• Molecules and Cells
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.504-509
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• 2008

Three G-protein-linked acetylcholine receptors (GARs) exist in the nematode C. elegans. GAR-3 is pharmacologically most similar to mammalian muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). We observed that carbachol stimulated ERK1/2 activation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing GAR-3b, the predominant alternatively spliced isoform of GAR-3. This effect was substantially reduced by the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X, implying that PLC and PKC are involved in this process. On the other hand, GAR-3b-mediated ERK1/2 activation was inhibited by treatment with forskolin, an adenylate cyclase (AC) activator. This inhibitory effect was blocked by H89, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). These results suggest that GAR-3b-mediated ERK1/2 activation is negatively regulated by cAMP through PKA. Together our data show that GAR-3b mediates ERK1/2 activation in CHO cells and that GAR-3b can couple to both stimulatory and inhibitory pathways to modulate ERK1/2.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2010

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) play important roles in a variety of biological processes including cell growth and differentiation. We have previously reported that GAR-3 activates ERK1/2 via phospholipase C and protein kinase C, presumably through pertussis toxin (PTX)-insensitive Gq proteins, in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Here we provide evidence that GAR-3 also activates ERK1/2 through PTX-sensitive G proteins, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), and Src family kinases in CHO cells. We further show that in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, epidermal growth factor receptor and Ras are required for efficient ERK1/2 activation by GAR-3. Taken together, our data indicate that GAR-3 evokes ERK1/2 activation through multiple signaling pathways in cultured mammalian cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1686-1692
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• 2009

Garlic oil (GAR, Allium sativum L.) has been studied as a feed additive to improve animal production performance and decrease methane emission in ruminants. The present study was designed to determine the possible effect of GAR on fatty acid composition and accumulation in animal fat tissue using a cell model. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at $2{\times}10^{4}\;mL^{-1}$ were seeded to 24-well plates and allowed to proliferate to reach confluence. The cells were then treated with media containing 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$ of GAR during the differentiation period for 8 days. Media containing dexamethasone, methyl-isobutylxanthine and insulin was applied during the first 2 days of the early differentiation period. On day 8 sub-sets of the wells were stained with oil red-O and the remaining cells were harvested for determination of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.8] (GPDH) activity (n = 6) and cellular fatty acid concentration (n = 6). It was found that supplementation of GAR increased (p<0.05) the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids in the adipocytes and showed inhibitory effect (p<0.05) on the post-confluent proliferation. With relative low dosage, GAR (5-20 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$) increased (p<0.05) the GPDH activity without affecting the cellular fatty acid concentration, while a high dosage (40 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$) inhibited (p<0.05) fatty acid accumulation and decreased GPDH activity. Supplementation of GAR had an effect on cell post-confluent proliferation, differentiation and fatty acid accumulation. However, the effect may be diverse and depends on the dose applied.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2005

최근 생체인식기반의 개인인증은 인증의 자동화와 높은 성능으로 개인인증의 효과적인 방법으로 대두되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 Hu 불변 모멘트에 기초한 장문인식 방법을 제안하였다. 그리고 장문인식 알고리즘의 전체 실행 속도를 높여 효율성 있는 장문인식 시스템을 설계하기 위하여 저해상도(75dpi) 장문이미지$(5.5cm\times5.5cm)$를 사용한다. 제안된 시스템은 두 부분으로 이루어져 있는데 정확한 장문이미지를 획득하기 위한 장문 고정장치와 장문인증을 효과적으로 처리할 수 있는 알고리즘으로 구성되어 있다. 그리고 장문인증 단계는 3회로 제한되며, 그 결과 임계값 0.001일 때 FAR은 $(5.5cm\times5.5cm)$, GAR은 $98.1\%$이다. 이는 [3]과 비교하여, FAR은 $0.002\%$, GAR은 $0.1\%$ 향상되었음을 확인하였다.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2009

We consider the univalence function classes T, $T_2,\;T_{2,{\mu}}$, and S(p). For these classes we shall study some univalence properties for a general integral operator. Furthermore we shall extend some known univalence criteria, i.e., Becker-type criteria.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.155-168
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• 2011

This study aims at analyzing the Mix & Match fashion trend expressed in the Ready to Wear collections shown in 27 collections of 3 designers(Alexander McQueen, Jean Paul Gaultier, Comme des Gar$\c{c}$ons) over the past five years from 2007S/S to 2011S/S, and the results are as follows. 1) The characteristics were a combination of past and modern, the past and past prominent fashions combined at a different time, these styles and details were seen in Alexander McQueen's collection. 2) The properties of combination were expressed as a clash of cultures, such as East and West or African and European. 3) The characteristics of the combinations were expressed by differences in purpose, such as outer garments or underwear. 4) Artistic combinations of Mixing & Matching happen through a component confusion of art and garments. 5) The characteristics of Mixing & Matching fashion were expressed in images, especially in the case of Jean Paul Gaultier.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2006

장문기반의 인식시스템은 생체인식 시스템의 새로운 방법으로 대두되어 지고 있으며 현재 많은 연구가 활발히 진행되어지고 있다. 비록 많은 장문 인식 알고리즘이 만들어지고 있지만 장문을 효과적으로 분류하는 방법에 대한 연구는 아직까지 활발히 진행 중이다. 본 논문에서는 특징벡터의 차원축소를 이용한 주성분 분석법(PCA)을 기초로 한 장문 분류 및 인식 방법을 제안하였다. 그리고 효율성 있는 장문인식 시스템을 설계하기 위하여 장문획득 장치를 사용하여 135dpi 장문이미지를 획득하여 사용하였다. 제안된 장문인식 알고리즘은 장문획득 장치, 데이터베이스 생성 그리고 장문인식 알고리즘으로 구성되어 있다. 장문인식 단계는 2회로 제한하였으며, 그 결과 GAR 및 FAR이 각각 98.5%, 0.036%의 성능을 보였다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2005

인삼부정근 배양에서 MeJA 처리가 부정근내 진세노사이드와 페놀화합물의 생산에 미치는 영향과 이러한 이차대사 산물의 증가에 따른 인삼부정근의 항산화활성의 효과를 조사하였다. 다양한 농도의 MeJA를 인삼부정근에 처리한 결과, $100\;{\mu}M$ MeJA에서 부정근내 진세노사이드의 생산은 26.6 mg/g dry wt로 대조구보다 약 8배 이상 생산하는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, MeJA의 처리는 부정근의 생장을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 페놀화합물의 생산 역시 MeJA처리에 의하여 증가되는 경향을 나타냈으며 $50\;{\mu}M$ MeJA에서 0.38 mg/g dry wt로 대조구에 비하여 약 3배 이상 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 MeJA의 처리효과는 조건배지 (CM)를 이용하는 것이 신선배지 (FM)를 이용하는 것보다 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 배지성분이 결핍된 조건배지에서의 진세노사이드 생산은 신선배지에서 보다 약 1.7배가 증가한 것으로 나타났으며, 페놀화합물 역시 조건배지에서약 1.2배가 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 MeJA 처리에 의한 진세노사이드와 페놀화합물의 증가는 결과적으로 인삼부정근의 항상화활성을 무처리구인 대조구에 비해서 약 72%이상 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2010

The implementation of gelled propellants systems offers high performance, energy management of liquid propulsion, storability, and high density impulse of solid propulsion. The present study focused on the macroscopic spray characteristics of liquid sheets formed by triplet impinging jets of non-Newtonian liquids which are mixed by Carbopol 941 0.5%wt. The results are compared to experiments conducted on spray images which formed by triplet impinging jets concerning with airassist effect at center orifice. When gel propellants are injected by doublet impinging jets at low pressure and high pressure, closed rim pattern shape appeared by polymeric effect from molecular force and showed inactive atomization characteristics, because of extensional viscosity related by restriction of atomization process and breakup time delay of turbulence transition. As increasing mass flow rate of the air(increasing GAR), spray breakup level is also increased.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.315-321
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• 1990

Rabbit anti-bovine heart PDH antiserum was raised against El(a, b) isolated from PDC, and then applied to detect Ela and Elb. Appropriate amounis of El were fractionated by SDS-PAGE and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. The Ela and Elb on the membrane were incubated with anti-El antiserum and identified by GAR-HRP system. It has been found that the immunodetection sensitivity of Ela and Elb were directly proportional to the amount of antigen and transfer time. The lengthy transfer times increased the immunodetection sensitivity of Ela and Elb. The maximal detection sensitivity of Western blotting of Ela and Elb was achieved at 3.5 V/cm for 16-hour transfer under these experimental conditions.