• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.272-279
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• 2011

Purpose: The incidence of nosocomial infection caused by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) has increased in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). This study identified the progression of sepsis caused by GNB colonization and analyzed the risk factors associated with using periodic stool culture surveillance. Methods: We included 86 newborns admitted to the NICU, Kosin University Gospel Hospital from October 2007 to May 2008. Three stool specimens were collected right after birth and two more were collected at 2 week intervals. The risk factors related to GNB colonization were established from each medical record and related references. Results: The incidence of colonization by GNB was 22 (25.6%) per 86 neonates but none had culture-proven sepsis. The three most commonly isolated GNB were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, and Citrobacter freundii. Approximately 89% (32/36) of isolated GNB were susceptible to amikacin. The probability of GNB colonization increased in infants who were fed a small volume during enteral feeding. In contrast, delayed enteral feeding resulted in a decreased probability for GNB colonization. Conclusion: Colonized GNB in the intestine was confirmed by enteric surveillance culture of newborns admitted to the NICU. However, we found no evidence of culture-proven GNB sepsis. As lower feeding volume on the colonization day is a risk factor for GNB colonization, the chance for GNB colonization should be considered when feeding intolerance is present.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.157-165
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study is to establish the association of GNB3 with obesity-index, blood pressure, glucose and lipid level. Methods: A total of 209 Korean obese subjects participated in the study. Body weight, body mass index(BMI), waist circumference, body fat, body fat mass, resting metabolic rate, blood pressure, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglyceride and fasting blood sugar test were measured by using standardized protocols. The GNB3 was genotyped by using polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: The frequency of CC, CT, TT genotype were, respectively, 18,2%, 56.9%, 24,9%, and the frequency of T allele was 53.3% in Korean obese population. There were no association of GNB3 with obesity index, blood pressure, glucose and lipid level in Korean obese population. Conclusions: Obese Korea population have a higher frequency of T alle than general Korean population. There are no association of GNB3 with obesity index, blood pressure, glucose and lipid level in Korean obese population.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.719-727
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• 2003

Background and purpose: Hypertension and obesity has been implicated in the most important risk factors for stroke. The original finding that the G-protein beta3 subunit (GNB3) C825T allele associates with essential hypertension and obesity has been confirmed in several different populations. Hence, our objective was to determine whether the GNB3 C825T polymorphism predicts interindividual variation in stroke. Method: We recruited 361 stroke patients (cerebral infarction, n=278; intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), n=83) and 199 healthy control subjects. Subjects were genotyped for GNB3 C825T mutation and findings were investigated for association with stroke. Result: The GNB3 T/T type was significantly associated with cerebral infarction prevalence (OR, 1.98; 95% Cl, 1.14-3.46; p=0.015). While, ICH was not found to be significantly associated with GNB3 T/T type (OR, 1.63; 95% ICH, 0.74-3.56; p=0.219). Similarly, no significant association was determined between GNB T/C type, and cerebral infarction (OR, 1.09; 95% Cl, 0.68-1.74; p=0.716), and ICH (OR, 1.14; 95% Cl, 0.59-2.21; p=0.697). Conclusion: In clinical characteristics, this study shows no differences among GNB3 genotypes, that are BMI, WH ratio. hypertension rate, and ischemic heart disease rate, total lipid level, triglycerides level, total cholesterol level, HDL cholesterol level, prothrombine time, with the exception of LDL cholesterol concentrations. However, our subjects showed an inverse relationship between LDL cholesterol level and the risk of cerebral infarction. We have shown that the GNB3 T/T genotype is strongly associated with cerebral infarction. (OR, 1.98; 95% Cl, 1.14-3.46; p=0.015).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.5 s.81
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• pp.440-448
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• 2004

Airborne bacteria, gram negative bacteria (GNB) and fungi were measured in 70 class of 17 kindergartens. The objective of this study is to identify the factors influencing airborne concentrations of bacteria, GNB and fungi using multiple regression analysis. The average concentrations of bacteria and fungi exceeded $1,000\;CFU/m^3$. The average of GNB was $3.7{\times}10^2\;CFU/m^3$. This results indicated that air of kindergartens was contaminated with microbes such as bacteria and fungi. ANOVA test found that the concentrations of bacteria, GNB and fungi were significantly different by the characteristics of weather (rain, after rain, sunny) sampling date (July, August, September and October), the location of sampling site (ground level and basement) and the location of toilet (inside class, nearby class and away class). Multiple regression tests concluded that sampling date, the scale of city where kindergartens are located, the location of sampling site and ventilation efficiency can significantly affect the airborne concentration of bacteria, GNB and fungi. Most of these factors could be related moisture. Environmental factors that can cause the increment of moisture should be controlled in order to reduce airborne concentration of bacteria, GNB and fungi. Legal actions concerning prohibition on the presence of toilet inside class and ventilation criteria should be taken.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1426-1436
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• 2004

There have been several reports on the relationship between G protein β3 subunit gene (GNB3), angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE), β3-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB3), and β2-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB2) genotype and obesity or obesity related disease. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the combinations of these four genes' polymorphism and probability of obesity related disease in Korean female subjects. The experimental group was consisted of 85 obese Korean female subjects (body mass index, BMI≥27㎏/㎡). To determine the polymorphism, genomic DNA was isolated, and PCR was performed. Serological examinations (fasting plasma glucose, FPG; aspartate aminotranferase, AST; alanine aminotransferase, ALT; total cholesterol, TC; triglyceride, TG; high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL; low density lipoprotein-choles terol, LDL) were carried by an autoanalyzer and serological methods. BMI, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference and waist hip ratio (WHR) were measured. Consequencely in the analysis with grouping of general genotyping and variant allele carrier/non-carrier, the result was not significantly different within all gene combinations and polymorphic pairings except higher waist circumference in Arg16Arg group of ADRB2 codon16 (P=0.024). And there was no significantly contrast result about age, height, weight, AST and ALT that are index feature of liver and gall bladder disease in polymorphic pairings of gene combinations. However, the statistical analysis of waist-hip ratio and waist circumference that could be recognized as the physical type of obesity showed T-Arg16 pairing carrier in GNB3-ADRB2 codon16 combination had increased WHR and WC significantly (P=0.046 and P=0.015 respectively). Futhermore, the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein choresteral (LDL) were significantly lower in C-I pairing of GNB3-ACE combination (P=0.032 and P=0.005). These results suggest that the T-Arg16 pairing carrier in GNB3-ADRB2 codon16 gene might have increased waist circumference and C-I pairing carrier in GNB3-ACE combination have lower possibility of contraction of cardiovascular disease related cholesterol and LDL despite of obese state.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.251-256
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• 2021

This study analyzed the most frequently used navigation cases in a desktop environment. As a result of the research, GNB induces users' search as the top element of the search structure and can place color, text, icon, and image elements. LNB could be classified in the form of a dropdown, flyout, dropline and mega menu. In this study, the navigation structure of Interpark and Interpark among open markets used by users was analyzed. G-Market's GNB has a two-tier structure with color, text, image, and icon elements, and Interpark has a three-tiered horizontal label. Interpark's GNB drew attention by placing a badge on the seasonal label, which is a temporary content section, unlike G-market. It can be seen that the LNBs of both shopping malls have flyout menus that protrude when you mouse over the category menu arranged in a vertical text form under the logo placed on the left. The flyout menu has a complex structure consisting of the layout of the mega menu. This study is meaningful in revealing user experience elements by analyzing the GNB and LNB of shopping malls these days where internet shopping is increasing.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of air-borne microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, gram negative bacteria (GNB), endotoxins, and respirable suspended particles (RSPs), and their correlation with environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels) in duck houses. The mean concentrations of bacteria, fungi, and GNB were very high (> $10^6\;CFU/m^3$), and endotoxin levels exceeded $10^3\;EU/m^3$. Among the various work stages, in the task of receiving ducks, bacteria were $6.2{\times}10^6;CFU/m^3$, and GNB were $5.4{\times}10^6\;CFU/m^3$, while RSPs levels were $397.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and endotoxin levels were $47.2{\times}10^3\;EU/m^3$ in the task of dividing the ducks, and fungi were $4.9{\times}10^6\;CFU/m^3$ in the task of shipping the ducks. The concentrations of RSPs and endotoxins were significantly higher in tasks involving greater movement of ducks in the house, relative to tasks involving little movement of ducks (p<0.05). Further, with progression in growth of the ducks, the concentrations of bacteria, GNB, endotoxins, and RSPs were significantly increased. There was significant correlation between levels of GNB with bacteria (r=0.75) and fungi (r=0.86), endotoxins with RSPs (r=0.75), bacteria with fungi (r=0.39), and carbon dioxide with RSPs (r=0.38), bacteria (r=0.33), and endotoxins (r=0.31). These results suggest considerable respiratory hazard for farmers in these environments.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2016

Purpose: We investigated the potential interaction between the G-protein beta-3 subunit gene (GNB3) C825T polymorphism, a risk factor for chronic disease in various ethnicities, and obesogenic environments in overweight/obese Korean children. Methods: The present study was conducted as a cross-sectional study using measures of anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), and fasting blood samples as well as 3-day food records. Subjects were recruited from seven elementary schools in an urban district in Seoul, South Korea, between 2007 and 2008. A total of 1,260 children aged 8-9 years were recruited in the study, including 633 boys (50.3%) and 627 girls (49.7%). Results: The allele frequencies of the GNB3 polymorphism were C allele = 49.7% and T allele = 50.3% in subjects. In general, boys with T allele had higher BMI, systolic BP (SBP), and triglycerides, although their energy intake was not significantly different from boys with C allele. In contrast to boys, girls with T allele had lower BMI but higher SBP and energy intake than those with C allele. The girls with T allele had a significantly lower BMI and waist circumference in both the normal weight group and obese group (OB). T allele carriers in both genders had significantly higher TC than C allele carriers in the OB group. At last, girls with T allele in OB appeared to have significantly lower HOMA-IR than those with C allele. Conclusion: Unlike higher risk for negative health outcomes by the GNB3 polymorphism in various ethnicities, GNB3 polymorphism did not influence obesogenic environments in overweight/obese Korean children.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.258-266
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• 2020

Background: The genicular nerve block (GNB) is demonstrated from several reports to alleviate pain and improve knee functionality in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Ultrasound (US)-guided GNB has been the most used imaging method. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of US-guided versus blind GNB in the treatment of knee OA. Methods: This prospective, randomized clinical trial included patients with knee OA based on American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria. The patients were evaluated for clinical and dynamometer parameters at the baseline, 4 weeks after treatment, and 12 weeks after treatment. The patients underwent blind injection or US-guided injection. Results: When compared with the baseline, both groups showed significant improvement in pain, physical function, and quality of life parameters. Significant differences were observed between the groups for clinical parameters (30-second chair stand test, 6-minute walk test) in favor of the US-guided group. On the other hand, blind injection was more significantly effective on some parameters of the Nottingham Health Profile. There wasn't any significant improvement in isokinetic muscle strength for either group. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that both US-guided and blind GNB, in the treatment of knee OA, were effective in reducing symptoms and improving physical function. GNB wasn't an effective treatment for isokinetic muscle function. US-guided injections may yield more effective clinical results than blind injections.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.355-359
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• 2008

This study aimed to determine the relationship between the C825T polymorphism in the G-protein ${\beta}$3-subunit (GNB3) gene and the response to citalopram in a Korean population with major depressive disorder (MDD). Citalopram was administered for 8 weeks to the 84 MDD patients who completed this study. All subjects were examined using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, and the severity of depression was assessed using the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating (HAMD-21) scale. A main effect of an interaction of genotype with time on the decrease in the HAMD-21 score during the 8-week study period was not found. ANOVA revealed no significant effects of the GNB3 C825T polymorphism on the decrease in the HAMD-21 score at each time period. Although the C825T polymorphism of the GNB3 gene may affect the pathogenesis of MDD, our results do not support the hypothesis that this polymorphism is involved in the therapeutic response to citalopram in Korean patients with MDD.