• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.257-263
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of red ginseng drinks as school meal drinks for 456 middle and high school students in Cheongdo-gun, North Gyeongsang Province. In preliminary studies, we focused on saponin with an efficacy of Rg 1 and Rg 2 in prepared red ginseng drinks. The health benefits and sensory characteristics were also investigated. For the frequency analysis, the satisfaction of the drinks as beverages serving as a school meal was relatively low, and the demand for fruit drinks was high. The result of sensory evaluations indicated a positive response of > 50.0% for the container packaging and design, daily intake, and tastes. Regarding the correlation analysis on red ginseng drinks, there were significant differences (p < 0.01) in the response to packaging (a daily intake) and design. In addition, health and learning benefits showed a very high correlation at the p < 0.01 significance level.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 1976

A chronical intake of Substantial amount of alcohol would disrupt anormal function of liver if not develop liver diseases in relatively short period. In order to out whether ginseng or ginseng plus high protein diet have any protective effects on the liver of chronical alcoholist from developing malfunction enzymatic activities of both glutamic-pyruvic and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminases were measured on serum of rats maintained with basal low protein diet, basal diet plus 1 percent ginseng and high protein (40%) plus 1 percent ginseng and administered intraperitoneally with a Constant amount of ethanol either periodically or chronically. It was found that, unlike human subject GOT content was exceedingly high and significant difference was found either among treatment or among sexes thus indicating that either ginseng intake or high protein diet plus ginseng has a protective effect on the liver function of ethanol treated rats. From these results, it was suggested that the dietary ginseng might, have a protective effect on the alcohol hepatic disturbance. As one of probable mechanisms for the characteristic pharmacological activity, it was considered that a secondary action of the saponin of the dietary ginseng would result in the anti-inflammatory through the stimulation of de nove synthesis of certain functional proteins in hepatic organs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the applicability of the ground parts such as flower (GF), berry (GR), and leaf (GL) from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. The ground parts were extracted from hot water (WE) and 60% ethanol (EE). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 15.02-32.74 and 21.60-484.05 mg GAE/g, respectively. Hot water extract of ginseng leaf (GLWE) and 60% ethanol extract of ginseng leaf (GLEE) showed higher total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents than other extracts. Crude saponin contents were found in the range of 15.30-37.27%. Antioxidant activity of these extracts from ginseng was also analyzed by DPPH, ABTS, H₂O₂ scavenging activity, reducing power, and inhibition effect on lipid peroxidation. We confirmed the results that hot water extract of ginseng leaf (GLWE), 60% ethanol extract of ginseng leaf (GLEE) has high anti-oxidative effects. According to the antioxidant activity results of each extract of ginseng flower, ginseng berry, and ginseng leaf, it is judged that their availability is very high, and if proper processing is performed, it can be used as a functional raw material.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant activity of extracts of black Panax ginseng (BGE) and its crude saponin (BGECS). The antioxidant activities of BGE and BGECS were evaluated for free radical scavenging activity against stable free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH, nitrite, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. In addition, the antioxidant activity of BGE and BGECS against peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrites were determined by the total oxy-radical scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay. As a result, BGE and BGECS were found to have a strong inhibitory activity with >90% against the DPPH radical at $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations. Also, BGE and BGECS exhibited strong inhibitory activity with >80% against hydrogen peroxide at lower concentration ($125{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). Moreover, specific TOSC values (405 and 473 TOSC/mM) of BGE and BGECS against peroxynitrites were higher than GSH (347 TOSC/mM) used a positive control. These results suggest that BGE and BGECS could be useful to develop functional foods against disease related oxidative stress.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.294-300
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• 2009

Activation tagging that uses T-DNA vectors containing multimerized transcriptional enhancers from the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S gene is a powerful tool to determine gene function in plants. This approach has been successfully applied in screening various types of mutations and cloning the corresponding genes. We generated an activation tagged hairy root pool of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) in an attempt to isolate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenoside (triterpene saponin), which is known as the major active ingredient of the root. Quantitative and qualitative variation of ginsenoside in activation tagged hairy root lines were profiled using LC/MS. Metabolic profiling data enabled selection of a specific hairy root line which accumulated ginsenoside at a higher level than other lines. The relative expression level of several genes of triterpene biosynthetic pathway in the selected hairy root line was determined by real time RT-PCR. Overall results suggest that the activation tagged ginseng hairy root system described in this study would be useful in isolating genes involved in a complex metabolic pathway from genetically intractable plant species by metabolic profiling.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2020

Cardiovascular diseases prevail among modern societies and underdeveloped countries, and a high mortality rate has also been reported by the World Health Organization affecting millions of people worldwide. Hyperactive platelets are the major culprits in thrombotic disorders. A group of drugs is available to deal with such platelet-related disorders; however, sometimes, side effects and complications caused by these drugs outweigh their benefits. Ginseng and its nutraceuticals have been reported to reduce the impact of thrombotic conditions and improve cardiovascular health by antiplatelet mechanisms. This review provides (1) a comprehensive insight into the available pharmacological options from ginseng and ginsenosides (saponin and nonsaponin fractions) for platelet-originated cardiovascular disorders; (2) a discussion on the impact of specific functional groups on the modulation of platelet functions and how structural modifications among ginsenosides affect platelet activation, which may further provide a basis for drug design, optimization, and the development of ginsenoside scaffolds as pharmacological antiplatelet agents; (3) an insight into the synergistic effects of ginsenosides on platelet functions; and (4) a perspective on future research and the development of ginseng and ginsenosides as super nutraceuticals.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 2019

Inflammation is an innate immune response that protects the body from pathogens, toxins, and other dangers and is initiated by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors expressing on or in immune cells. Intracellular pattern-recognition receptors, including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), absent in melanoma 2, and cysteine aspartate-specific protease (caspase)-4/5/11 recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns and assemble protein complexes called "inflammasomes." These complexes induce inflammatory responses by activating a downstream effector, caspase-1, leading to gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$ and IL-18. Ginsenosides are natural steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins found exclusively in the plant genus Panax. Various ginsenosides have been identified, and their abilities to regulate inflammatory responses have been evaluated. These studies have suggested a link between ginsenosides and inflammasome activation in inflammatory responses. Some types of ginsenosides, including Rh1, Rg3, Rb1, compound K, chikusetsu saponin IVa, Rg5, and Rg1, have been clearly demonstrated to inhibit inflammatory responses by suppressing the activation of various inflammasomes, including the NLRP3, NLRP1, and absent in melanoma 2 inflammasomes. Ginsenosides have also been shown to inhibit caspase-1 and to decrease the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-18. Given this body of evidence, the functional relationship between ginsenosides and inflammasome activation provides new insight into the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside-mediated antiinflammatory actions. This relationship also has applications regarding the development of antiinflammatory remedies by ginsenoside-mediated targeting of inflammasomes, which could be used to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.185-195
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• 2017

Two byproducts, brewer's spent grain (BSG; germinated rice and malt) and brewer's spent material (BSM; Achyranthes japonica Nakai), were collected during the manufacture of pilsner beer using A. japonica Nakai and germinated rice. Water extracts of BSG and BSM were prepared at different temperatures ($25^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, and $100^{\circ}C$) for 5 h, and their nutritional and functional properties were investigated. ${\gamma}-Aminobutyric$ acid (GABA), saponin, and niacin contents were higher in extracts prepared at $60^{\circ}C$ for more than 3 h than the other extracts, whereas total polyphenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing power were higher in samples extracted at $100^{\circ}C$ for 1 h compared to the other ones. Overall, water extraction at $60^{\circ}C$ for 3 h was desirable to effectively collect both nutritional and functional components from BSG and BSM. Under these conditions, BSM extracts showed 4~18 times high niacin and folate contents, 1.4 times high total phenolic content, and 11~60 times high antioxidant activities compared to BSG extracts. This study shows that pilsner beer byproducts would be good sources of health beneficial components, especially GABA, saponin, water soluble vitamins, and polyphenolics.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.697-703
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• 2020

Background: GS-3K8 and GINST, both of which are modified ginseng extracts, have never been examined in terms of their effectiveness for the prevention of acute respiratory illness (ARI) in humans. We conducted a pilot study to assess the feasibility of performing a large-scale, randomized, controlled trial. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study at a single center from October 2014 to March 2015. The 45 healthy applicants were randomly divided into the GS-3K8 (n = 15), GINST (n = 15), and placebo groups (n = 15). The study drug was administered as a capsule (500 mg/cap and 3000 mg/day). GS-3K8 contained 6.31 mg/g of Rg1, 15.05 mg/g of Re, 30.84 mg/g of Rb1, 15.02 mg/g of Rc, 12.44 mg/g of Rb2, 6.97 mg/g of Rd, 1.59 mg/g of Rg3, 3.25 mg/g of Rk1, and 4.84 mg/g of Rg5. GINST contained 7.54 mg/g of Rg1, 1.87 mg/g of Re, 5.42 mg/g of Rb1, 0.29 mg/g of Rc, 0.36 mg/g of Rb2, 0.70 mg/g of Rd, and 6.3 mg/g of compound K. The feasibility criteria were the rates of recruitment, drug compliance, and successful follow-up. The primary clinical outcome measure was the incidence of ARI. The secondary clinical outcome measures were the duration of symptoms. Results: The rate of recruitment was 11.3 participants per week. The overall rate of completed follow-up was 97.8%. The mean compliance rate was 91.64 ± 9.80%, 95.28 ± 5.75%, and 89.70 ± 8.99% in the GS-3K8, GINST, and placebo groups, respectively. The incidence of ARI was 64.3% (9/14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31.4-91.1%), 26.7% (4/15; 95% CI, 4.3-49.0%), and 80.0% (12/15; 95% CI, 54.8-93.0%) in the GS-3K8, GINST, and placebo groups, respectively. The average days of symptoms were 3.89 ± 4.65, 9.25 ± 7.63, and 12.25 ± 12.69 in the GS-3K8, GINST, and placebo groups, respectively. Conclusion: The results support the feasibility of a full-scale trial. GS-3K8 and GINST appear to have a positive tendency toward preventing the development of ARI and reducing the symptom duration. A randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm these findings.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2002

As meat consumption increases, consumers have demanded meat products containing functional ingredients which beneficial health effect rather than a normal food. The objective of this study was to investigate the physico-chemical and sensory properties of pork Bulgogi product(PB) containing different concentrations of ground ginseng such as 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%. The cooked PB containing ground ginseng had low TBA values when stored at 5$\^{C}$ for 7 days and showed high L and b values (CIE) in meat color when compared to those of control. The PB containing ground ginseng had lower scores in hardness than control, but there were no significant differences in cohesiveness, springness, and chewiness. In fatty acid compositions, the percentages of PUFA/SFA were highest in the PB containing 2% of ground ginseng. The sensory panels preferred PB containing ground ginseng in flavor, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability to those of control. In conclusion, the addition of ginseng enhanced flavor and palatability of PB without any adverse effect on meat quality.