have been developed to measure the total antioxidant capacity of antioxidants in fruits and vegetables in vitro. These assays include those for DPPH radical scavenging activity, SOD-like activity, total polyphenol content, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, reducing power, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (ABTS assay), single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay), and a cellular antioxidant activity assay. Because different antioxidant compounds may act through different mechanisms in vitro, no single assay can fully evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of foods. Due to the complexity of the composition of foods, it is important to be able to measure antioxidant activity using biologically relevant assays. In this review, recently used assays were selected for extended discussion, including a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each assay and their application to fruits and vegetables.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.54 no.6
• /
• pp.441-448
• /
• 2010

In present study, classification and quality control of Genus Polygonatum were developed using the isolated from Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma and Polygonati Rhizoma. 3 components were isolated from Butanol fractions of Polygonati Rhizoma, and 2 components were isolated from Hexane and Butanol fractions of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma. All the components were obtained using silica gel and ODS column chromatography. The compounds were identified as adenosine, 14-hydroxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranosyl-26-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, 22-O-methyl-14-hydrocxyfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-Dgalactopyranosyl-26-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, ${\beta}$-Sitosteryl-3-O-${\beta}$-D-D-glucopyranoside, 14-hydoxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-Dglucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-[${\beta}$-D-xylopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}3$)]-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside through physicochemical data, spectroscopic methods ($^1H$-NMR, $^{13}C$-NMR, Mass) according references. The quality control of genus Polygonatum were conducted using HPLC quantitative analysis of 14-hydroxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\beta}4$)-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranosyl-26-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, 14-hydoxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-[${\beta}$-D-xylopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}3$)]-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside in 30 samples collected throughout Korea and China. This method provided a tool for standardization of mix or misusing the commercial Odorati Rhizoma and Polygonati Rhizoma. As a result, contained quantity of 14-hydroxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranosyl-26-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside was measured $0.008{\pm}0.006%$ and 14-hydoxylfurost-5-ene-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-O-[${\beta}$-D-xylopyranosyl-(13)]-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}$-Dgalactopyranoside was measured $0.026{\pm}0.012%$.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.314-319
• /
• 2013

In this study, nitrogen doped $TiO_2$ ($N-TiO_2$) coated on an activated carbon pellet (ACP) was prepared using sol-gel and the solid state heat treatment of urea to improve the removal property of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To explore the visible light photocatalytic activity of the ACP under the light emitting diods (LED), the removal property of benzene gas was characterized by gas chromatography. The SEM and BET results show that the increment of titanium tetra isopropoxide contents leads to the increased $TiO_2$ coating amount of ACP surface and decreased specific surface area. From the results of benzene gas removal, the breakthrough time of ACP10 increased about 2 times compared to that of the ACP. The improved performance was attributed to the $N-TiO_2$ coating on ACP surface, which could be more effective to remove benzene gas under the condition of LED lamp.