• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.554-559
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• 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22nt-long single-stranded RNA molecules that form a RNA-induced silencing complex with Argonaute (AGO) protein to post-transcriptionally downregulate their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). To understand the regulatory mechanisms of miRNA, discovering the underlying functional rules for how miRNAs recognize and repress their target mRNAs is of utmost importance. To determine functional miRNA targeting rules, previous studies extensively utilized various methods including high-throughput biochemical assays and bioinformatics analyses. However, targeting rules reported in one study often fail to be reproduced in other studies and therefore the general rules for functional miRNA targeting remain elusive. In this review, we evaluate previously-reported miRNA targeting rules and discuss the biological impact of the functional miRNAs on gene-regulatory networks as well as the future direction of miRNA targeting research.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.499-510
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• 2009

For a Borel function ${\psi}:\mathbb{R}{\times}\mathbb{R}{\rightarrow}\mathbb{R}$ satisfying the functional equation $\psi$ (s + t, u + v) + $\psi$(s - t, u - v) = $2\psi$(s, u) + $2\psi$(t, v), we show that it satisfies the functional equation $$\psi$$(s, t) = s(s - t)$$\psi$$(1, 0) + $$st\psi$$(1, 1) + t(t - s)$$\psi$$(0, 1). Using this, we prove the stability of the functional equation f(ax + ay, bz + bw) + f(ax - ay, bz - bw) = 2abf(x, z) + 2abf(y,w) in Banach modules over a unital $C^*$-algebra.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.2338-2340
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• 2009

Ionic palladium(II) complex containing a long aliphatic chain, [(tmeda)$PdL]_2(PF_6)_4$ (tmeda = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine; L = decylmethylbis(m-pyridyl)silane) allowed to form a puckered submicrosphere morphology without any template or additive. The puckered spheres reversibly adsorb and desorb dioxane molecules. Coligand and cosolvent effects on the formation of submicrospherical morphology were observed.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.324-331
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• 2010

Seasonal variation in seaweed biomass was examined along vertical shore gradients on the rocky shores of Nachido and Odo Islands, the Yellow Sea, Korea, from August 2007 to April 2008. The average annual biomass of seaweed was 404.07 g wet wt/$m^2$, with seasonal variation from 232.61 g in the spring to 754.90 g wet wt/$m^2$ in the summer at Nachido Island. At Odo Island, average biomass was 270.82 g wet wt/$m^2$ and ranged from 48.35 g in the winter to 451.66 g wet wt/$m^2$ in the spring. Seaweed biomass exhibited an even distribution across the shore gradient from the high intertidal zone to -5 m depth at Nachido Island, whereas seaweed biomass was concentrated from the mid intertidal zone to -1 m depth in the subtidal zone at Odo Island. Sargassum thunbergii was the most dominant species, occupying 28.24% (114.12 g wet wt/$m^2$) and 36.57% (99.05 g wet wt/$m^2$) of total biomass at Nachido and Odo Islands, respectively. Subdominant seaweed species was Gelidium amansii, comprising 15.23% (61.52 g wet wt/$m^2$) and 14.70% (39.82 g wet wt/$m^2$) of total biomass at Nachido and Odo Islands, respectively. Dominant functional group was the coarsely branched-form group, which grows under moderate environmental conditions and comprised 93.34% (377.15 g wet wt/$m^2$) and 66.96% (181.35-g wet wt/$m^2$) of total biomass at Nachido and Odo Islands, respectively. Percentage biomass of sheet-form seaweeds growing at relatively disturbed and polluted areas was approximately 20.83% (56.40 g wet wt/$m^2$) of total biomass along the Odo rocky shore. Based on the biomass and functional-form composition of seaweeds, we concluded that Nachido Island provides better environmental conditions than does Odo Island. In addition, the vertical distribution and dominant species of seaweeds on the two islands were very similar, but the functional-form composition of seaweeds at Nachido Island differed slightly from that at Odo Island.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.3 s.16
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• pp.137-149
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to learn from a lesson of the historical fact, the Team 10's break away from the CIAM, which is selected as the most important event in the whole 20th century architecture by author as a historian. The CIAM, organized in 1928 by leading European architects in order to propose new architecture in the industrial era, expanded to the world, met almost annually with an idea of economic efficiency, new functional order, and industrial production for thirty years. Young architects had conflicted with old established group from 6th congress, and after 10th congress they met independently in 1959; the CIAM was disappeared and the Team 10 was born. Main issue of the break-away was human aspect. The Team 10 started from real man, concept of 'human contact', 'sense of community', and 'belonging' instead of abstract functional order. Although CIAM did not suggest inhumane architecture, their biological criteria with sunlight, air, sufficient site became physical determinism. Critique against the Team 10, unsuccess for making humane architecture leads to underestimation like a generational hegemony struggle. However, architect is not specialist of life but form. Historical reevaluation for Team 10 should be that they are the first group to raise an human issue in architecture. Success or not to solve the problem belongs to another domain. After 1960, modern architecture was attacked from the common people, not clients but 'users'. Academic circle tried to solve the problem with behavioral approach through a clear process, 'design method' and with phenomenological approach on real human experience. However practice became reactionary tendency, to make form a little complex, they became post-modern and deconstruction form. Failure of the Team 10's form proved that a complex form does not necessarily make a good life of people. In the Korean historic situation of colony ruling, confusion of liberation, and the War, we did not know the existence of both CIAM and Team 10. After 1970s' economic development, we have just copied Western form from Modern via Post-Modern to Deconstruction. If we make architecture people mattered, we should start from the basic, learning from the Team's break-away, instead of copying.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.303-309
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• 2013

Marine algal flora and community structure were investigated seasonally at three sites in Gijang on the south-east coast of Korea from February 2006 to January 2007. A Total of 74 species were collected and identified, including 8 green algae, 16 brown algae, and 50 red algae. Of these, 15 species were found throughout the survey period. Mean biomass was 823.2-1,615.4 g wet weight $m^{-2}$ in winter, 689.1-3,196.8 g wet weight $m^{-2}$ in spring, 574.5-1,219.9 g wet weight $m^{-2}$ in summer, and 747.6-1,616.2 g wet weight $m^{-2}$ in autumn. The flora could be classified into six functional groups: coarsely branched form (37.8%), thick leather form (18.9%), sheet form (13.5%), filamentous form (12.2%), jointed calcareous form (10.8%) and crustose form (6.8%). The R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P values reflecting the flora characteristics were 3.13, 0.50 and 3.63, respectively. The number of marine algae species and the biomass in Gijang area were markedly reduced when compared with previous studies. This result suggests possible future changes in the algal vegetation, considering the physical and chemical pollution loadings in the coastal marine environment of this area.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.971-978
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• 2014

This study investigates the developmental conditions of functional clothes for the elderly. First, preceding studies and relevant web sites were analyzed along with a survey of commercial functional elderly clothes in Korea. A KIPRIS patent information database was used to study registered and disclosed patents and utility models in order to analyze patent application trends in relevant fields. Patents were searched by year of application from 1990 to 2013. Keywords used for searching included 'senior, aged, and elderly'. Among collected data, overlapping and irrelevant data were excluded to select 162 cases for analysis. Details of analysis are annual patent application trends of functional elderly clothes, topic analysis, shape and characteristics. An examination of commercially available functional clothing products for the elderly indicated that most of products were developed in the form of inner wear or protective clothing for seniors who have bodily discomfort. An annual patent application of functional elderly clothes showed slight fluctuations; however, there was an overall increase. For patent topics, technologies related to secretion and excretion were the most at 47 cases total (29%), followed by 23 cases (14%) on biometric information technology. However, the development of relevant technologies seems necessary in the future as therapeutic function and fiber technologies gradually stagnate.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9549-9553
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• 2014

Background: Cancer affects patients in many ways including physical, social, emotional, psychological and economic and restricts the functional lives. Psychiatric problems seen among cancer patients may increase the suicide probability and patients perceive suicide as a peaceful death type. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between functional life and suicide probability among cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with 105 cancer patients as descriptive. The Functional Living Index_Cancer (FLIC)," suicide probability scale" (SPS) and personal information form were used as data collecting tools. Data were evaluated by descriptive analysis, and Pearson's correlation. Results: It was determined that 34.3% of patients thought of suicide. Significant negative correlation was found between functional life and suicide probability (r=-.641, p=0.000), increase being evident in those with poor functional life. Conclusions: It is recommended that cancer patients should be supported for improving their functional lives with help in coping processes for illness and treatment symptoms. Evaluation of the patient mental status to prevent the suicide among this group is an important role for nurses.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.491-500
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• 2002

Purpose: To exam how functional status varied according to age, gender, stage, treatment protocols, and pathologic types of cancer in lung cancer patients. Method: A Cross-sectional and descriptive study was used. Functional status was measured with the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36. A total of 106 lung cancer patients participated. Their mean age was 61 years. Majorities were male, in advanced stages, and receiving chemotherapy. Result: Functional status of the subjects were relatively low compared to the results of previous studies. Women had more severe functional limitations in Role-Emotion(t=2.17, p <.05). Generally, older patients(> 60 yrs.) had relatively more severe limitations in all subcategories, but the difference was not statistically significant. Subjects in late lung cancer stage(stage III & IV) had more severe functional limitation in all subcategories. But the statistical difference was found only in General Health(t=2.10, p<.05). In terms of treatment protocol, no-current treatment group had lower General Health than those of the chemotherapy group(F=3.42, p<.01). There were no statistical differences in functional status among pathological cancer cell types. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that effective management may be achieved when these factors are considered on individual basis in the clinical management of lung cancer patients.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.10-23
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• 2014

This study was carried out to examine seaweed community structure and distribution of crustose coralline algae at the intertidal and subtidal zones of Gallam, Samchuk, eastern coast of Korea. Total 112 species including 14 of green algae, 33 of brown algae, and 65 of red algae were collected and identified. Among these species, 29 species were found throughout the year. The dominant species which contributed significantly to the total biomass were Ulva pertusa, Colpomenia spp., Sargassum fulvellum, Sargassum fusiforme, Sargassum muticum, Sargassum thunbergii, Corallina pilulifera, and Gelidium elegans. Annual seaweed biomass in dry weight was 66.7 $gm^{-2}$ and maximum biomass was recorded seasonally in summer (107.5 $gm^{-2}$), while minimum was recorded in autumn (36.2 $gm^{-2}$). In seaweed functional group analyses, coarsely branched form was the most dominant functional group constituting from 40.0 to 48.6% of the total flora. Ecological state group ESG II, as an opportunistic species, including sheet form, filamentous form, and coarsely branched form, consisted of 46~61 species, constituting 76.7~82.4%. Crustose coralline algae was observed throughout all seasons. Species of the crustose coralline algae were largely classified into Lithothamnion lemoineae, Lithophyllum okamurai, Lithophyllum yessoense, and Hydrolithon gardineri. The coverage of crustose coralline algae seems to be lower than that of other studies from 36.8% to 11% on average.