• 제목/요약/키워드: G$\times$E interaction

검색결과 62건 처리시간 0.027초

Size Distribution and Temperature Dependence of Magnetic Anisotropy Constant in Ferrite Nanoparticles

  • Yoon, Sunghyun
    • 한국자기학회:학술대회 개요집
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    • 한국자기학회 2012년도 자성 및 자성재료 국제학술대회
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    • pp.104-105
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    • 2012
  • The temperature dependence of the effective magnetic anisotropy constant K(T) of ferrite nanoparticles is obtained based on the measurements of SQUID magnetometry. For this end, a very simple but intuitive and direct method for determining the temperature dependence of anisotropy constant K(T) in nanoparticles is introduced in this study. The anisotropy constant at a given temperature is determined by associating the particle size distribution f(r) with the anisotropy energy barrier distribution $f_A(T)$. In order to estimate the particle size distribution f(r), the first quadrant part of the hysteresis loop is fitted to the classical Langevin function weight-averaged with the log?normal distribution, slightly modified from the original Chantrell's distribution function. In order to get an anisotropy energy barrier distribution $f_A(T)$, the temperature dependence of magnetization decay $M_{TD}$ of the sample is measured. For this measurement, the sample is cooled from room temperature to 5 K in a magnetic field of 100 G. Then the applied field is turned off and the remanent magnetization is measured on stepwise increasing the temperature. And the energy barrier distribution $f_A(T)$ is obtained by differentiating the magnetization decay curve at any temperature. It decreases with increasing temperature and finally vanishes when all the particles in the sample are unblocked. As a next step, a relation between r and $T_B$ is determined from the particle size distribution f(r) and the anisotropy energy barrier distribution $f_A(T)$. Under the simple assumption that the superparamagnetic fraction of cumulative area in particle size distribution at a temperature is equal to the fraction of anisotropy energy barrier overcome at that temperature in the anisotropy energy barrier distribution, we can get a relation between r and $T_B$, from which the temperature dependence of the magnetic anisotropy constant was determined, as is represented in the inset of Fig. 1. Substituting the values of r and $T_B$ into the $N{\acute{e}}el$-Arrhenius equation with the attempt time fixed to $10^{-9}s$ and measuring time being 100 s which is suitable for conventional magnetic measurement, the anisotropy constant K(T) is estimated as a function of temperature (Fig. 1). As an example, the resultant effective magnetic anisotropy constant K(T) of manganese ferrite decreases with increasing temperature from $8.5{\times}10^4J/m^3$ at 5 K to $0.35{\times}10^4J/m^3$ at 125 K. The reported value for K in the literatures is $0.25{\times}10^4J/m^3$. The anisotropy constant at low temperature region is far more than one order of magnitude larger than that at 125 K, indicative of the effects of inter?particle interaction, which is more pronounced for smaller particles.

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Comparison of Methodologies to Quantify Phytate Phosphorus in Diets Containing Phytase and Excreta from Broilers

  • de P. Naves, L.;Rodrigues, P.B.;Bertechini, A.G.;Correa, A.D.;de Oliveira, D.H.;de Oliveira, E.C.;Duarte, W.F.;da Cunha, M.R.R.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제27권7호
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    • pp.1003-1012
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    • 2014
  • The use of a suitable methodology to quantify the phytate phosphorus ($P_{phy}$) content in both the feed and the excreta from broilers is required to enable accurate calculation of the catalytic efficiency of the phytase supplemented in the feed. This study was conducted to compare 2 analytical methodologies (colorimetry and also high-performance liquid chromatography with a refractive index detector) in order to calculate the phytase efficiency by utilizing the results from the methodology that was shown to be the most appropriate. One hundred and twenty broilers were distributed in a $(4+1){\times}2$ factorial arrangement, corresponding to 4 diets that were equally deficient in P supplemented with increasing levels of phytase (0, 750, 1,500, and 2,250 units of phytase activity - FTU - per kg of feed) plus 1 positive control diet without phytase, supplied to male and female birds. The result indicated that the colorimetric methodology with an extraction ratio of 1:20 (mass of sample in g:volume of the solvent extractor in mL) was shown to be the most adequate. There was no interaction between the phytase level and the sex of the broilers (p>0.05). Males consumed 12% more $P_{phy}$ than did females (p<0.01), but the sex of the broilers did not affect (p>0.05) the excretion and retention coefficient of $P_{phy}$. The increase in the phytase level of the diet reduced (linear, p<0.01) the $P_{phy}$ excretion. The greatest $P_{phy}$ retention was estimated at 87.85% when the diet contained 1,950 FTU/kg (p<0.01), indicating that it is possible to reduce the inorganic P in the formulation at an amount equivalent to 87.85% of the $P_{phy}$ content present in the feed, which, in this research, corresponds to a decrease in 2.86 g of P/kg of the feed.

Video UGC 제작 동기와 행위 과정에 관한 이해: 구현의도이론 (Theory of Implementation Intentions)의 적용을 중심으로 (Understanding User Motivations and Behavioral Process in Creating Video UGC: Focus on Theory of Implementation Intentions)

  • 김형진;송세민;이호근
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.125-148
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    • 2009
  • UGC(User Generated Contents) is emerging as the center of e-business in the web 2.0 era. The trend reflects changing roles of users in production and consumption of contents on websites and helps us to understand new strategies of websites such as web portals and social network websites. Nowadays, we consume contents created by other non-professional users for both utilitarian (e.g., knowledge) and hedonic values (e.g., fun). Also, contents produced by ourselves (e.g., photo, video) are posted on websites so that our friends, family, and even the public can consume those contents. This means that non-professionals, who used to be passive audience in the past, are now creating contents and share their UGCs with others in the Web. Accessible media, tools, and applications have also reduced difficulty and complexity in the process of creating contents. Realizing that users create plenty of materials which are very interesting to other people, media companies (i.e., web portals and social networking websites) are adjusting their strategies and business models accordingly. Increased demand of UGC may lead to website visits which are the source of benefits from advertising. Therefore, they put more efforts into making their websites open platforms where UGCs can be created and shared among users without technical and methodological difficulties. Many websites have increasingly adopted new technologies such as RSS and openAPI. Some have even changed the structure of web pages so that UGC can be seen several times to more visitors. This mainstream of UGCs on websites indicates that acquiring more UGCs and supporting participating users have become important things to media companies. Although those companies need to understand why general users have shown increasing interest in creating and posting contents and what is important to them in the process of productions, few research results exist in this area to address these issues. Also, behavioral process in creating video UGCs has not been explored enough for the public to fully understand it. With a solid theoretical background (i.e., theory of implementation intentions), parts of our proposed research model mirror the process of user behaviors in creating video contents, which consist of intention to upload, intention to edit, edit, and upload. In addition, in order to explain how those behavioral intentions are developed, we investigated influences of antecedents from three motivational perspectives (i.e., intrinsic, editing software-oriented, and website's network effect-oriented). First, from the intrinsic motivation perspective, we studied the roles of self-expression, enjoyment, and social attention in forming intention to edit with preferred editing software or in forming intention to upload video contents to preferred websites. Second, we explored the roles of editing software for non-professionals to edit video contents, in terms of how it makes production process easier and how it is useful in the process. Finally, from the website characteristic-oriented perspective, we investigated the role of a website's network externality as an antecedent of users' intention to upload to preferred websites. The rationale is that posting UGCs on websites are basically social-oriented behaviors; thus, users prefer a website with the high level of network externality for contents uploading. This study adopted a longitudinal research design; we emailed recipients twice with different questionnaires. Guided by invitation email including a link to web survey page, respondents answered most of questions except edit and upload at the first survey. They were asked to provide information about UGC editing software they mainly used and preferred website to upload edited contents, and then asked to answer related questions. For example, before answering questions regarding network externality, they individually had to declare the name of the website to which they would be willing to upload. At the end of the first survey, we asked if they agreed to participate in the corresponding survey in a month. During twenty days, 333 complete responses were gathered in the first survey. One month later, we emailed those recipients to ask for participation in the second survey. 185 of the 333 recipients (about 56 percentages) answered in the second survey. Personalized questionnaires were provided for them to remind the names of editing software and website that they reported in the first survey. They answered the degree of editing with the software and the degree of uploading video contents to the website for the past one month. To all recipients of the two surveys, exchange tickets for books (about 5,000~10,000 Korean Won) were provided according to the frequency of participations. PLS analysis shows that user behaviors in creating video contents are well explained by the theory of implementation intentions. In fact, intention to upload significantly influences intention to edit in the process of accomplishing the goal behavior, upload. These relationships show the behavioral process that has been unclear in users' creating video contents for uploading and also highlight important roles of editing in the process. Regarding the intrinsic motivations, the results illustrated that users are likely to edit their own video contents in order to express their own intrinsic traits such as thoughts and feelings. Also, their intention to upload contents in preferred website is formed because they want to attract much attention from others through contents reflecting themselves. This result well corresponds to the roles of the website characteristic, namely, network externality. Based on the PLS results, the network effect of a website has significant influence on users' intention to upload to the preferred website. This indicates that users with social attention motivations are likely to upload their video UGCs to a website whose network size is big enough to realize their motivations easily. Finally, regarding editing software characteristic-oriented motivations, making exclusively-provided editing software more user-friendly (i.e., easy of use, usefulness) plays an important role in leading to users' intention to edit. Our research contributes to both academic scholars and professionals. For researchers, our results show that the theory of implementation intentions is well applied to the video UGC context and very useful to explain the relationship between implementation intentions and goal behaviors. With the theory, this study theoretically and empirically confirmed that editing is a different and important behavior from uploading behavior, and we tested the behavioral process of ordinary users in creating video UGCs, focusing on significant motivational factors in each step. In addition, parts of our research model are also rooted in the solid theoretical background such as the technology acceptance model and the theory of network externality to explain the effects of UGC-related motivations. For practitioners, our results suggest that media companies need to restructure their websites so that users' needs for social interaction through UGC (e.g., self-expression, social attention) are well met. Also, we emphasize strategic importance of the network size of websites in leading non-professionals to upload video contents to the websites. Those websites need to find a way to utilize the network effects for acquiring more UGCs. Finally, we suggest that some ways to improve editing software be considered as a way to increase edit behavior which is a very important process leading to UGC uploading.

PH 변화에 따른 카올리나이트와 유로퓸(Eu)의 흡착에 대한 휴믹산의 영향 (Effects of Humic Acid on the pH-dependent Sorption of Europium (Eu) to Kaolinite)

  • 한윤이;신현상;이동석;이명호;정의창
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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    • 제14권4호
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    • pp.23-32
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구에서는 pH(3 ~ 11)에 따른 카올리나이트(kaolinite)와 유로퓸(Eu(III)의 흡착에 있어서 휴믹산(HA)이 미치는 영향을 회분식 실험(V/m = 250 : 1 mL/g, $C_{Eu(III)}\;=\;1\;{\times}\;10^{-5}\;mol/L$, $C_{HA}\;=\;5{\sim}50\;mg/L$, $P_{CO2}=10^{-3.5}\;atm$)을 통해 조사하였다. 반응 상등액 중 HA 농도는 254 nm에서의 UV 흡광도(즉, $UV_{254}$) 분석을 통해 결정하였고, Eu(III) 농도는 마이크로웨이브(microwave)를 통한 전처리 후 ICP-MS를 이용하여 측정하였다. 실험결과, 카올리나이트에 대한 HA의 흡착은 전형적인 Langmuir 흡착 특성(pH 3 제외)을 보였으며, pH가 증가할수록 감소하였다. pH 4 ~ 11에서의 최대 흡착량($q_{max}$)은 4.73 ~ 0.47 mg/g의 범위이었다. 카올리나이트에 대한 Eu(III) 흡착은 pH 3 ~ 5에서 급격히 증가한 이 후 pH 6이상에서 흡착포화(adsorption edge)에 도달하는 전형적인 Eu-광물질 흡착곡선을 보였다. 그러나 HA가 존재하는 경우 pH에 따른 흡착특성에 변화를 보였다. 즉, pH가 낮은 산성영역(pH 3 ~ 4)에서는 카올리나이트에 흡착된 HA에 의한 Eu의 추가 흡착으로 인해 Eu의 흡착율이 상승하나, 중성 및 알칼리 영역(pH > 6)에서는 용존성 EuHA 착물 형성으로 인해 Eu 흡착율이 크게 감소하였다. 이러한 카올리나이트-Eu-HA 삼성분계에서의 흡착실험 결과는 카올리나이트-HA, 카올리나이트-Eu 등의 결과와 비교 해석하였고, pH에 따른 흡착 기작의 차이점을 고찰하였다.

Optimization of Dual Layer Phoswich Detector for Small Animal PET using Monte Carlo Simulation

  • Y.H. Chung;Park, Y.;G. Cho;Y.S. Choe;Lee, K.H.;Kim, S.E.;Kim, B.T.
    • 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국의학물리학회 2003년도 제27회 추계학술대회
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    • pp.44-44
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    • 2003
  • As a basic measurement tool in the areas of animal models of human disease, gene expression and therapy, and drug discovery and development, small animal PET imaging is being used increasingly. An ideal small animal PET should have high sensitivity and high and uniform resolution across the field of view to achieve high image quality. However, the combination of long narrow pixellated crystal array and small ring diameter of small animal PET leads to the degradation of spatial resolution for the source located at off center. This degradation of resolution can be improved by determining the depth of interaction (DOI) in the crystal and by taking into account the information in sorting the coincident events. Among a number of 001 identification schemes, dual layer phsowich detector has been widely investigated by many research groups due to its practicability and effectiveness on extracting DOI information. However, the effects of each crystal length composing dual layer phoswich detector on DOI measurements and image qualities were not fully characterized. In order to minimize the DOI effect, the length of each layer of phoswich detector should be optimized. The aim of this study was to perform simulations using a simulation tool, GATE to design the optimum lengths of crystals composing a dual layer phoswich detector. The simulated small PET system employed LSO front layer LuYAP back layer phoswich detector modules and the module consisted of 8${\times}$8 arrays of dual layer crystals with 2 mm ${\times}$ 2 mm sensitive area coupled to a Hamamatsu R7600 00 M64 PSPMT. Sensitivities and variation of radial resolutions were simulated by varying the length of LSO front layer from 0 to 10 mm while the total length (LSO + LuYAP) was fixed to 20 mm for 10 cm diameter ring scanner. The radial resolution uniformity was markedly improved by using DOI information. There existed the optimal lengths of crystal layers to minimize the variation of radial resolutions. In 10 cm ring scanner configuration, the radial resolution was kept below 3.4 mm over 8 cm FOV while the sensitivity was higher than 7.4% for LSO 5 mm : LuYAP 15 mm phoswich detector. In this study, the optimal length of dual layer phoswich detector was derived to achieve high and uniform radial resolution.

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적조생물의 구제 -1. IOSP에 의한 적조생물의 응집제거- (Removal of Red Tide Organisms -1. flocculation of Red Tide Organisms by Using IOSP-)

  • 김성재;조규대
    • 한국수산과학회지
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    • 제33권5호
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    • pp.448-454
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    • 2000
  • IOSP를 이용하여 적조생물입자에 대한 응집실험을 한 결과는 다음과 같다. 본 실험에 사용한 IOSP의 평균 지름은 $11.6{\mu}m$이고, 약$ 77{\%}$의 입자가 $5.0{\~}20.0{\mu}$의 범위에 속하며 변동계수는 $60.1{\%}$이었다. IOSP의 금속성분을 분석한 결과는 $98{\%}$가 칼슘으로서 생석회(CaO)와 같은 성분이었다. IOSP의 전자현미경 사진을 분석한 결과 표면이 매끈한 부정형의 입자로 되어 있었다. IOSP에 해수를 첨가하면 해수중의 $Mg^(+2)$ 이온과 급속하게 반응하여 입자의 표면 주위에 점질성의 $Mg(OH)_2$ 흡수층 (absorption layer)을 형성하여 응집 침전하고 해수의 pH를 10.0 정도까지 상승시켰다. IOSP는 $pH=6.2{\~}12.7$에서 $11.1{\~}50.1 mV$로서 IOSP의 입자가 완전히 용해될 때까지 positive zeta potential을 나타낸 반면 OSP는 pH=9.2, 11.9에서 각각 -42.5, -56.9mV로서 negative zeta potential을 나타내었다. $pNa=2.0{\~}4.0 (10^(-4){\~}10^(-2)M Na^+)$에서 IOSP, OSP의 zeta potential은 거의 일정한 값을 나타내었으나 $pNa=0.0 (1 M Na^+)$에서는 IOSP의 EDL이 매우 크게 압축되어 zeta potential은 거의 0.0mV를 나타내었고 OSP는 -25.4mV의 여전히 높은 negative zeta potential을 나타내었다. IOSP는 $Mg^(+2)$ 이온의 농도가 증가함에 따라 positive zeta potential이 증가하다가 $pMg=3.0 (10^(-3)M Mg^(+2))$에서 감소하는 결과를 나타내었다. 해수 중에서 IOSP는 4.8mV의 positive zeta potential을 나타내었고, OSP와 RTO는 각각 -30.7mV, -9.2mV의 negative zeta potential을 나타내었다. 해수중에서 IOSP의 $Mg(OH)_2$ 흡수층과 적조생물입자 사이에는 positive-negative EDL 반응이 일어나서 이들 둘 사이에는 항상 전기동력학적 인력이 작용하고, 동시에 $Mg(OH)_2$ 흡수층에 의한 전하중화로 인하여 입자 상호간의 응집반응은 극단적 인력이 작용하는 primary minimum에서 일어나고, DLVO 이론에 따라 응집반응은 비가역적아며 매우 신속하게 일어났다. 적조생물입자의 응집제거 효율은 IOSP의 농도 50mg/l까지 급격한 증가를 보이다가 IOSP의 농도가 계속 증가함에 따라서 점점 완만한 증가를 나타내었다. 즉 IOSP의 농도가 증가함에 따라서 지수함수적으로 증가하였다 ($Y=53.81{\times}X^(0.1); R^2=0.9868$).응집 침전은 IOSP 400mg/l 이상에서 거의 완전히 일어났다. IOSP $100mg/l$을 사용하고 G-value를 $1, 6, 29, 139 sec^(-1)$로 단계적으로 증가시키면서 응집 실험을 한 결과 적조생물입자의 응집제거 효율이 각각 $70.5, 70.5, 81.7, 85.3{\%}$로 증가하였다. 이는 응집 반응에서 입자간 충분한 충돌이 일어날 수 있도록 교반하는 것이 매우 중요함을 나타내 주는 것이다.

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NIE 프로그램이 중학생들의 과학과 관련된 태도와 학업 성취도에 미치는 영향 (Effect of NIE Program to Science-Related Attitude and Learning Achievement of Middle School Students)

  • 김숙영;최성희
    • 한국지구과학회지
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.359-368
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    • 2000
  • 이 연구의 목적은 중학교 2학년 물의 순환과 일기의 변화 단원에 대해 STS의 한 방법인NIE 수업자료를 개발하여 학생들에게 처치한 후, NIE가 학업 성취도와 과학 관련 태도에 미치는 효과를 조사하고 학습 방법과 학생들의 학업 능력 수준간의 상호 작용 효과를 알아보고자 하는 것이다. 연구대상은 서울시 동작구에 소재한 여자 중학교 2학년 4개 반을 임의로 선정했고, 학급별로 실험집단과 통제집단에 2학급씩 무작위로 배치하였다. 실험 집단에서는 교사가 관련 개념을 6차시동안 간략하게 강의하고 나머지 7차시동안 개발한 NIE 수업자료로 수업하였고, 통제 집단에서는 전통적인 교과서 위주의 강의식 수업을 하였다. NIE 수업은 Iowa Chautauqua Program에서 활용한 문제로의 초대, 탐색 , 설명, 해결방안의 제시 단계에 따라 진행하였고, STS 학습 지도 전략 중 과학에서 출발하는 접근법으로 프로젝트학습, 토픽학습, 낱말 맞추기 퍼즐 등의 NIE 수업자료를 개발 활용하였다. 학업 성취도 검사 도구는 차시별 수업 목표를 고려하여 연구자가 개발하였고, 과학 관련 태도 검사 도구는 TOSRA의 7가지 영역 중 두 영역, 즉 과학의 사회적 의미와 과학에 대한 흥미적 관심에 해당하는 20문항을 사용하였다. 연구 결과에 의하면, NIE 자료를 활용한 수업이 교과서 위주의 전통적인 수업에 비해 학생들의 학업 성취도를 향상시키는데 효과적이었다(P<.01). 또한, 과학과 관련된 학생들의 태도 변화에 있어서도 실험집단이 통제집단보다 통계적으로 유의미한 성취도의 우위를 보이는 것으로 나타났다(P<.01). 학습 방법과 학생들의 성취 수준간의 상호 작용 효과를 알아본 결과 학업 성취도와 과학에 대한 흥미적 관심의 경우에는 주목할 만한 상호 작용 효과는 나타나지 않았으나, 과학의 사회적 의미에 대한 태도에 있어서는 NIE 수업 방법이 전통적인 수업 방법에 비해 하위 집단의 태도를 보다 더 긍정적으로 함양시킨 결과를 유도했다.

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Effects of Achyranthes Bidentata Polysaccharide on Growth Performance, Immunological, Adrenal, and Somatotropic Responses of Weaned Pigs Challenged with Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide

  • Guo, Guanglun;Liu, Yulan;Fan, Wei;Han, Jie;Hou, Yongqing;Yin, Yulong;Zhu, Huiling;Ding, Binying;Shi, Junxia;Lu, Jing;Wang, Huirong;Chao, Jin;Qu, Yonghua
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제21권8호
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    • pp.1189-1195
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    • 2008
  • A study was conducted with 48 weaned barrows ($28{\pm}3d$, $8.45{\pm}0.14kg$) to determine the effect of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide (ABPS) supplementation on pig performance, immunological, adrenal and somatotropic responses following Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. The experiment was a $2{\times}2$ factorial design; the main factors included diet (supplementation with 0 or 500 mg/kg ABPS) and immunological challenge (LPS or saline). On d 14 and 21 of the trial, pigs were given an intraperitoneal injection with either $100{\mu}g/kg$ BW of LPS or an equivalent amount of sterile saline. Blood samples were obtained 3 h after injection for analysis of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and immunoglobulin G (IgG). On d 2 after LPS challenge, peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation (PBLP) was measured. LPS administration decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05), had a tendency to decrease average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.10) during both the first and second challenge periods and increased (p<0.05) feed:gain ratio only during the first challenge period. ABPS tended to improve ADG (p<0.10) during the first challenge period, and improved ADG (p<0.05) and tended to improve ADFI (p<0.10) during the second challenge period. ABPS did not affect feed:gain ratio. An interaction (p<0.05) between LPS challenge and diet was observed for the plasma concentrations of TNF-${\alpha}$, $PGE_2$ and cortisol after both LPS challenges such that, among LPS-treated pigs, pigs fed the ABPS diet were lower for these indices than those receiving the control diet. In contrast, pigs fed the ABPS diet had higher IGF-I (p<0.05) compared with those fed the control diet. No effect of diet, LPS challenge or both on GH and IgG was observed after both LPS administrations. LPS challenge increased PBLP when these cells were incubated with $8{\mu}g/ml$ of LPS during both the challenge periods, and did likewise when incubated with $8{\mu}g/ml$ of concanavalin A only after the first challenge. ABPS had no effect on PBLP. These data demonstrate that ABPS alters the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines following an immunological challenge, which might enable pigs to achieve better performance.

Effect of Bacillus Subtilis-based Direct-fed Microbials on Immune Status in Broiler Chickens Raised on Fresh or Used Litter

  • Lee, K.W.;Lillehoj, H.S.;Jang, S.I.;Lee, S.H.;Bautista, D.A.;Siragusa, G.R.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제26권11호
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    • pp.1592-1597
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    • 2013
  • Type of dietary direct-fed microbials (DFMs) or poultry litter could directly influence the composition of gut microbiota. Gut microbiota plays an important role in shaping the developing immune system and maintaining the homeostasis of the mature immune system in mammal and chickens. The present study was carried out to investigate the interaction among litter, DFMs and immunity in broiler chickens exposed to a field-simulated environment. Immune status of broiler chickens was assessed by serum antibodies against Eimeria spp. and Clostridium spp. and intestinal cytokine mRNA expression. The current experimental design had a $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments with three types of litter, i.e., fresh litter or used litter that was obtained from a farm with no disease outbreak (used litter) or a farm with history of a gangrenous dermatitis outbreak (GD litter), and two dietary treatments with or without DFMs. It was found that either DFM addition or type of litter significantly affected anticoccidial antibody levels of broiler chickens at d 42. In general, dietary DFMs increased the anticoccidial antibodies in the fresh-litter raised chickens, but lowered the levels in the GD-litter raised chickens. Serum antibodies against Clostridium perfringens ${\alpha}$-toxin were significantly (p<0.05) higher in chickens raised on GD litter compared with those raised on fresh litter. Cytokine mRNA expression was significantly (p<0.05) altered by either the type of litter or DFMs. Of interest, dietary DFMs lowered interferon-${\gamma}$, interleukin 1beta, and CXCLi2 cytokine mRNA expression in chickens raised on fresh litter but increased them in GD-litter raised chickens. In conclusion, dietary DFMs modulate various immune parameters of broiler chickens, but the DFM-mediated effects were dependent upon the type of litter on which chickens were raised.

신기술과 공예의 융합을 통한 디자인 창작의 가능성 (The Possibility of Design Creation by Convergence of Contemporary technology and Traditional Craft)

  • 하은아
    • 한국과학예술포럼
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    • 제25권
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    • pp.463-475
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    • 2016
  • 20세기 후반 디지털 시대로 전환되면서, 산업시대의 모더니즘이 가져온 부작용을 극복하기 위한 대안으로 인간 감성의 존중이라는 공예의 본질적 가치에 주목하고 있다. 이에 디지털 기술의 성숙기인 현 상황에서 기술과 공예를 결합시킨 창작의 실험적 시도를 소개하고자 한다. 이를 통해 신기술과 감성을 창작의 요소로 활용하려는 작가들에게 창의적 사고와 영감에 도움을 주고 더 나아가 새로운 창작의 가능성을 제시하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 연구방법은 문헌조사를 통한 사례분석으로 하였다. 첫째, 문헌조사와 선행연구를 바탕으로 현 시대에 공예의 의미와 가치 그리고 디지털 매체와 하이브리드 창작환경에 대해 고찰하였다. 둘째, 디자인의 실제적 이해를 위해 도구로서 디지털 테크놀로지를 활용하고 여기에 공예의 기법이나 제작과정 또는 전통적 재료를 융합시킨 디자인 사례를 찾아 유형화 하였다. 셋째, 사례분석을 통해 나타난 디자인의 특성을 파악하고 앞으로 새로운 창작의 가능성을 제시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 그 동안 기능적 역할을 수행하기 위해서 표방하던 전형적 형식을 거부하며, 그로인해 형태, 구조, 재료는 물론 제작과정 등에서 자유로운 변화를 시도한다. 둘째, 디지털 기술의 생소함과 호기심, 공예의 친근함과 익숙함의 결합은 인간의 감성을 활성화시키기에 충분하기 때문에 구체적으로 디자인에 적용할 수 있는 요소를 추출하고 융합할 수 있는 방법에 대해 사고한다. 셋째. 공예와 디지털 매체간의 다양한 상호작용을 적극적으로 활용한다. 공예가 디지털의 형식을 받아들이고, 공예가 디지털의 내용으로 재등장한다. 프로세스에 있어서도 전통적 방식, 디지털 방식을 구분 없이 적절히 융합하여 상황에 맞게 활용한다.