• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.178-184
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• 2008

This work was carried out to investigate the effect of waterlogging on the growth and nutrient contents of 'Campbell Early' and 'Kyoho' grapevines under the vinyl house condition from June 14 to July 20, 2005. For the trial, seedlings of two-year-old grapevine were transplanted to 40 L pot with a sandy loam soil. Irrigation point of non-waterlogging(control) treatment was controlled at -40 kPa of soil water tension using tensiometer and waterlogging treatments were imposed for 35 days at the water levels of above 10 cm from the soil surface using tap water. The growth of aerial(shoot length, leaf number and stem diameter) and underground(root) parts of 'Campbell Early' and 'Kyoho' grapevines tended to be wholly reduced by waterlogging, while the growth of aerial parts were more severely impaired in 'Kyoho' than in 'Campbell Early' cultivar. The different responses for waterlogging between two grapevines seem to be related with the capacity for absorbing mineral nutrients, because nitrogen content of 'Campbell Early' cultivar leaves was significantly higher than that of 'Kyoho' cultivar although the contents of phosphorus and potassium in leaves of two grapevine cultivars were similarly declined. There was no significant different of fruit quality, such as contents of soluble solid, titratable acidity and weight of berry in 'Campbell Early' between waterlogging and control. In 'Kyoho' cultivar, however, berry weight and titratable acidity were decreased and soluble solid content was increased by waterlogging. It was assumed that waterlogging stress for grapevines promotes maturation and coloring processes of berries by stimulating maturation hormone such as ethylene. In conclusion, 'Campbell Early' cultivar seems to be more tolerable than 'Kyoho' cultivar when comparing the growth responses and nutrient contents between two grapevine cultivars under waterlogging.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.339-344
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• 1986

Frost damage which can reduce yields, impair fruit quality and cause loss of trees is closely related to the occurrence of daily minimum temperature. Horizontal distribution of air temperature minima can be characterized by conditions of radiational cooling and gravitational movement of cold air, which are influenced by the regional topographic features. Observations were made on the air temperature minima over Yangpyeong area, to delineate potential effects of topography on the temperature pattern during spring season. Two routes were selected for the observation. Liquid glass minimum thermometers were installed at 17 sites through the old peach orchards which had been closed due to the frequent freeze-frost hazards during the recent years. This route was 8.5km long and the highest point was 350m above mean sea level. The other route, which was 2.5km in distance, was run with a digital resistance thermometer during the hour just before sunrise. Observations were made both on a calm-clear day (April 30, 1986) and a windy-overcast day (May 1, 1986). The temperature on April 30 was in increasing trend with elevation but this was modified at near the riverside and the downtown area. An orchard lying on a hilltop showed the temperature $1^{\circ}C$ higher than near by lowland of which elevation was about 30m lower. The minimum temperature on the overcast day was little affected by terrestrial conditions but by the atmospheric lapse condition. The peach orchards severely damaged by cold air were found in the area where the lowest minimum temperature was observed. The results may be useful for selection of the proper orchard location to be developed in an area.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.403-408
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• 2015

Color is one of the quality determining factors for pepper powder. To measure the color of pepper powder, several methods including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), and ASTA-20 have been used. Among the methods, the ASTA-20 method is most widely used for color measurement of a large number of samples because of its simplicity and accuracy. However it requires time consuming preprocessing steps and generates chemical waste containing acetone. As an alternative, we developed a fast and simple method based on a visible/near infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral method to measure the color of pepper powder. To evaluate correlation between the ASTA-20 and the visible/near infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral methods, we first measured the color of a total of 488 pepper powder samples using the two methods. Then, a partial least squares (PLS) model was postulated using the color values of randomly selected 3 66 samples to predict ASTA values of unknown samples. When the ASTA values predicted by the PLS model were compared with those of the ASTA-20 method for 122 samples not used for model development, there was very high correlation between two methods ($R^2=0.88$) demonstrating reliability of Vis/NIR hyperspectral method. We believe that this simple and fast method is suitable for highthroughput screening of a large number of samples because this method does not require preprocessing steps required for the ASTA-20 method, and takes less than 30 min to measure the color of pepper powder.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.1165-1171
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• 2015

In this study, we examined the effects of cultivation adaptability and product quality of aronia (fruit of Aronia melanocarpa) cultivated in various domestic regions. Extracts of aronia cultivated in various domestic regions and Poland were measured for their total sugar contents, acidities, total polyphenol contents, anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Our results showed that aronia extracts from the two countries had similar sugar contents, acidities, and anthocyanin contents. Anthocyanin is an important functional component of Aronia melanocarpa. Extracts of aronia from the two countries contained cyanidin-3-galactoside (65.5~69.1%) as the major anthocyanin compound. Aronia cultivated in C region showed higher polyphenol content (121.5%) than Poland aronia and we measured of antioxidant activities by DPPH ($IC_{50}$) and FRAP assay. Aronia cultivated in C region showed the highest antioxidant activity and polyphenol contents. Cultivation conditions of C region had sufficient sunshine and soil with pH of 6.5. From the above results, Korean aronia had similar activities with Poland aronia, which suggests that it can be a new potential development source and high technological foods.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2012

This study aimed to investigate the responses of plant growth and blossom-end rot (BER) incidence to calcium (Ca) and its three kinds of antagonistic cations (K, Mg, and $NH_4$-N) with various ratios in nutrient solution for sweet paper (Capsicum annuum L. 'RZ208'). Both Ca to each cation and Ca to a series of cation combinations, such as potassium (K), ammonium nitrate ($NH_4$), or magnesium (Mg) were more influential to the fruit growth and quality than plant growth. Especially, the BER incidence was significantly influenced by the ratio treatments. For examples, when Ca:(K + Mg) or Ca:(K + Mg + $NH_4$) ratio was 1:2 the highest incident rate of BER about 70.3 or 86.3% was observed, lowering the marketable yield to 19 or 13.7% of the total yield, respectively. The correlation coefficiencies (= r) to relationships between the BER and K as well as BER and $NH_4$ were 0.82 (P < 0.05) and 0.65 (P < 0.05), respectively. Combination only with the Mg element was not correlated with the BER incidence. However, when both of the K and Mg concentrations were 0.65 (P < 0.05). The highest correlation coefficiency, 0.92 (P < 0.05), was found to a relationship between the BER and the tree elemental combination.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.361-365
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• 2013

To investigate factors determining peach fruit quality, chlorophyll content by leaf positions, chlorophyll content of foliated leaf, change of leaf area, and photosynthetic capacity were monitored. Photosynthetic rate in response to radiation intensity and $CO_2$ concentration, and change of sucrose content after shading treatment also were investigated. Chlorophyll content was similar in $5-12^{th}$ leaves after 10 days of foliation, while young $13-16^{th}$ leaves showed lower chlorophyll contents. Chlorophyll content was 2.56 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ on May $28^{th}$, just after foliation, and rapidly increased up to 6.35 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ on June $12^{th}$. After this point, chlorophyll content gradually increased during two months showing the highest value of 9.03 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ on August $14^{th}$. Leaf area was 27.1 $cm^2$ just after foliation and 37.7 $cm^2$ on $10^{th}$ day of foliation increasing 10.6 $cm^2$ during 10 days. Leaf area slowly increased by 3.9 $cm^2$ during next one month. Photosynthetic capacity increased rapidly until the $30^{th}$ day of foliation showing the highest capacity of 13.8 ${\mu}mol/m^{-2}/sec^{-1}$. After this point, photosynthetic capacity decreased sharply. Photosynthetic rate in response to radiation intensity increased rapidly until the PPFD reached to 600 ${\mu}mol/m^{-2}/sec^{-1}$ and increased gradually from 600 ${\mu}mol/m^{-2}/sec^{-1}$ to 1200 ${\mu}mol/m^{-2}/sec^{-1}$ of PPFD and stayed stable beyond this point. Photosynthetic rate in response to $CO_2$ concentration increased until 600 ppm of $CO_2$. At higher $CO_2$ concentration, photosynthetic rate stayed stable or decreased. Sucrose content in leaves was not significantly different between control and shading group until one hour of shading treatment while decreased in shading group after two hours of treatment.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.421-426
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of timing of nutrient starvation during transplant production on growth of runner plants and yield of strawberry 'Seolhyang' (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa). Nutrient solution supply at the level of EC (electrical conductivity) 0.8 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ was terminated at interval about 10 days between July 25 and September 5. As a result, the growth of above-ground part was inhibited while root growth increased when the nutrient starvation treatment had been brought forward to July 25. It also reduced the T/R ratio significantly and chlorophyll content was tended to be lower than the other treatment. In addition, it significantly promoted the budding, flowering and harvest of first flower cluster. On the other hand, the period of harvest was delayed more than two weeks when the nutrients were continuously supplied after the middle of August. An accumulated marketable fruit yield per plant until the end of January and February was 169 and 266g, respectively in the treatment of nutrient starvation on July 25, which was 71 and 12% increase, respectively, as compared with those in the treatment of September 5. Therefore, the appropriate nutrient starvation in the late season of strawberry nursery period could be expected the increase in yield and income during the winter season by promoting the flower bud differentiation as reducing the endogenous nitrate level of the plantlet.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1998

In order to evaluate the nitrogen (N) balance, from the different application methods and levels of $^{15}N$ applied to a satsuma mandarin orchard soils in spring, we surface-applied N as urea at the rates of 50 (water-dissolved), 100 (solid and water-dissolved) and 150% (solid) of the recommended rate ($180kg\;ha^{-1}$) in spring (lebeled N), summer (nonlebeled N) with application ratio of 5:2:3. Fruit yield and quality were not significantly affected by any treatment. Nitrogen contents of spring flush leaves in late August were 3.0% regardless of the treatments. The N recovery by parts of tree itself was in the order of leaves, fruits, roots, stems, and the highest recovery per tree was 22.3% in the 50% recommended water-dissolved surface broadcast while there were not much differences for N recovery (11.9 to 13.6%) among the other three treatments. Total N content in top 30cm of soils was 0.47% regardless of the treatments, but N proportion and total residual N from the fertilizer applied increased with increasing N rate while the N recovery in soils decreased. For the recommended N rate, N proportion and the residual N from the fertilizer applied were greater in the water-dissolved surface broadcast than those in soils surface broadcast. The highest total (tree + soils) N recovery was 70.9% in the 50% recommended water-dissolved surface broadcast, but tended to decrease to 52.2, 46.6, and 43.2% for the recommended water-dissolved surface broadcast, 100 and 150% of the recommended solid surface broadcast, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.478-486
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze consumer consumption and product concept demands of Korean rice-wine. An online survey, conducted from April 28, 2010 to May 6 2010, targeted 200 consumers in Seoul and the Gyeonggi-do area. More than half of the respondents (51.3%) drank rice-wine because of the taste. The common reasons for dissatisfaction with rice-wine were hangovers (35.7%) and taste (16.9%). From analyzing rice-wine preferences, the most preferred ingredient was rice (57.8%), while the most preferred aroma and taste was derived from the fruit (48.7% and 58.4%, respectively). The most common methods consumers observed for promoting rice-wine consumption were the "development and management of rice-wine brands" (59.7%), and "continuous promotion" (44.8%). The most important attributes of a rice-wine product included its taste (4.60), followed by its quality (4.41) using 5-point Likert scale. An importance-performance analysis (IPA) was performed for the 17 attributes of rice-wine and identified targets for product management strategies, including the "usage of domestic ingredients", "ease of purchase", clarity of "product information", and "external image". Therefore, developing solid concepts in marketing strategy are required and may be achieved by understanding the consumer preferences and demands of rice-wine.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.296-306
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• 2014

This study was conducted to survey and analyze the quantity of various organic wastes and to vitalize the utilization of agri-food by-products as raw materials for Total mixed ration (TMR), to improve feed cost savings and the quality of animal products. On-the-spot obstacles for animal farmers, along with legal and institutional alternatives are presented. The results are as follows. First, organic wastes in Korea are managed by the Allbaro system created in the Wastes Control Act, which processes 10,488 tons of cooking oil waste, 832,493 tons of animal and plant residues, 5,740 tons of animal carcasses, 1,171,892 tons of animal residues, and 2,172,415 tons of plant residues including 12,905 tons of rice hull and bran, for a total of 4,205,931 tons. Raw materials for TMR, namely rice hulls and bran as well as plant residues, accounted for 51.7% of the total national organic waste. The top 10 municipalities process 76~100% of all organic wastes and a supply management system is needed for the waste. Second, the 10 major agri-food by-products used as raw materials for TMR are bean curd by-product, rice bran, oil-cake, brewers dried grain, Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS), barley bran, soy sauce by-product, citrus fruit by-product, mushroom by-product and other food by-product (bread, noodles, snacks, etc.). Third, the biggest difficulties in using agri-food by-products are legal obstacles. Because agri-food by-products are regulated as industrial wastes by the Waste Control Act, animal farmers that wish to use them have legal reporting obligations including the installation of recycling facilities. To enable the use of agri-food by-products as raw materials for TMR, waste management system improvements such as 'the end of waste status' and the establishment of more than 10 public distribution centers nationwide are deemed essential.