• Resources Recycling
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.45-50
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• 2004

To investigate the characteristics of phases formed in iron carbides, super iron carbide was synthesized from hematite fines with $CO-H_2$ gas mixture after reduction under $H_2$ gas at $600^{\circ}C$. Before carburization, the surface of iron powder reduced was pre-treated in the atmosphere of 0.05 vol% $NH_3$-Ar. The synthesized iron carbides were comprehensively explored by C/S analyzer(Low C/S determinator), M$\"{o}$ssbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and Raman spectroscopy at various reaction time of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 min, respectively. By adding a small amount of $NH_3$ gas, the super iron carbides containing 10 wt% carbon were synthesized, and its addition stabilized iron carbides. It was found that the $NH_3$ treatment played a major role in the formation of iron carbide without decomposition($Fe_3C{\to}$3Fe+C) of iron carbides and precipitation of free carbon. It also succeed to synthesize super iron carbide, $Fe_5C_2$, as a stable single phase without involving Fe and $Fe_3C$ phases.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.33-39
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• 2019

Objective : The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of successful intervention program on SOC strategy and successful aging of the elderly. Methods : Three elderly individuals aged ${\geq}65$ living in W-si, Gangwon-do, were included. A successful aging program using an SOC strategy was conducted twice a week for 6 sessions. To verify the effectiveness of the program, the Korean versions of the SOC scale and the successful aging scale were used. Descriptive statistics were used for general characteristics, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare successful aging and SOC strategies. Results : After 3 weeks for successful aging program, the SOC strategy levels of the subjects were constant or improved. In addition, the average score of successful aging level increased by 11.4 points. Conclusion : This study show that the successful aging program using the SOC strategy improved the level of SOC strategy and the level of successful aging. The results of this study can be used as basic data to develop programs that can promote SOC strategy and successful aging. Also, the result of this study can be used as a basic data for the development of guidelines for occupational therapists in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.45-58
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• 2021

This study aims to select representative performance art visualization projects that react to changes in the culture enjoyment methods and needs of contemporary performance art consumers for performance art culture value creation and vitalization that suit the Fourth Industry and a global age, verify new cultural value creation possibilities of performance projects, and look into important matters and keynotes of production processes. Focusing on the report 'NT Live-Digital broadcast of theatre Learning from the pilot season'(2011), a thorough analysis was conducted on the Royal National Theatre of England, a leading model of cinema broadcast performance visualization projects, including the purpose, production processes (copyright agreements, personnel compositions, filming and broadcasting), marketing methods, and audiences of its "NT Live" project and observations were made of production processes and cultural and artistic values that differ from existing performance art to examine administrative and financial keynotes for the sustainability of performance visualization projects. Through this, possibilities of source creations with artistic, cultural, and economic values that cinema broadcast (live performance broadcast) performance viewing methods have as a new form of performance art products can be verified. In addition, the development of various performance approaches that respond to the culture enjoyment methods and consumption patterns of audiences will result in the vitalization of performing arts visualization projects through the enhancement of popular appeal and the expansion of audience types of the performing arts field.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.39-45
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• 2021

Scrubbers that treat hazardous materials at workplaces have high treatment efficiency; however, the design is complex, and pumps need to be operated 24 hours a day, which can be costly. Therefore, to minimize the operating costs, small businesses do not install scrubbers, or operate them while circulation pumps are suspended. Hence, this study investigated the application of low-cost, high-performance scrubbers that can be used economically in small businesses. Low-cost, high-efficiency scrubbers are applied to bubble columns to utilize devices for hazardous chemical absorption treatment purposes, and for the development of these scrubbers, absorption performance was reviewed and the optimal application method was studied under certain conditions. The changes in the absorption performance of hazardous gas were studied in certain environments by varying the physical conditions, and the optimal application methods were analyzed. The results showed that, while it was possible to treat some of the gas flowing into the low cost, high performance scrubber, the treatment capacity was reduced. Performance degradation was prevented by supplying an absorption liquid, and a certain level of absorption was maintained depending on the amount of circulation. Based on this, three types of site application methods of low cost, high performance scrubbers were presented. In addition, the appropriate timing of circulation and anti freezing measures were also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.148-154
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• 2021

Two specimens (1770~1850 mm disc width) of Mobula thurstoni, belonging to the family Myliobatidae, order Myliobatiformes, were first collected from the central coast of the Southern Sea of Korea in September 2018. This species is characterized by an anterior margin of disc with double curvature, a white-tipped dorsal fin, and the absence of a caudal spine. This species is morphologically similar to Mobula kuhlii, but has an anterior margin of pectoral fins with a double curvature and the dorsal coloration is bluish black rather than white. In addition, M. thurstoni was well distinguished from M. kuhlii as determined by mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA sequences with genetic distances ranging from 0.030 to 0.069. The Korean name 'Mae-kkeun-kko-li-jwi-ga-o-li' is proposed for the species M. thurstoni.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.225-241
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• 2018

Self-driving is meaningful activity for older persons because it enlarges the range of activity and provides opportunities for social participation. Driving is a complex activity that requires integration of physical, cognitive and sensory functions and is influenced by human and psychological factors. Age related functional deterioration affects the driving ability of older drivers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the risk of accidents and driving cessation of elderly drivers through systematic literature review. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, KoreaMed, Pubmed were used for searching articles published from 2007 to 2017. 'aged', 'aging', 'automobile driving', 'age factors' were used as search terms and 18 articles were finally selected for analysis among 1,458 articles. In result of the study, the most significant effect showed in the physical domain, the driving habit and the performance function. The most frequent used tools evaluated driving habit and the cognitive function. In demographic characteristics, there was a correlation with the driving discontinue according to sex and age. This study emphasizes the necessity of preparing measures for safety driving with elderly. In addition, it suggests the necessity of systematically services such as individual education programs based on various driving cessation related factors of the elderly.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2019

Maize which has very high omega-6 fatty acid content has been used as a main feed grain for Hanwoo beef production to increase marbling, and thus omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids ratio in Hanwoo beef is expected to be biased. To elucidate the current status of omega fatty acids ratio in Hanwoo beef, fatty acid profiles of neutral lipid and phospholipid fraction were analyzed separately using 55 Hanwoo steers' longissimus dorsi muscle slaughtered at Pyeongchang, Korea from Oct. to Nov. 2015. In addition, an association study was conducted to evaluate associations between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from references and omega fatty acid profiles in phospholipid of Hanwoo beef samples using analysis of variance (ANOVA). In neutral lipid fraction, composition of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids was higher and polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower compared to those in phospholipid fraction. The mean n-6/n-3 ratios of Hanwoo were $56.059{\pm}16.180$ and $26.811{\pm}6.668$ in phospholipid and neutral lipid, respectively. There were three SNPs showing statistically significant associations with omega fatty acid content. GA type of rs41919985 in fatty acid synthase (FASN) was significantly associated with the highest amount of C20:5 n-3 (p = 0.031). CC type of rs41729173 in fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) was significantly associated with the lowest amount of C22:2n-6 (p = 0.047). AG type of rs42187261 in FADS1 was significantly linked to the lowest concentration of C20:4 n-6 (p = 0.044). The total n-6/n-3 ratio of the steer which has all four SNP types in above loci (27.905) was much lower than the mean value of the total n-6/n-3 ratio in phospholipid of the 55 Hanwoo steers ($56.059{\pm}16.180$). It was found that phospholipid and neutral lipid of Hanwoo have very high n-6/n-3 ratios compared to the reported data from different cow breeds. Four SNPs in genes related with fatty acid metabolism showed significant associations with the fatty acid profile of phospholipid and may have potential as SNP markers to select Hanwoo steers in terms of n-6/n-3 balance in the future.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.294-300
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• 2019

To investigate the inhibition effect on pathogenic microbes and the antimicrobial resistance of probiotics, a total of 140 probiotics were isolated from 35 kinds of Korean commercially available Kimchi. Of those, L. plantarum was identified from 53 strains (37.9%), E. faecium from 27 strains (19.3%), and L. rhamnosus from 7 strains (5.0%) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Sixty nine strains (49.3%) showed overall antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microbes, namely S. Typhi, S. Enteritidis, E. coli O157:H7, S. flexneri, NAG Vibrio, Listeria monocytogenesis, Y. enterocolitica, S. aureus, S. pyogenes, G. vaginalis, C. albicans, and P. acne. The proportions of L. plantarum, E. faecium, and L. rhamnosus strains to pathogenic microbes were 75.5%, 40.7%, and 28.6%, respectively. In addition, a resistance test with 18 antimicrobial agents using a disk diffusion assay revealed a resistance incidence of 98.6% for nalidixic acid, 83.6% for streptomycin, 75.7% for gentamicin 73.6% for vancomycin, 72.1% for norfloxacin, and 67.9% for ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, L. plantarum, L. sakei, and E. faecium strains with various antimicrobial activities and broad antibiotic resistance are useful for treating diarrhea in long-term inpatients and for the alternative use for treating Candida species female vaginitis.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.49-55
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• 2019

This study sought to investigate whether mean speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) can be predicted by parameters of voice and speech range profile (VRP and SRP) in Korean normal adults. Moreover, it explored whether gender differences exist in the absolute differences between the SFF and estimated SFF (ESFF) predicted by the VRP and SRP. A total of 85 native Korean speakers with normal voice participated in the study. Each participant was asked to perform the VRP task using the vowel /a/ and the SRP task using the first sentence of a Korean standard passage "Ga-eul". In addition, the SFF was measured with electroglottography during a passage reading task. Predictive factors of the SFF were explored and the absolute difference between the SFF and the ESFF (DSFF) was compared between gender groups. Results indicated that predictive factors were age, gender, minimum pitch and pitch range for the VRP (adjusted $R^2=.931$), and pitch range (in semi-tones) and maximum pitch for the SRP (adjusted $R^2=.963$), respectively. The SFF and ESFF predicted by the VRP and SRP showed a strong positive correlation. The DSFF of the VRP and SRP, as well as their sum did not differ by gender. In conclusion, the SFF during a passage reading task could be successfully predicted by the parameters of the VRP and SRP tasks. In further studies, clinical implications need to be explored in patients who may exhibit deviations in SFF.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2019

During the time period from 2010 to 2017, out of 162,551 blood specimens, 11,233 (6.9%) specimens were positive for culture and 11,865 strains were cultured. Among the isolates, 47.8% were Gram positive cocci, 38.8% were Gram negative rods, 4.2% were Gram positive bacilli, 6.8% were fungi and 2.3% were anaerobes. When the culture results were compared according to gender, 55.0% (2,732/4,969) of the isolates were found in males and 45.0% (2,237/4,969) were isolated in females. In addition, when categorized according to age group, people in their 70s were the most separated by 28.7% (1,426/4,969) and this showed a great difference from 1.2% (62/4,969) of people in their teens. MRSA decreased significantly from 66.7% in 2016 to 46.8% in 2017. The vancomycin resistance rate of E. faecium was 35.0% (48/137). The ESBL positive rate of E. coli in intestinal bacteria was increased from 17.2% in 2010 to 28.8% in 2017, but the positive rate decreased for K. pneumoniae. 11.8% (14/119) of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA) of P. aeruginosa and 64.3% (161/252) of MDRAB of A. baumannii showed high resistance. Because the microbial susceptibility and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the blood specimens isolated from all the blood specimens differ according to the time period, region and patients, periodic analyses of different pathogens and understanding the changes in the degree of susceptibility to antimicrobial susceptibility have been conducted in hospitals.