• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1257-1263
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• 2011

This paper is dedicated to the study on the external and internal mass transfers of glucose for succinic acid fermentation under substrate and product inhibitions using a bioreactor with stirred bed of immobilized Actinobacillus succinogenes cells. By means of the substrate mass balance for a single particle of biocatalysts, considering the kinetic model adapted for both inhibitory effects, specific mathematical models were developed for describing the profiles of the substrate concentration in the outer and inner regions of biocatalysts and for estimating the substrate mass flows in the liquid boundary layer surrounding the particle and inside the particle. The values of the mass flows were significantly influenced by the internal diffusion velocity and rate of the biochemical reaction of substrate consumption. These cumulated influences led to the appearance of a biological inactive region near the particle center, its magnitude varying from 0 to 5.3% of the overall volume of particles.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.931-939
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• 2008

본연구는 정상으로 단백질을 급여한 거세면양에 있어서 에너지 첨가가 GHRP-2투여에 대한 IGF-1 및 IGFBPs에 대한 반응과, 고에너지 급여에 따른 GHRP-2투여가 hepatic GH 수용체에 미치는 영향을 검증하기 위하여 실시하였다. 시험 결과 HENP (CP 0.34 kg, TDN 1.83 kg/day DM intake)처리기간 동안 혈장 IGF-1 과 39-42kDa IGFBP-3수준은 LENP (CP 0.32 kg, TDN 0.87 kg/day DM intake)기간에 비하여 높게 나타났으나 (P<0.05), 혈장 34 kDa IGFBP-2와 24 kDa IGFBP-4는 영양처리에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 각 영양처리 기간동안 GHRP-2 ($12.5\;{\mu}g/kg$ body weight/day)투여는 혈장 GH 반응이 촉진되었으며(P<0.05), 혈장 GH 평균 함량과 AUC증가에 있어서는 LENP처리 기간에 비하여 HENP처리기간에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 특히 HENP에서 7일간 GHRP-2투여에 의한 일중 혈장 IGF-1 변화양상을 조사한 결과 투여 2, 6 및 7일에서 뚜렷한 증가양상이 보였다(P<0.05). 이에 반하여 LENP에서는 오직 투여 3일째에서 Saline구에 비하여 유의적인 증가를 확인하였다(P<0.05). IGFBPs의 ligand blotting 결과 HENP구에서 혈장 39-43 kDa IGFBP-3의 수준의 증가가 투여 6일과 7일에서 관찰되었으나 혈장 IGFBP-2수준은 두 영양처리시기에서 유의적인 차이를 관찰하지 못했다. 아울러 HENP구에 있어서 간세포막에 $^{125}I-oGH$의 결합력을 측정한 결과 GHRP-2투여에 의한 영향은 관찰되지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과는 거세면양에 있어서 단백질과 에너지 사이에 영양적 균형은 내인성 GH/IGF-1 axis는 물론 혈장 IGFBP-3수준의 변화에 영향을 미치고 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.7.1-7.13
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• 2020

Aging triggers cellular and molecular alterations, including genomic instability and organ dysfunction, which increases the risk of disease in mammals. Recently, due to the markedly growing number of aging dogs in the world, as much as 49% in total number of pet dogs, it is necessary to improve and maintain their quality of life by understanding of the biological effects of aging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine specific biomarkers in aging dogs as a means of defining a set of hematological/biochemical biomarkers that influence the aging process. Blood samples were collected from younger (1-3 years) and older (7-10 years) dogs of middle/large size. The hematological/biochemistry analysis was performed to evaluate parameters significantly associated with age. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to target growth hormone (GH)/insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), one of the main regulators of the aging process. Declining levels of total protein and increased levels of glucose in young dogs was observed regardless of their body size. Notably, a significantly high concentration of GH and IGF-1 in the younger dogs compared to the older dogs was found in middle/large-sized dogs. GH and IGF-1 were also found at significantly high levels in large-sized dogs compared to middle-sized dogs, suggesting a similar trend to that of elderly humans. Consequently, glucose, total protein, GH, and IGF-1 were identified as potential biomarkers for regulating the aging process in large/middle-sized dogs. These findings provide an invaluable insight into the mechanism of aging for the field of aging research.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.127-133
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• 1999

To elucidate the preventive effect of oriental medicine Gungchi -hwadamsun (GH) on stress, we investigated the physiological change of rats which were applied immobilization stress. For immobilization stress, rats were placed in restrainer for 12 hours a day for 3 days. During application of stress, body weight of rats was measured. After sacrifice, 8 organs were taken for measurement of organ weight. Brain was sectioned into 4 parts that are Frontal Cortex, Corpus Striatum, Hypothalamus and Hippocampus. Each part was homogenated and its catecholamine and serotonin contents were measured with HPLC. In our study, stress mainly induced increase of concentration of neurotransmitters in brain, but had mild effect on other physical function of rats. GH inhibited stress induced changes of neurotransmitter content in brain.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.693-700
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• 2002

한우 종모우에 있어 소 성장호르몬 유전자의 출현빈도를 알아보고 소 성장호르몬 다형과 정액성상과의 관계를 살펴보기 위하여 실시하였다. 한우 종모우 109두의 소 성장호르몬 유전자를 Alu I 제한효소로 처리하여 PCR-RFLP로 분석하였다. Leucine(Leu)과 valine(Val) 유전자의 출현빈도는 각각 0.88과 0.12이었다. 소 성장호르몬 VV 유전자형을 지닌 한우 종모우가 다른 유전자형을 지닌 종모우보다 정액성상(정액량, 정자농도, 총정자수)이 떨어지는 경향을 보였지만 소 성장호르몬의 유전자형이 정액성상에 유의적인 영향은 미치지 못하였다. 채취순번에 따른 영향에 있어서도 VV 유전자형을 지닌 종모우가 다른 유전자형을 지닌 종모우보다 정액성상이 떨어지는 경향을 보였지만 유의적인 차이는 나타내지는 못하였으며 다만 년도에 따른 영향에 있어 1998년도 VV 유전자형을 지닌 종모우가 다른 유전자형을 지닌 종모우보다 총정자수에 있어 유의적으로 적게 나타났다(P<0.05). 전체적으로 소 성장호르몬 유전자의 VV 유전자형을 지닌 종모우의 정액성상이 다른 유전자를 지닌 종모우의 정액성상보다 낮은 경향을 보였지만, 조사한 109두의 한우 종모우 중 VV 유전자형을 지닌 종모우가 1두로 분석되어 이 종모우의 정액성상만을 이용하여 소 성장호르몬 유전자다형이 정액성상에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았기에 종모우 선발시 기초자료로 이용하기에는 추가적인 시험이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1484-1489
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• 2013

The study was conducted to determine the effects of chitosan on the concentrations of GH and IGF-I in serum and small intestinal morphological structure of piglets, in order to evaluate the regulating action of chitosan on weaned pig growth through endocrine and intestinal morphological approaches. A total of 180 weaned pigs (35 d of age; $11.56{\pm}1.61kg$ of body weight) were selected and assigned randomly to 5 dietary treatments, including 1 basal diet (control) and 4 diets with chitosan supplementation (100, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg, respectively). Each treatment contained six replicate pens with six pigs per pen. The experiment lasted for 28 d. The results showed that the average body weight gain (BWG) of pigs was improved quadratically by dietary chitosan during the former 14 d and the later 14 d after weaned (p<0.05). Furthermore, dietary supplementation of chitosan tended to quadratically increase the concentration of serum GH on d 14 (p = 0.082) and 28 (p = 0.087). Diets supplemented with increasing levels of chitosan increased quadratically the villus height of jejunum and ileum on d 14 (p = 0.089, p<0.01) and 28 (p = 0.074, p<0.01), meanwhile, chitosan increased quadratically the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and ileum on d 14 (p<0.05, p = 0.055, p<0.01) and 28 (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01), however, it decreased quadratically crypt depth in ileum on d 14 (p<0.05) and that in duodenum, jejunum and ileum on d 28 (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.05). In conclusion, these results indicated that chitosan could quadratically improve growth in weaned pigs, and the underlying mechanism may due to the increase of the serum GH concentration and improvement of the small intestines morphological structure.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.366-371
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• 2010

Twelve Suffolk${\times}$Small-tail-Han male sheep (body weight 21-26 kg), aged four months, were used to study the effects of volatile fatty acids (VFA) on IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-I), IGFBP-3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3), GH (growth hormone), insulin and glucagon in plasma, and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in different tissues. The sheep were randomly divided into four groups with 3 sheep in each group. The sheep were sustained by total intragastric infusions and four levels of mixed VFA (the molar proportion of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid was 65:25:10), which supplied 333, 378, 423 and 468 KJ energy/kg $W^{0.75}$/d, were infused into the rumen as experimental Treatments I, II, III and IV, respectively. The experiment lasted 12 days, of which the first 8 days were for pretreatment and the last 4 days for collection of samples. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken and then the sheep were slaughtered and tissue samples from the rumen ventral sac, rumen dorsal sac, liver, duodenum and Longissimus dorsi muscle were obtained. IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin and glucagon in plasma and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in different tissues were analysed. Results showed that the concentration of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin or glucagon in plasma and the content of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in the rumen dorsal sac, rumen ventral sac, liver or Longissimus dorsi muscle were increased with VFA infusion level (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in duodenum IGF-I between Treatments I and II and in rumen dorsal sac IGFBP-3 between Treatments II and III (p>0.05). It was concluded that IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin and glucagon in plasma and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in rumen dorsal sac, rumen ventral sac, liver and Longissimus dorsi muscle were increased significantly with increasing level of ruminal infusion of mixed VFA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.733-741
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• 2007

The effects of intra-duodenal infusion of methionine (Met), lysine (Lys) and leucine (Leu) on dry matter intake (DMI), the concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH) and insulin in plasma, and liver IGF-I mRNA level were investigated in two experiments for Liuyang Black growing wether goats. In Experiment 1, three goats ($10.0{\pm}0.1$ kg) were fitted with ruminal, proximal duodenal and terminal ileal fistulaes to determine the infusion amounts of Met, Lys and Leu at the duodenum according to essential amino acid flows into the duodenum and their apparent digestibility. The infusion amounts were 0.77 g/d, 0.91 g/d and 0.58 g/d respectively. In Experiment 2, 4 groups of goats (($10.0{\pm}0.2$ kg) for each group, were cannulated at the duodenum, and were infused with a mixture of Met, Lys and Leu (Control), or mixtures with 21% Met, Lys or Leu replaced with glutamate respectively on a nitrogenous basis. The replacement of 21% Met, Lys or Leu with glutamate did not affect intakes of maize stover, concentrate or both (p>0.05) when compared with the control. The replacement of 21% Met or Lys significantly (p<0.05) reduced plasma GH, insulin and IGF-I concentrations and liver IGF-I mRNA level. The replacement of 21% Leu with glutamate reduced (p<0.05) plasma IGF-I concentration only, but not plasma insulin and GH, as well as liver IGF-I mRNA level (p>0.05). The close relationships between supplying Met and Lys in the lumen of the duodenum and plasma IGF-I, GH and insulin concentrations, as well as liver IGF-I mRNA level in this study indicate that the effects of the limiting amino acids on nutrition of animals are likely intermediated via their effects on these hormones, and these hormone profiles could be used as intermediate markers for the limiting order of amino acids.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.501-509
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• 2012

A 990 bp full-length gene (xynAHJ2) encoding a 329-residue polypeptide (XynAHJ2) with a calculated mass of 38.4 kDa was cloned from Bacillus sp. HJ2 harbored in a saline soil. XynAHJ2 showed no signal peptide, distinct amino acid stretches of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 10 intracellular endoxylanases, and the highest amino acid sequence identity of 65.3% with the identified GH 10 intracellular mesophilic endoxylanase iM-KRICT PX1-Ps from Paenibacillus sp. HPL-001 (ACJ06666). The recombinant enzyme (rXynAHJ2) was expressed in Escherichia coli and displayed the typical characteristics of low-temperature-active enzyme (exhibiting optimum activity at $35^{\circ}C$, 62% at $20^{\circ}C$, and 38% at $10^{\circ}C$; thermolability at ${\geq}45^{\circ}C$). Compared with the reported GH 10 low-temperature-active endoxylanases, which are all extracellular, rXynAHJ2 showed low amino acid sequence identities (<45%), low homology (different phylogenetic cluster), and difference of structure (decreased amount of total accessible surface area and exposed nonpolar accessible surface area). Compared with the reported GH 10 intracellular endoxylanases, which are all mesophilic and thermophilic, rXynAHJ2 has decreased numbers of arginine residues and salt bridges, and showed resistance to $Ni^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, or EDTA at 10 mM final concentration. The above mechanism of structural adaptation for low-temperature activity of intracellular endoxylanase rXynAHJ2 is different from that of GH 10 extracellular low-temperature-active endoxylanases. This is the first report of the molecular and biochemical characterizations of a novel intracellular low-temperature-active xylanase.

• 약학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 1992

The general and some other pharmacological actions of growth hormone without N-terminal methionine(rhGH) were investigated in animals. The hormone had no influences on the central nervous system and on body temperature at a high oral dose of 40 IU/kg in animals. It had neither analgesic nor antiepileptic actions at the high doses. In the isolated ileum and trachea of guinea-pig and isolated stomach fundus and uterus of rat, it showed neither contractive nor relaxing effects at a concentration of $1{\times}10^{-3}\;IU/ml$ in bath, and no inhibitory action at a dose of $1{\times}10^{-3}\;IU/ml$ against the contractions produced by histamine ($5{\times}10^{-5}\;g/ml$), serotonin($1{\times}10^{-5}\;g/ml$), acetylcholine($1{\times}10^{-5}\;g/ml$) and oxytocin($5{\times}10^{-3}\;IU/ml$). Furthermore, the intravenous injection of 20 IU/kg rhGH had no influences on the normal blood pressure and respiration in rabbits. These negative results in pharmacological profile are thought that the hormone may not elicit serious side effects. On the other hand, the rhGH exhibited a weak inhibitory action of glucose tolerance in normal rats, significantly lowered the blood glucose contents in adrenalectomized rats 20 min after i.v. administration of 80 IU/kg, and showed a significant inhibitory effect on in vitro glycerol release in epinephrine-stimulated epididymal fat pad segments of rats.