• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.24-33
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• 2003

Finding epileptogenic zone is the most important step for the successful epilepsy surgery. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be used in the localization of epileptogenic foci. In medial temporal lobe epilepsy, the diagnostic sensitivity of FDG-PET and ictal SPECT is excellent. However, detection of hippocampal sclerosis by MRI is so certain that use of FDG-PET and ictal SPECT in medial temporal lobe epilepsy is limited for some occasions. In neocortical epilepsy, the sensitivities of FDG-PET or ictal SPECT are fair. However, FDG-PET and ictal SPECT can have a crucial role in the localization of epileptogenic foci for non-lesional neocortical epilepsy. Interpretation of FDG-PET has been recently advanced by voxel-based analysis and automatic volume of interest analysis based on a population template. Both analytical methods can aid the objective diagnosis of epileptogenic foci. Ictal SPECT was analyzed using subtraction methods and voxel-based analysis. Rapidity of injection of tracers, ictal EEG findings during injection of tracer, and repeated ictal SPECT were important technical issues of ictal SPECT. SPECT can also be used in the evaluation of validity of Wada test.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.161-175
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• 2022

뇌활동으로 발생하는 전기신호는 다시 자기신호로 유도되는데 센서로 측정한 것을 뇌자도(magnetoencephalography, MEG)라고 한다. MEG 기술은 비접촉, 비침습적인 측정방법이고 시간분해능과 공간분해능력이이 우수하기 때문에 뇌의 기능적인 정보를 얻는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 또한 MEG 신호를 측정하고 분석하여 뇌신경전류의 활동을 이해할 수 있고 나아가 정밀한 뇌기능 연구가 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 뇌 활동(brain activity) 현상에 관한 궁극적 정보를 얻기위해 MEG 데이터의 특성을 설명하고 통계적 문제를 다루어 앞으로 뇌연구에 통계학의 필요성과 뇌정보학의 중요성을 강조하고자 한다.

• 감성과학
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.29-48
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• 2018

Although the concept of "common sense" is often taken for granted, judging whether behavior or knowledge is common sense requires a complex series of mental processes. Additionally, different perceptions of common sense can lead to social conflicts. Thus, it is important to understand how we perceive common sense and make relevant judgments. The present study investigated the dynamics of neural representations underlying judgments of what common sense is. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants indicated the extent to which they thought that a given sentence corresponded to common sense under the given perspective. We incorporated two different decision contexts involving different cultural perspectives to account for social variability of the judgments, an important feature of common sense judgments apart from logical true/false judgments. Our findings demonstrated that common sense versus non-common sense perceptions involve the amygdala and a brain network for episodic memory recollection, including the hippocampus, angular gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, suggesting integrated affective, mnemonic, and social functioning in common sense processing. Furthermore, functional connectivity multivariate pattern analysis revealed that interactivity among the amygdala, angular gyrus, and parahippocampal cortex reflected representational features of common sense perception and not those of non-common sense perception. Our study demonstrated that the social memory network is exclusively involved in processing common sense and not non-common sense. These results suggest that intergroup exclusion and misunderstanding can be reduced by experiencing and encoding long-term social memories about behavioral norms and knowledge that act as common sense of the outgroup.

• 한국영재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국영재학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.137-138
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• 2003

Understanding how and why people differ is a fundamental, if distant, goal of research efforts to bridge psychological and biological levels of analysis. General fluid intelligence (gF) is a major dimension of individual differences and refers to reasoning and novel problemsolving ability. A conceptual integration of evidence from cognitive (behavioral) and anatomical studies suggeststhat gF should covary with both task performance and neural activity in specific brain systems when specific cognitive demands are present, with the neural activity mediating the relation between gF and performance. Direct investigation of this possibility will be a critical step toward a mechanistic model of human intelligence. In turn, a mechanistic model might suggest ways to enhance gF through targeted behavioral or neurobiological intervent ions, We formed two different groups as subjects based on their scholarly attainments. Each group consists of 20 volunteers(aged 16-17 years, right-handed males) from the National Gifted School and a local high school respectively. To test whether individual differences in general intelligence are mediated at a neural level, we first assessed intellectual characteristics in 40 subjects using standard intelligence tests (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking) administered outside of the MR scanner. We then used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRl) to measure task-related brain activity as participants performed three different kinds of computerized reasoning tasks that were intended to activate the relevant neural systems. To examine the difference of neural activity according to discrepancy in general intelligence, we compared the brain activity of both extreme groups (each, n=10) of the participants based on the standard intelligence test scores. In contrast to the common expectation, there was no significant difference of brain region involved in high-g tasks between both groups. Random effect analysis exhibited that lateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate and parietal cortex are associated with gF. Despite very different task contents in the three high-g-low-g contrasts, recruitment of multiple regions is markedly similar in each case, However, on the task with high 9F correlations, the Prodigy group, (intelligence rank: >99%) showed higher task-related neural activity in several brain regions. These results suggest that the relationship between gF and brain activity should be stronger under high-g conditions than low-g conditions.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.11-23
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• 2017

편측 공간무시는 주로 우측 대뇌반구의 병변으로 인한 뇌졸중 이후 발생하는 신경학적 질환으로, 병변 반대 측 신체와 공간에 대한 처리 기능과 주의집중에 문제가 발생한다. 기능적 신경이미지 연구에서 편측 공간무시는 큰 수준의 중대뇌 동맥, 페리실비안 연결망, 주의집중 연결망의 손상과 연관성이 있다고 보고하였다. 편측 공간무시는 부정적인 예후와 관련이 있기 때문에 정확한 진단과 중재를 위해 편측 공간무시의 유형과 이론 그리고 전통적 평가와 기능적 평가를 포함한 임상적 평가가 고려되어야 한다. 편측 공간무시의 치료는 하향식 접근방법과 상향식 접근방법으로 구분하며, 두 접근방법을 결합하는 형태가 가장 효과적일 수 있다. 편측 공간무시의 모든 최신 중재방법 중에서 프리즘 적응이 가장 적절한 중재법으로 연구되고 있으나, 편측 공간무시의 유형과 병변 위치 등을 고려하여 환자에게 적절한 중재를 적용하는 것이 중요하다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.113-127
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• 2023

Background: Resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) may aid in understanding the link between painmodulating brain regions and the descending pain modulatory system (DPMS) in fibromyalgia (FM). This study investigated whether the differences in rs-FC of the primary somatosensory cortex in responders and non-responders to the conditioned pain modulation test (CPM-test) are related to pain, sleep quality, central sensitization, and the impact of FM on quality of life. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 33 females with FM. rs-FC was assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Change in the numerical pain scale during the CPM-test assessed the DPMS function. Subjects were classified either as non-responders (i.e., DPMS dysfunction, n = 13) or responders (n = 20) to CPM-test. A generalized linear model (GLM) and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed to check the accuracy of the rs-FC to differentiate each group. Results: Non-responders showed a decreased rs-FC between the left somatosensory cortex (S1) and the periaqueductal gray (PAG) (P < 0.001). The GLM analysis revealed that the S1-PAG rs-FC in the left-brain hemisphere was positively correlated with a central sensitization symptom and negatively correlated with sleep quality and pain scores. ROC curve analysis showed that left S1-PAG rs-FC offers a sensitivity and specificity of 85% or higher (area under the curve, 0.78, 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.94) to discriminate who does/does not respond to the CPM-test. Conclusions: These results support using the rs-FC patterns in the left S1-PAG as a marker for predicting CPM-test response, which may aid in treatment individualization in FM patients.

• 인지과학
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.161-192
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• 2018

부호화된 사건의 시간적 정보를 기반으로 한 인출은 일화기억의 중요한 통제기제 중 하나이다. 기억인출과 관련한 수많은 신경영상 연구들이 진행되었음에도 아직 시간적으로 구성된 일화기억의 인출에 관여하는 뇌신경연결망 패턴에 대해서는 알려진 바가 많지 않다. 본 연구에서는 두가지 다른 순차적 인출 뇌신경 기제를 구분하기 위하여 과제기반 기능적 연결성 다변량 패턴분석 방법을 사용하였다. 참가자들은 시간적 일화기억과제를 수행하였고, 순서대로 부호화된 기억자극을 순방향 혹은 역방향으로 인출하도록 지시를 받았다. 부분적으로 분류된 국소적 신경네트워크 패턴은 두 인출기제를 잘 구분하지 못한 반면, 기억과 관련된 인지통제 영역과 목표-지향적 인지기제처리에 관련된 것으로 알려진 여러 피질-피질하 노드들을 아우르는 전뇌신경네트워크 패턴은 시간적 일화기억 인출기제를 잘 구분하였다. 이 영역들은 측면/내측 전전두엽 영역, 하부 두정엽, 중간 측두회, 선조체 영역 등을 포함하며 기계학습을 이용한 분류에서 높은 분류 예측률을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 일화기억의 시간적 인출기제에 관여하는 피질-피질하 여러 영역의 관여를 확인하였고, 대역적 네트워크 패턴의 기능적 연결성이 질적으로 다른 인출기제에 관여함을 확인하였다는데에 중요성을 갖는다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2015

Objectives The power spectral analysis of electroencephalogram has been widely used to reveal the pathophysiology of the alcoholic brain. However, the results were not consistent and the three dimensional study can be hardly found. The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics of the three dimensional electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of alcohol dependent patients using standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). Methods The participants consisted of 30 alcohol dependent patients and 30 normal healthy controls. All the participants were males who had refrained from alcohol at least one month and were not taking any medications. Thirty two channel EEG data was collected in the resting state with eyes-closed condition during 30 seconds. The three dimensional data was compared between two groups using sLORETA for delta, theta, alpha, beta1, beta2, and beta3 frequency bands. Results sLORETA revealed significantly increased brain cortical activity in alpha, beta1, beta2, and beta3 bands each in alcohol dependent patients compared to normal controls. The voxels showing the maximum significance were in the left transverse temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left anterior cingulate, and left fusiform gyrus in alpha, beta1, beta2, and beta3 bands respectively. Conclusions These results suggest that chronic alcohol intake may cause neurophysiological changes in cerebral activity. Therefore, the measuring of EEG can be helpful in understanding the pathophysiology of cognitive impairements in alcohol dependence.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.144-151
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• 2006

Objectives : Cognitive therapy is the most extensively researched psychological treatment for nonpsychotic unipolar outpatient depressive disorders. This review focused on the utility of this approach in severe or chronic depressive disorders, in relapse prevention and also on the potential benefits of combining cognitive therapy with medication. Methods : The author reviewed original studies and quantitative analyses on the effects of cognitive therapy, predictors of response, and neuroimaging studies of cognitive therapy in major depressive disorder. The sources used for the literature search were data bases : PubMed, EMBASE, CDSR on the internet, references in papers or books. Results : This review suggests that cognitive therapy is as effective as antidepressant medication in severe depressive disorders. And cognitive therapy can be an effective alternative to antidepressant medication. Patients benefited significantly more from combined cognitive therapy and antidepressant treatment than from either treatment alone. Most importantly, the addition of cognitive therapy to usual treatment appears to protect against future relapse in individuals known to be at high risk of repeated episodes of depression. In addition, subjects who received cognitive therapy showed significantly greater improvements in chronic depression than receiving antidepressant medication. Pooled data suggests that there is a significant relationship between the therapist's level of training or experience, the type of therapy used and patient outcome. Recent functional imaging studies examining brain changes following cognitive therapy report a variety of regional effects, but there is no consistent pattern across the few published studies. Conclusion : Cognitive therapy has proved beneficial in treating depressive patients. Despite empirical data supporting its efficacy, there are still problems in gaining access to cognitive therapy in clinical practice.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2018

Objective : Rehemorrhage is the most severe complication of postoperative patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. The aim of the present study was to assess independent predictors of rehemorrhage and find the possibility of preventing rehemorrhage in postoperative patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). Methods : Medical records of 263 postoperative patients with sICH from our Hospital were reviewed. The relationships between rehemorrhage and parameters were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. The parameters include time from onset to surgery, hematologic paremeters, neuroimaging characteristics, level and variability of systolic blood pressure, medical histories, operation duration, and blood loss. In addition, relationship between rehemorrhage and clinical outcome were analyzed by using multivariate analyses. Results : Thirty-five (13.31%) patients experienced rehemorrhage after operation. Multivariate analyses indicated that the following factors were independently associated with rehemorrhage : history of diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR], 2.717; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.005-7.346; p=0.049), and midline shift (for every 1 mm increase, OR, 1.117; 95% CI, 1.029-1.214; p=0.009). Rehemorrhage was an independent risk factor of poor functional outcome (OR, 3.334; 95% CI, 1.094-10.155; p=0.034). Conclusion : Our finding revealed that history of diabetes mellitus and admission midline shift were possibly associated with rehemorrhage in postoperative patients with sICH.