• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1002-1010
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• 2003

This study was carried out to develope yeast leavened pan bread using the commercial Doenjangs (Korean soybean pastes). Physicochemical properties of the Doenjang products were measured such as aminonitrogen, pH, titratable acidity and salinity, reducing sugar, total free sugar, total organic acid, PDI (protein dispersibility index) and color. Seven products of Doenjang were freeze-dried and powdered to be used in bread formula at the levels of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%. When the Doenjang powder was added up to 5.0%, the ovenspring during baking remarkably increased resulting in increased loaf volume. However, with Doenjang powder more than 7.5%, the loaf volume became smaller than the control as the dough expansion and ovenspring decreased. Thus when Doenjang was added to bread dough, the loaf volume was highly correlated with ovenspring (r=0.92) but it was not with dough expansion during 1st fermentation (r=0.56). The browning color of bread crust and crumb became deeper with decrease in L value as the addition of Doenjang powder increased. From the mechanical texture measurements of bread crumb, hardness, gumminess and chewiness decreased with addition of Doenjang powders. Regardless of the kinds of Doenjang, the Doenjang powders could be added into the bread dough up to 5.0%, improving the loaf volume and texture of yeast leavened pan bread and demonstrating the possibility of producing a functional bread using the Doenjang powders.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.85-90
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• 2015

The objective of this study was comparison of seed yields according to different seeding rates, seeding time and application of chemical fertilizations in Yanji region of China. The experiment was conducted on commercial farmland at Yanji region in 2013. All the experimental fields were designed following randomized block design with 3 replicates. The plant spacing was applied as $65{\times}1cm$ distance. To check the effect of seeding rate, two different seeding rate, 0.2 kg/0.1ha and 0.5 kg/0.1ha were applied. The higher seed yield was observed in low seeding rate (0.2 kg/0.1ha). The application of fertilizer (mixture of N and P) showed different results following different experimental fields. However, there were little positive effects following fertilizer application into commercial farmland. When we compare seed yields between two different seeding dates, $4^{th}$ May and $29^{th}$ May, the earlier seeding date ($4^{th}$ May) showed higher seed yields. In considering these results, low seeding rate and early seeding time is important for getting high camelina seed yields.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.260-273
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• 2004

Backgrounds : In recent years, asthma has become recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease associated pathologically with airway epithelial inflammation and airway remodeling. Objectives : To evaluate the different effects of Hirudo depending upon pharmaceutical manufactures on the expression and the activities of IL-6 and GM-CSF in airway epithelial cells, samples of Hirudo(水蛭), Hirudo toasted with Talcum(水蛭滑石炒) and Hirudo toasted with Ephedrae Herba(水蛭麻黃炒) were tested. Methods : After inducing enhanced messenger RNA(mRNA) expression and secretion of each cytokine by tumor necrosis factor-alpha(10 ng/ml) treatment, cultured human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B was added to each sample$(l,\;10,\;100\;&\;1000\;{\mu}g/ml)$. Subsequently, DNA activities were analyzed. Specifically mRNA expression and culture supernatants(protein levels) of IL-6 and GM-CSF from BEAS-2B cells, were analyzed using luciferase reporter gene assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results : Hirudo toasted with Ephedrae Herba(水蛭麻黃炒) and Hirudo(水蛭) inhibited IL-6 activities in BEAS-2B cells remarkably, and inhibited mRNA expression levels and protein levels in supernatant of IL-6 and GM-CSF at various concentrations, significantly(p<0.05). However, Hirudo toasted with Talcum(水蛭滑石炒) had no effect on mRNA expression levels and showed a slight inhibitory effect on GM-CSF protein levels in supernatant of culture medium. Conclusions : These results strongly suggest that Hirudo toasted with Ephedrae Herba(水蛭麻黃炒) and Hirudo(水蛭) would be serve as effective medicaments in the treatment of airway inflammation and remodeling of asthmatic patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.63-63
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• 2002

현재 기계적 합금화법에서는 주로 합금을 구성하는 성분원소 분말을 불활성분위기에서 볼밀처리 함으로써 함금화를 시키거나 모합금에 산화물을 분산시켜 복합화시키는 공정을 통하여 각종 화합물, 비정질상 및 과포화고용체등의 준안정상의 합성 뿐만이 아니라 초미세조직의 생성에 관한 폭 넓은 분야의 연구가 행하여지고 있다. 한편 MA에서는 볼멀처리중 기계적 에너지의 투여에 의하여 실제 반응온도보다 낮은 온도에서 발생하는 특이한 화학반응 즉 Mechanochemical 반응을 일으키 기도 한다. 본 연구에서는 헤마타이트($Fe_20_3$)와 금속윈소인 Ti의 MA처리에 의하여 고상환원반응 을 유기시켜 $Fe-TiO_2$계 nanocomposite 분말재료를 제조하고자 한다. 특히 MA 공정에 있어서 자기 물성의 변화와 X선 회절을 통하여 고상환원반응에 의한 복합분말의 생성과정을 조사하였다. 출발원료는 $Fe_20_3$(고순도화학제,99.9%, 평균입경 0.1$\mu\textrm{m}$)와 금속원소인 Ti(99.9%, 명균업경 150$\mu\textrm{m}$)을 몰비 2:3의 조성이 되도록 하여 MA를 실시하였다. 볼멀은 고에너지 유성형 볼밀장치(독일 제, Fritsch P-5)를 이용하였으며 진공치환형 용기에 원료분말을 장입하여 2회정도 진공배기한 후 아르곤 가스를 충전하여 볼밀을 행하였다. 얻어진 분말시료에 대하여 x-선 회절장치, 전자현미경 (SEM) 및 진동시료형자력계(VSM)를 통하여 결정구조, 미셰조직 빛 자기특성을 조사하였다. $Fe_2O_3-Ti$ 혼합분말의 MA처리 에 의하여 초기단계부터 환원반응과 함께 $Fe_3TIO_{lO}$ 중간상이 관찰 되었으나 30hrs의 MA처리 후 Fe와 산화물 $TiO_2$로 모두 환원되어 $Fe-TiO_2$계 나노복합분말이 얻어짐을 알 수 있었다. 이 때 X션 회절피크의 line broadening으로부터 복합분말의 Fe 명균 결정립 크기는 24nm로 초미세 결정럽의 분말합금이었다. 포화자화값은 볼밀처리에 따라 점점 증가하여 MA 30시간에는 20.3emu/g로 포화됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 보자력 Hc는 MA초기단계에 350e로 매우 낮으나 30시간 후에는 Hc값이 2600e로 매우 큰 값을 나타내었다. 이것은 환원반응결과 초기에 생성된 Fe의 결정립이 비교적 크고 결정결함이 적으나 볼밀처리를 30시간까지 행하면 Fe 결정렵의 미세화 빛 strain 증가로 magnetic hardening이 일어나기 때문인 것으로 사료된다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.71-82
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• 1979

Transparent vinyl-mulching cultivation plots heavy-fertilized (6-14-20 kg $10a^{-1}\; of\; N-P_2O_5-K_2O)$ in growing peanuts produced 315-344Kg $10a^{-1}$ of quality kernels through improvement of the low temperature conditions of underground environment during the early growing stage and kernel-filling stage. The yields of which were 82-99 percent higher than that of conventional cultivation plot. The vinyl-mulching cultivation techniques accelerated emergence, young seedling growth, flowering, pod bearing and kernel filling of peanuts in Korea.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.125-132
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• 2008

Purpose : To investigate the effects of irradiation on transforming growth factor ${\beta}_1$ (TGF-${\beta}_1$) mRNA expression and calcific nodule formation in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. Materials and Methods : Cells were cultured in alpha-minimum essential medium ($\alpha$-MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics. When the cells reached the level of 70-80% confluence, culture media were changed with $\alpha$-MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 5 mM $\beta$-glycerol phosphate, and $50\;{\mu}g/mL$ ascorbic acid. Thereafter the cells were irradiated with a single dose of 2, 4, 6, 8 Gy at a dose rate of 1.5 Gy/min. The expression pattern of TGF-${\beta}_1$ mRNA, calcium content and calcific nodule formation were examined on day 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, respectively, after the irradiation. Results : The amount of TGF-${\beta}_1$ mRNA expression decreased significantly on day 7 after irradiation of 4, 6, 8 Gy. It also decreased on day 14 after irradiation of 6, 8 Gy. and decreased on day 21 after irradiation of 8 Gy. The amount of calcium deposition decreased significantly on day 7 after irradiation of 4, 8 Gy (P < 0.01) and showed a decreased tendency on day 14, 21 after irradiation of 4, 6, 8 Gy. The number of calcific nodules was decreased on day 7 after irradiation of 4, 8 Gy. Conclusion: Irradiation with a single dose of 4, 6, 8 Gy influences negatively the bone formation at the molecular level by affecting the TGF-${\beta}_1$ mRNA expression that was associated with proliferation and the production of extracellular matrix in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.342-347
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• 2009

Statement of problem: when using resin for class II restoration, micoleakage by instrumentation can be regarded as the primary negative characteristic. A review of the available literature suggests that using flowable resin as liner to decreased microleakage. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the nanofilled flowable resin lining on marginal microleakage after load cycling in class II composite restoration fillings using nanofiller resin. Material and methods: 24 extracted premolars were prepared with class II cavity. F group was restored the nanofilled resin with the nanofilled flowable resin as liner. NF group was restored the nanofilled resin only. After restoration, an experiment was performed on 2 groups using a 300N load at 104, 105 and 106 cycles. Prior to and before each load cycling, it was gauged length on total marginal microleakage, axial marginal microleakage and buccal, gingival, lingual marginal microleakage. Data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test & Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: There were statistically significant differences between 2 groups and between individual groups. (P <.05) The result showed less microleakage in teeth restored by the nanofilled resin, which was lined by the nanofilled flowable resin. Conclusion: There was significant reduction in microleakage when the nanofilled flowable resin lining was placed underneath the nanofilled resin in class II composite restoration fillings.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.688-695
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• 2012

The effect of soybean flour (0, 5, 10, and 15%) on the quality characteristics (moisture, color, water absorption, solid content, texture properties, and sensory properties) of Topokkidduk stored for two days was studied. The moisture content of Topokkidduk increased with increasing soybean flour concentration at all the storage times. The moisture contents of SF15 (soybean flour 15%) on storage days 0, 1, and 2 were 46.30, 46.30, and 45.00%, respectively. SF15 had the highest moisture content among all the samples. The color of Topokkidduk (L value) decreased whereas its a and b values significantly increased with increased soybean flour concentration (p<0.05). The cooking properties (e.g., water absorption and solid content) resulted from the opposite conditions. Thus, the water absorption decreased and the solid content increased with increasing soybean flour concentration. The texture analyzer revealed that the hardness, chewiness, and cohesiveness of Topokkidduk decreased and that its adhesiveness increased with soybean flour addition, but there were no significant differences in these according to the soybean powder concentration. The taste, flavor, color, hardness, springiness, and overall acceptability values of Topokkidduk containing SF5 (soybean flour 5%) after two storage days, obtained through a sensory test, were highest among all the samples. These results suggest that soybean flour may be utilized as a functional and valuable ingredient in Topokkidduk.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.13 no.1 s.18
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• pp.25-31
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• 1974

This survey was aimed to accumulate basic data of aphid population at the Horticultural Experiment Station at Suweon. The yellow pan traps were setted at five locations (Fig.1.), and ran from May 1 to October 31. 1970. About one hundred and twenty species of aphids were trapped, including 24 species of plant vims vectors. Of these, dominant species were as follows: (Asterisk shows virus vector) Aphid species No. of catches * Aphis spiraecola PATCH 2,635, * Aphis craccivora KOCH 2,377, * Myzus persicae SULXER 2,111, Capitophorus hippophaes javanicus H.R. LAMBERS 2,051, Anoecia fulviabdominalis SASAKI 1,480, * Aphis gossypii GLOVER 867, * Macrosiphum avenae FABRICIUS 859, Cervaphis quercus TAKAHASHI 692, * Lipaphis erysimi KALTENBACH 645, Pleotrichophorus chrysanthemi THEOBALD 489, The above 10 species consisted $76.5\%$ of total catches and the 24 vector species consisted $55.5\%$. The curve of the seasonal occurrence of flying aphids at Horticultural Experiment Station shows bimodal, typical for the temperate region. The total number of trapped aphids at the Station from May to September, 1970, were less than that of average yearly catches at the College of Agriculture from 1967 to 1970. Thi, low numbers at Horticultural Experiment Station may attribute to the frequent spraying of insecticides from Spring to Summer on growing crops there. But the aphids population increase suddenly in the middle of October. This might be resulted from cease of insecticide applications and migration of aphids from summer host to winter host plants.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.877-880
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• 2008

Recently the press and institute recognized fly ash as it had excellent performance. Its research and applications are on the rise largely as a substitute for cement. On the contrary, it is in a situation that the regulation of high quality fly ash remains at a low level. Accordingly, this study was to establish 8000 class of fineness of fly ash and three levels of substitute like 15%, 3 0%, and 45% in order to analyze the replacement ratio and effect of water-binder ratio for fly ash that affected the properties of ternary system concrete. As a result of experiment by planning water-binder ratio for two levels like 40% and 50%, it increased the fluidity in a fresh state, and it decreased the air content. This study has found out the setting acceleration and reduction of heat of hydration. As for the strength property in a set state, this study has shown the tendency of being equal or higher in age 28 days.