• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.240-246
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the vulnerability of the human health sector to $PM_{10}$ due to climate change in Incheon over the period of 2005-2014. Methods: Vulnerability to $PM_{10}$ consists of the three categories of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The indexes for climate exposure and sensitivity indicate positive effects, while adaptive capacity shows a negative effect on vulnerability to $PM_{10}$. The variables in each category were standardized by the rescaling method, and respective relative regional vulnerability was analyzed through the vulnerability index calculation formula of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Results: Regions with a high exposure index were the western and northern urban areas with industrial complexes adjacent to a highway, including Bupyong-gu and Seo-gu. Major factors determining the climate exposure index were the $PM_{10}$ concentration, days of $PM_{10}$ >= $100{\mu}g/m^3$, and $PM_{10}$ emissions. The regions showing a high sensitivity index were urban regions with high populations; these commonly had a high mortality rate for related diseases and vulnerable populations. Conclusions: This study is able to support regionally adjusted adaptation policies and the quantitative background of policy priority since it provides information on the regional health vulnerability to $PM_{10}$ due to climate change in Incheon.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.415-419
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• 2018

본 논문은 정지궤도위성인 KorSat 5A($113^{\circ}E$)에서 송신하는 비콘 신호를 김포에 위치한 지상국에서 수신할 때의 C/N (carrier to noise ratio)을 예측하고 측정하였다. 지상국을 기준으로, ITU-R의 zone K 강우 감쇠와 국내 기상정보를 분석한 강우 감쇠를 비교하였다. ITU-R에서는 우리나라 강우 특성을 zone K로 일괄 분류하였으나, 2013년부터 2017년까지의 분당 누적 강우 데이터를 바탕으로 지상국 인접 3개 도시의 강우 강도 및 감쇠를 예측하였다. 강우 경로와 감쇠 대한 계산은 ITU-R 권고를 참고하였다. 2주간의 위성비콘 신호 C/N 측정을 통해 강우량에 따른 C/N의 변화를 확인하였으며, $A_{0.3}$일 때 예측된 임계 C/N은 12 dB, 실험기간 동안 집중된 강우에 따라 최대 8 dB까지 감소하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2016

폭발성능이 높은 HMX와 폭발성능은 떨어지지만 안정성이 높은 LLM-116의 분자복합체인 HMX/LLM-116 공결정(cocrystal)의 폭발 속도, 폭발 압력 그리고 열역학적 안정성에 대하여 이론적으로 연구하였다. 각 분자 구조는 B3LYP/cc-pVTZ 수준까지 최적화 하였으며 가장 약한 방아쇠 결합(trigger bond)과 클러스터에 대한 결합에너지를 계산 하여 열역학적 안정성을 확인하였다. 보다 정확한 에너지를 계산하기 위해 MP2 이론 수준에서 한 점(single point) 에너지를 계산하였으며, monte carlo integration 계산을 통해 밀도를 계산 하였다. 엔탈피는 CBS-Q 이론 수준에서 계산하였으며, 폭발 속도와 폭발 압력은 Kamlet-Jacobs 방정식을 이용하여 계산하였다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.91-102
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• 2020

The purpose of study was analyze the pumping characteristics, Irrigation Efficiency(IE), and irrigation pattern by period of rice growing stage with based on the performance of design irrigation water requirement and operational Galshin Pumping(GP) station in GP irrigation district constructed under rural water development project master plan. GP station was located in Yedang reservoir, Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do and has been supplying irrigation water since 2006. The research data are the Irrigation Water Requirement(IWR) and the Pumping Water Amount(PWA) from 2006 to 2015 at the GP station, which is the supplied amount. The IWR were calculated using the Blaney-Criddle formula of the HOMWRS program, Hydrological Operation Model for Water Resource System, developed by Korea Rural Community Corporation. The Blaney-Criddle formula was used to calculate design irrigation water requirement of Galshin rural water development project master plan. During 2006-2015, the study period, the annual average IWR is 763.2(±149.1)mm, the annual PWA of the GP station is 397.4mm to 1,056.9mm, and those average annual PWA is 643.4(±208.4)mm. The annual IE of GP station 96.5% to 169.0%, and the average annual IE is 124.3%, which is higher than the research results conducted in other pumping stations. Analyzing the irrigation patterns of the GP irrigation district, the IWR Ratio per 10days(IWRR) and the PWA Ratio per 10days(PWAR) of the G P station were obtained. The IWRR is the percentage of IWR for each 10 days of a month to total IWR per year, and the PWAR is the percentage of PWA for each 10 days of a month to total PWA per year. The Kolmogorov- Smirnov(K-S) test results of IWRR and PWAR showed the characteristics classification by rice growing stage and stable normal distribution characteristics. Average IWRR(AIWRR) and Average PWAR(APWAR) are presented as irrigation patterns. Irrigation pattern analysis will be able to standardize comparison, analysis and probability calculation of the pumping station characteristics of different pumping stations and apply to objective evaluation of the pumping station district.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.195-205
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• 2022

Determining blood loss [100% - RBV (%)] is challenging in the management of haemorrhagic shock. We derived an equation estimating RBV (%) via serial haematocrits (Hct₁, Hct₂) by fixing infused crystalloid fluid volume (N) as [0.015 × body weight (g)]. Then, we validated it in vivo. Mathematically, the following estimation equation was derived: RBV (%) = 24k / [(Hct₁ / Hct₂) -1]. For validation, non-ongoing haemorrhagic shock was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by withdrawing 20.0%-60.0% of their total blood volume (TBV) in 5.0% intervals (n = 9). Hct₁ was checked after 10 min and normal saline N cc was infused over 10 min. Hct₂ was checked five minutes later. We applied a linear equation to explain RBV (%) with 1 / [(Hct₁ / Hct₂) -1]. Seven rats losing 30.0%-60.0% of their TBV suffered shock persistently. For them, RBV (%) was updated as 5.67 / [(Hct₁ / Hct₂) -1] + 32.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] of the slope: 3.14-8.21, p = 0.002, R² = 0.87). On a Bland-Altman plot, the difference between the estimated and actual RBV was 0.00 ± 4.03%; the 95% CIs of the limits of agreements were included within the pre-determined criterion of validation (< 20%). For rats suffering from persistent, non-ongoing haemorrhagic shock, we derived and validated a simple equation estimating RBV (%). This enables the calculation of blood loss via information on serial haematocrits under a fixed N. Clinical validation is required before utilisation for emergency care of haemorrhagic shock.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.23.1-23.9
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate tiamulin (TML) residues in the edible tissues of orally dosed broiler chickens and to re-establish the withdrawal time (WT). Thirty-six healthy Ross broiler chickens were administered 0.5 (TML-1) and 2.5 kg (TML-2) per ton feed, respectively, of the drug containing TML 78 g/kg for 10 days. Twenty-four tissue samples were collected from 6 chickens in each of the TML-1 and TML-2 groups on 0, 1, 3, and 5 days after drug administration, respectively. The residual concentrations of TML were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The correlation coefficient of the calibration curves was 0.9978 to 0.9998, and the limits of detection and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were in the range of 0.03 to 0.06, and 0.1 to 0.2 ㎍/kg, respectively. Recoveries ranged between 89.0% to 116.7%, and the coefficients of variation were less than 13.9%. After the drug administration, TML in the TML-1 and TML-2 groups was detected above the LOQ in 1 and 6 samples of liver, respectively, at day 0, and in 1 liver sample from both groups on day one. At 3 days after administration, TML was detected below the LOQ in all samples of TML-1 and TML-2. The calculated WT of TML in both TML-1 and TML-2 using the WT calculation program WT 1.4 was 0 days. In conclusion, the developed analytical method is suitable for detection, and the calculated WT of TML in poultry edible tissues is shorter than the current recommended WT of 7 days for TML in broiler chickens.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 1986

1985년 10월의 한국 동남해역에서의 식물성 부유생물에 의한 기초 생산력은 0.7에서 2.7gCm$^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$의 범위를 갖으며 본 해역의 평균 기초 생산력은 1.3gCm$^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$ 이었다. 표층 총 Chlorophyll양은 0.97에서 3.59 mgchlm$^{-3}$ 의 범위에 나타났다. 표층에서의 nano-phytoplankton(〈20$\mu\textrm{m}$) 의 기초 생산력은 43내지 97%에 이르었다. 적정광도의 범위는 300에서 700$\mu$Es$^{-1}$m$^{-1}$ 이었다. 표층 기초생산력은 Iopt를 벗어나는 오전 9시부 터 오후 3시까지 광저하 현상을 보였다. 표광층 기저부의 식물성 부유생물은 매우 Iopt를 보이며 이는 이 층의 식물성 부유생물이 장시간 낮은 광도하에 머물러 낮은 광도에 적응하였음을 보여 준다. Iopt은 부유식물의 주변 광도에 대한 적응을 나타 내주기 때문에 여러수층의 Iopt의 변화정도는 해양에서의 수직와류혼합의 강도와 밀접한 관계를 나타낸다.본 연구해역에서는 macrozoplankton 에 의한 amonium 분비에 의한 영양염 재생산은 식물부유생물의 일일 질소 영양염 요구량의 3-19%를 공급하고 있으며nitrate 수직확산에 의해 밀도약층 하부로 부터 공급되는 영양염은 식물성 부유생물의 일일 질소영양염 요구량의 약 3% 를 공급하고 있음이 밝혀졌다.국지적으로 용승류에 의한 하층으로부터의 영양염 공급은 연안에 가까운 용승역에서 중요한 영양염 공급원이 돌 가능성이 있다.본 연구를 통하여 본 해역에서의 구조적 영양염 주요공급과정은 20$\mu\textrm{m}$이하의 미세 부유생물에 의한 수괴 자체내의 영양염 재순환에 의하고 있음을 암시한다.본 연구를 통하여 대마난류의 기초 생산력은 한국 해역을 통과하는 과정에서 활발한 영야염 재순환 및 국지적인 용승류 및 연안수의 유입등과 식물성 부유생물의 촉진된 성장을 통하여 증가되고 있음이 밝혀졌다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.536-542
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• 2007

목 적 : 극소저출생체중아에서 생후 초기에 유지량 이하의 제한적 수액 투여가 선호되고 있으나 이런 제한적 수액 투여로 기관지폐이형성증이나 동맥관개존증의 발생이 감소되는지 확실하지 않다. 극소저출생체중아에서 생후 첫 주에 유지량 이하 수액의 투여량에 따라 동맥관개존증이나 기관지폐이형성증의 발생 위험에 차이가 있는지 확인해보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 1월부터 2004년 12월까지 세브란스병원에서 출생하여 신생아 집중 치료실에 입원한 출생 체중 1500 g 미만의 극소저출생체중아 중 28일 이상 생존한 적정 체중아 83명을 대상으로 하였다. 본 신생아 집중 치료실에서는 유지 수액량을 불감성 수분 손실과 예견되는 소변량을 이용하여 계산하여 투여하였고 인공 호흡기 치료의 경우에는 계산된 유지 수액량의 70-80%로 제한하였다. 생후 1, 3, 7일간의 수액량을 일일 체중 당 수액량(mL/kg/day) 으로 환산하여 각 기간에서 25 백분위수 미만을 저수액군, 25백분위수 이상 75백분위수 이하를 중수액군, 75백분위수를 초과한 경우를 고수액군으로 분류하였다. 각 기간별 수액군 간의 기관지폐이형성증과 동맥관개존증의 빈도와 임상적 및 인구학적 인자를 비교하였다. 결 과 : 전체 대상 환아의 재태 주령은 $28.6{\pm}1.7(24^{+6}-32^{+6})$주, 출생 체중은 $1124{\pm}225(600-1490)g$, 남아가 44례(53.0%), 여아가 39례(47.0%), 다태 임신은 19례(22.9%), 신생아 호흡 곤란 증후군은 72례(86.7%), 인공호흡기 사용기간은 $15.3{\pm}13.6$일, 인공호흡기를 3일 이상 사용한 경우는 75례(90.4%)이었다. 기관지폐이형성증은 15례(18.1%)에서, 동맥관개존증은 17례(20.5%)에서 진단되었다. 각 기간별 수액군간에 기관지폐이형성증이나 동맥관개존증의 발생에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 기관지폐이형성증 발생은 단변량 분석에서 유의한 관계를 보인 출생 체중, 인공 호흡기 사용 기간, 동맥관개존증 등의 영향을 보정하여도 각 기간별 수액군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 동맥관개존증 발생은 단변량 분석에서 유의한 관계를 보인 재태 주령, 출생 체중, 인공 호흡기 사용 기간 등의 영향을 보정하여도 각 기간별 수액군간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결 론 : 생후 첫 주에 소변량과 불감성 수분 손실을 기준으로하여 수액 투여를 하는 경우 수액 투여량의 많고 적음이 기관지폐이형성증이나 동맥관개존증의 발생에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 결과에 따르면 극소저출생체중아에서 유지 수액량의 결정시에 체중 변화 및 소변량을 기준한 방법은 수액 투여의 기준으로 사용하기에 적합하다고 사료된다.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2009년 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.19-19
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• 2009

Dynamic Stall is a flow phenomenon which occurs on the retreating side of helicopter rotor blades during forward flight. It also occurs on blades of stall regulated wind turbines under yawing conditions as well as during gust loads. Time scales occurring during this process are comparable on both helicopter and wind turbine blades. Dynamic Stall limits the speed of the helicopter and its manoeuvrability and limits the amount of power production of wind turbines. Extensive numerical as well as experimental investigations have been carried out recently to get detailed insight into the very complex flow structures of the Dynamic Stall process. Numerical codes have to be based on the full equations, i.e. the Navier-Stokes equations to cover the scope of the problems involved: Time dependent flow, unsteady flow separation, vortex development and shedding, compressibility effects, turbulence, transition and 3D-effects, etc. have to be taken into account. In addition to the numerical treatment of the Dynamic Stall problem suitable wind tunnel experiments are inevitable. Comparisons of experimental data with calculated results show us the state of the art and validity of the CFD-codes and the necessity to further improve calculation procedures. In the present paper the phenomenon of Dynamic Stall will be discussed first. This discussion is followed by comparisons of some recently obtained experimental and numerical results for an oscillating helicopter airfoil under Dynamic Stall conditions. From the knowledge base of the Dynamic Stall Problems, the next step can be envisaged: to control Dynamic Stall. The present discussion will address two different Dynamic Stall control methodologies: the Nose-Droop concept and the application of Leading Edge Vortex Generators (LEVoG's) as examples of active and passive control devices. It will be shown that experimental results are available but CFD-data are only of limited comparison. A lot of future work has to be done in CFD-code development to fill this gap. Here mainly 3D-effects as well as improvements of both turbulence and transition modelling are of major concern.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.62-76
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• 2001

This study is to offer the basic information and materials for the restoration of the urban forest and the ecologically healthy and continuous green belt through the investigation and the analysis on the vegetation in Hwasan Park, Chonju-City. The flora of Hwasan Neighborhood park was composed of 86 families 230 genera, 261 species, 35 varieties, 1 formae or 298 Taxa. Among them, calculation of Pte-Q Index represented 0.60, Fisher's Index. Some characteristics of the plants in this area have represented such as Th-D1-R5 type in biological type, erect form(64.6%) in growth type, 30 taxa in naturalized plants. The life form spectra investigated from Hwasan neighborhood park was recognized as the following M"17.4%, N:11.4%, E:0.3%, Ch:0%, H:29.8%, G:6.7%, HH:0%, Th:34.2%. By the Z-M method 5 plant communities and 3 afforestation were recognized; Quercus variabilis community, Q.acutissima community, Q.serrata community, Sorbus alnifolia community, Pinus densiflora community, P.rigida afforestation, Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation and Larix leptolepis afforestation. The actual vegetation map constructed on the grounds of the communities classified and other data. The pattern of successional trend of tree species might be suggested: L. leptoleipis, P. rigida and P. densifloralongrightarrowQ.variabilis and Q.acutissimalongrightarrowS.alnifolia and Q.serratalongrightarrowCarpinus tschonoskii community. Three measurements of species diversity (richness index(SR), Shannon-Wiener index(H'), evenness index(J')) and their relationship with community type were studied in the surveyed plant communities. Q.serrata community was higher in SR, H', J' than the other communities, whereas R.pseduo-acacia afforestation was low. Finally, The vegetation of the Hwasan neighborhood park must not allowed any more. Nothing ca be better than native states in preserving the ecosystems.tems.