• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To date, sodium intake has been evaluated based on spot urine instead of 24-hour (hr) urine collection. Nevertheless, the optimal method for assessing daily sodium intake remains unclear. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Fifteen male (age 32.7 ± 6.5 years) participants were offered 3 meals with a total of 9-10 g salt over 24 hours, and 24-hr urine was collected from the second-void urine of the first day to the first-void urine of the second day. Twenty-four-hr urinary sodium (24UNa) was estimated using Tanaka's equation and the Korean formula, and spot urine Na, potassium (K), chloride (Cl), urea nitrogen (UN), creatinine (Cr), specific gravity (SG) and osmolality (Osm) were measured. The ratios of urinary Na to other parameters were calculated, and correlations with total measured 24UNa were identified. RESULTS: Average 24-hr urine volume was 1,403 ± 475 mL, and measured 24UNa was 143.9 ± 42.1 mEq (range, 87.1-239.4 mEq). Measured 24UNa was significantly correlated with urinary Na/UN (r = 0.560, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Osm (r = 0.510, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Cr (r = 0.392, P < 0.01), urinary Na/K (r = 0.290, P < 0.01), 24UNa estimated using Tanaka's equation (r = 0.452, P < 0.01) and the Korean formula (r = 0.414, P < 0.01), age (r = 0.548, P < 0.01), weight (r = 0.497, P < 0.01), and height (r = 0.393, P < 0.01) in all spot urine samples. Estimated 24UNa based on the second-void spot urine of the first day tended to be more closely correlated with measured 24UNa than were estimates from the other spot urine samples. The significant parameters correlated with the second-void urine of the first day were urinary Na/K (r = 0.647, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Cr (r = 0.558, P < 0.05), and estimated 24UNa using Tanaka's equation (r = 0.616, P < 0.05) and the Korean formula (r = 0.588, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Second-void urine is more reliable than first-void urine for estimating 24UNa. Urinary Na/K in the second-void urine on the first day is significantly correlated with 24UNa. Further studies are needed to establish the most reliable index and the optimal time of urine sampling for predicting 24UNa.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.806-811
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• 2002

A 90 d study was designed to investigate the effects of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and a mixture of Cu, Zn and Mn proteinate (CZMP) on milk yield and composition and ovarian functions during rainy months. Twenty four Holstein${\times}$ indigenous cows in their 2nd and 3rd lactation were randomly allocated to total mixed rations (TMR) containing soy bean meal (SBM) as a source of rumen degradable protein (RDP), SBM plus CZMP, and formalin treated SBM (FSBM) as a source of RUP. Maximum and minimum temperature humidity index during the experimental period were 83.6-84.7 and 75.4-76.1. There were no differences (p>0.05) in intakes of dry matter, crude protein and net energy and in contents of butterfat, lactose and minerals. Cows on TMR containing FSBM not only lost less weight (-278, -467 and -433 g/d) with more intake of RUP (0.92, 0.58 and 0.59 kg/d) but also produced more milk (19.27, 18.23 and 18.13 kg/d) and 4% fat corrected milk (18.57, 17.57 and 17.51 kg/d) with more protein (3.06, 2.81 and 2.80%), solids-not-fat (8.69, 8.38 and 8.38%) and less milk urea N (9.3, 15.4 and 15.0 mg/dl) compared with those on TMR containing SBM and SBM+CZMP, respectively (p<0.01). However, cows on TMR containing SBM and SBM+CZMP did not differ in these respects (p>0.05). Whereas incidence of cystic ovaries at 20 and 90 d pospartum was less (p<0.01) in cows on TMR containing SBM+CZMP (37.3 and 12.5%) than those on TMR containing SBM (62.5 and 25%), it was nil for cows on TMR containing FSBM. Cows in all three group differed (p<0.01) from each other for the recurrence of first observed estrus with those on TMR containing FSBM having least days (22, 36 and 47 d) compared with their counterpart on TMR containing SBM+CZMP and SBM, repectively. The results suggest that RUP is one of the limiting factors affecting milk yield and its composition and ovarian functions during early lactation of dairy cows in the tropics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.463-470
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• 2011

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene is expressed at the anterior pituitary gland and plays a key role in gonad development. This study aimed to investigate molecular genetic characteristics of the GnRHR gene and elucidate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GnRHR gene on sex steroid level in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). We used polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing of the GnRHR gene in 75 individuals. We identified three SNPs in the GnRHR gene: P1 locus (C759A and C830T) in the coding region of exon2 which were both linked together and P2 locus (G984T) in the coding region of exon3, which added a new transcript factor (ADR1) and a new methylation site (CG). Only C830T of P1 leads to amino acid changes Thr266Ile. Statistical analysis showed that P1 was significantly associated with $17{\beta}$-estradiol ($E_2$) level (p<0.01) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) (p<0.05). Individuals with genotype BB of P1 had significantly higher serum $E_2$ levels (p<0.01) and GSI (p<0.05) than those of genotype AA or AB. Another SNP, P2, synonymous mutation, was significantly associated with GSI (p<0.05). Individuals with genotype AB of P2 had significantly higher GSI (p<0.05) than that of genotype AA. In addition, there was a significant association between one diplotype based on three SNPs and reproductive traits. The genetic effects for both serum $E_2$ level and GSI of diplotype D4 were super diplotypes (p<0.05). These results suggest that the SNPs in Japanese Flounder GnRHR are associated with $E_2$ level and GSI.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.166-176
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• 2020

Objective: An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of L-arginine (L-Arg) and N-carbamoylglutamic acid (NCG) on the growth, metabolism, immunity and community of cecal bacterial flora of weanling and young rabbits. Methods: Eighteen normal-grade male weanling Japanese White rabbits (JWR) were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups with or without L-Arg and NCG supplementation. The whole feeding process was divided into weanling stage (day 37 to 65) and young stage (day 66 to 85). The effects of L-Arg and NCG on the growth, metabolism, immunity and development of the ileum and jejunum were compared via nutrient metabolism experiments and histological assessment. The different communities of cecal bacterial flora affected by L-Arg and NCG were assessed using high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis. Results: The addition of L-Arg and NCG enhanced the growth of weanling and young rabbit by increasing the nitrogen metabolism, protein efficiency ratio, and biological value, as well as feed intake and daily weight gain. Both L-Arg and NCG increased the concentration of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG. NCG was superior to L-Arg in promoting intestinal villus development by increasing villus height, villus height/crypt depth index, and reducing the crypt depth. The effects of L-Arg and NCG on the cecal bacterial flora were mainly concentrated in different genera, including Parabacteroides, Roseburia, dgA-11_gut_group, Alistipes, Bacteroides, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005. These bacteria function mainly in amino acid transport and metabolism, energy production and conversion, lipid transport and metabolism, recombination and repair, cell cycle control, cell division, and cell motility. Conclusion: L-Arg and NCG can promote the growth and immunity of weanling and young JWR, as well as effecting the jejunum and ileum villi. L-Arg and NCG have different effects in the promotion of nutrient utilization, relieving inflammation and enhancing adaptability through regulating microbial community.

• 폴리머
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.470-476
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• 2003

고굴절률을 갖는 플라스틱 재료를 얻기 위하여 1,2-에틸렌디설파닐비스(2-머캅토메틸-1-에탄티올) (ESTT)을 1,2-에틸렌디설파닐비스(2-브로모메틸-1-에탄티올) (ESTB)과 티오우레아의 반응과 암모니아 용액으로 가수분해 반응을 해서 높은 수율로 새로이 합성하였고, $^1$H-NMR, $^{13}$C-NMR, FT-IR및 Mass Specooscopy 등에 의해 1.7 ppm에서 -SH, 28.4 ppm에서 -CH$_2$SH, 2540 $cm^{-1}$ /에서 -SH등의 관능기 구조를 확인하였다. 이어서, 폴리티오우레탄 (PTU)들은 디부틸틴 디라울레이트 존재하에서 ESTT와 4,4＇-메틸렌비스(페놀이소시아네이트) (MDI), 톨릴렌 2,4-디이소시아네이트 (TDI), 이소포론 디이소시아네이트 (IPDI), m-자일렌디이소시아네이트 (XDI) 및 1,6-디이소시아네이토헥산 (HMDI) 등을 일정한 틀에 넣고 주형중합을 하고, FT-IR로 N=C=O의 존재를 확인하였다. 이어서, PTU 수지들의 열적, 기계적 및 광학적 성질을 살펴보기 위하여 열주사분석 (DSC)과 열중량분석 (TGA), 경도 및 굴절률 측정 등을 행하여, PTU 시편들이 DSC상에서 융점이 없고 XRD상으로 무정형임을 관찰하였다. 또, 110 $^{\circ}C$ 이상의 유리 전이 온도를 갖는 PTU 수지들은 86∼89 범위의 양호한 경도 (Shore D)를 나타냈으며, 방향족 고리를 함유하는 디이소시아네이트와 ESTT를 원료로 했던 PTU수지들의 내열성이 특별히 양호하였다. 무정형 PTU 수지들은 400∼600 m 범위의 UV-vis 광원에 의한 광투과율 들도 양호하게 나타났다. PTU 수지들은 1.60 이상의 굴절률을 보였으며, 황함량이 증가하면 굴절률도 점차 증가하는 것이 관찰되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.1002-1010
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• 2003

생리활성이 우수하다고 알려진 된장의 소비확대를 위하여 시판 된장을 이스트 발효 식빵 제조에 이용하고자 식빵 배합비에 7종(A; 재래식 된장, B∼E; 시판 개량식 된장, F;시판 Miso type 된장, G; Japanese Miso)의 동결건조한 된장분말을 2.5∼10.0% 첨가하여 발효력과 오븐팽창력을 관찰하고 빵품질을 물리적 측면에서 조사하였다. 사용된 시판된장 7종의 이화학적 특성치로는 일반성분을 비롯하여 아미노태질소, 총산도, 환원당, 유리당, 염도, 유기산 함량 및 단백질분산지수(PDI)를 제시하였다. 빵 배합비에 된장분말 5.0% 이하의 첨가는 오븐팽창력의 현저한 증가로 모든 된장 첨가식빵 부피가 증가하여 무첨가구에 비하여 최대 13%까지 높게 나타났다. 또한 된장첨가로 기계적 조직감 측정치인 경도(hardness), 검성 (gumminess), 씹힘성(chewiness) 등이 감소하여 전반적으로 부드러워졌고, 빵의 색은 어두워졌다. 그러므로 식빵제조에 시판된장의 사용은 빵의 물리적 품질 향상에 매우 긍정적인 효과를 가져왔다. 이때 식빵의 부피나 조직감은 된장 종류나 첨가수준에 의하여 독립적으로 영향을 받을 뿐만 아니라 이들 처리조합의 상호작용에 의하여도 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.477-483
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• 1985

부산 해운대 동백섬 연안에서 1983년 2월부터 1984년 1월까지 채집한 점망둑, Chasmichthys dolichognathus을 대상으로 그들의 성성숙과 산란에 관여하는 형질특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 월별체장조성 조사 결과, 점망둑은 만 1년만에 성숙하여 산란을 마치고 사망하는 1년생 어류로 판단되었다. 2. 간숙도지수는 암${\cdot}$수 모두 생식소 활성화가 일어나는 2월에 peak를 이루고 산란기인 $4{sim}7$월 사이에는 낮은 값을 보이는데, 이는 간에서 생성된 물질이 생식세포성숙과 직접 관련되고 있는 것으로 간주된다. 3. 비만도변화는 암${\cdot}$수 모두 산란기에 저조한 값을 나타내는데, 이는 생식활동에 의한 체력에너지 손실로 여겨진다. 4. 성숙란이 나타나기 시작하는 1월부터 산란이 끝난 8월까지의 개체를 대상으로 그들이 포란하고 있는 난경조성의 변화를 조사한 결과, 한 산란기 동안 1회 산란하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 5. 성숙개체의 포란수를 조사한 결과, 절대포란수는 체장, 체중증가에 비례하나 상대포란수는 체장증가에는 비례하는 반면 체중증가에 따라서는 오히려 감소현상을 나타냈다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.401-409
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a complex Lactobacilli preparation on performance, resistance to E. coli infection and gut microbial flora of weaning pigs. In exp. 1, twelve pigs (7.65$\pm$1.10 kg BW), weaned at 28 d, were randomly allotted into 2 groups and placed in individual metabolic cages. During the first 7 d, one group of pigs was provided ad libitum access to water containing $10^5$ colony forming units (CFU) Lactobacilli per ml and the control group was provided tap water. The Lactobacilli preparation included Lactobacillus gasseri, L. reuteri, L. acidophilus and L. fermentum, which were isolated from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract mucosa of weaning pigs. On d 8, 20 ml of $10^8$ CFU/ml E. coli solution (serovars K99, K88 and 987P at the ratio of 1:1:1) was orally administered to each pig. Diarrhea scores and diarrhea incidence were recorded from d 7 to 14. On d 14, pigs were euthanized and digesta and mucosa from the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon were sampled using aseptic technique to determine microflora by culturing bacteria in selective medium. The results showed that Lactobacilli treatment significantly decreased E. coli and aerobe counts (p<0.01) but increased Lactobacilli and anaerobe counts (p<0.01) in digesta and mucosa of most sections of the GI tract. A 66 and 69.1% decrease in diarrhea index and diarrhea incidence, respectively, was observed in the Lactobacilli treated group. In exp. 2, Thirty-six crossbred Duroc$\times$Landrace$\times$Yorkshire piglets, weaned at 28$\pm$2 days, were selected and randomly allocated into 2 groups. There were 18 piglets in each group, 3 piglets in one pen and 6 replicates in each treatment with 3 pens of barrow and 3 pens of female piglet in each treatment. Piglets had ad libitum access to feed and water. The initial body weight of piglet was 7.65$\pm$1.09 kg. Dietary treatments included a non-medicated basal diet with Lactobacilli ($10^5$ CFU/g diet) or carbadox (60 mg/kg) as control. On d 21, six pigs per group (one pig per pen) were euthanized. Ileal digesta was collected to determine apparent amino acid digestibility. Microflora content was determined similarly to exp.1. The results showed that Lactobacilli treatment significantly improved average daily feed intake (ADFI) of pigs compared to carbadox (p<0.05) during the first 2 wks after weaning and average daily gain (ADG) and ADFI increased significantly (p<0.05) from d 8 to 14. Nitrogen and total phosphorus digestibility also increased (p<0.05). Bacterial counts were similar to exp. 1. The results indicate that the complex Lactobacilli preparation improved performance for 2 wks after weaning, enhanced resistance to E. coli infection, and improved microbial balance in the GI tract.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.219-224
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• 2005

본 연구는 산란계에서 장석의 첨가가 난 생산과 난 성분에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 공시동물은 갈색테트라 산란계 96수를 4처리 4반복으로 반복당 6수씩 3단 철제 cage에서 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험사료는 대조구를 기초사료로 이용하였으며, 장석을 수준별로 $0.5\%,\;1.0\%$ 및 $1.5\%$로 첨가하여 배합하였다. 산란율은 대조구와 비교하여 장석 $0.5\%$와 $1.0\%$ 첨가구에서 증가하였으며, 통계적인 유의차를 보였다(P<0.05). 장석 0.5, 1.0및 $1.5\%$첨가구에서 산란계의 난중, 산란량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율, 난각강도 및 난황색은 대조구에 비해 유의차가 없었다(P>0.05). 계란의 하우 유니트와 혈반은 장석 $1.5\%$ 첨가구에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 난백 높이와 잔반은 유의차를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 관능검사 결과 다즙성은 대조구가 2.78로 가장 낮았고, 장석 $1.0\%$ 첨가구가 3.57로 가장 높아 통계적 유의차를 보였다(P<0.05).종합적인 기호도에서 장석 $1.0\%$ 첨가구가 3.70으로 가장 높은 기호도를 보였다.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2011

Recently, superconductor flywheel energy storage systems (SFESs) have been developed for application to a regenerative power of train, a power quality improvement, the storage of distributed power sources such as solar and wind power, and a load leveling. As the high temperature superconductor (HTS) bearings offer dynamic stability without the use of active control, accurate analysis of the HTS bearing is very important for application to SFESs. Mechanical property of a HTS bearing is the main index for evaluating the capacity of an HTS bearing and is determined by the interaction between the HTS bulks and the permanent magnet (PM) rotor. HTS bearing rotor consists of PM and iron collector and the proper dimension design of them is very important to determine a supporting characteristics. In this study, we have optimized a rotor magnet array, which depends on the limited bulk size and performed various dimension layouts for thickness of the pole pitch and iron collector. HTS bearing rotor was installed into a single axis universal test machine for a stiffness test. A hydraulic pump was used to control the amplitude and frequency of the rotor vibration. As a result, the stiffness result showed a large difference more than 30 % according to the thickness of permanent magnet and iron collector. This is closely related to the bulk stiffness controlled by flux pining area, which is limited by the total bulk dimension. Finally, the optimized HTS bearing rotor was installed into a flywheel system for a dynamic stability test. We discussed the dynamic properties of the superconductor bearing rotor and these results can be used for the optimal design of HTS bearings of the 10kWh SFESs.