• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.215-223
• /
• 2018

Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization is closely linked with the initiation of salivary secretion in parotid acinar cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be related to a variety of oxidative stress-induced cellular disorders and believed to be involved in salivary impairments. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) on cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation in mouse parotid acinar cells. Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ levels were slowly elevated when $1mM\;H_2O_2$ was perfused in the presence of normal extracellular $Ca^{2+}$. In a $Ca^{2+}-free$ medium, $1mM\;H_2O_2$ still enhanced the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level. $Ca^{2+}$ entry tested using manganese quenching technique was not affected by perfusion of $1mM\;H_2O_2$. On the other hand, $10mM\;H_2O_2$ induced more rapid $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation and facilitated $Ca^{2+}$ entry from extracellular fluid. $Ca^{2+}$ refill into intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ store and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ($1{\mu}M$)-induced $Ca^{2+}$ release from $Ca^{2+}$ store was not affected by $1mM\;H_2O_2$ in permeabilized cells. $Ca^{2+}$ efflux through plasma membrane $Ca^{2+}-ATPase$ (PMCA) was markedly blocked by $1mM\;H_2O_2$ in thapsigargin-treated intact acinar cells. Antioxidants, either catalase or dithiothreitol, completely protected $H_2O_2-induced$ $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation through PMCA inactivation. From the above results, we suggest that excessive production of $H_2O_2$ under pathological conditions may lead to cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation and that the primary mechanism of $H_2O_2-induced$ $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation is likely to inhibit $Ca^{2+}$ efflux through PMCA rather than mobilize $Ca^{2+}$ ions from extracellular medium or intracellular stores in mouse parotid acinar cells.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 2007

MH21 연구 컨소시엄에서는 일본 난카이 트러프 동부의 메탄 하이드레이트 탐사를 위해 고분해능 3 차원 탄성파 탐사와 해저면 지구화학탐사를 수행해 왔다. 메탄 하이트레이트가 존재하는 천부지층을 영상화 하기 위해 수행된 고분해능 3 차원 탄성파탐사 결과, 천부 지층에 대한 훌륭한 지질 정보를 획득할 수 있었다. 이러한 정보들은 지질학적, 지구화학적 모델을 구축하는데 유용하며, 특히 메탄가스 또는 메탄을 포함하는 유체의 이동통로, 지구화학적 메탄 하이드레이트 지시자등을 포함하는 복잡한 해저면 지질구조를 이해하는데 유용하다. 수중잠수정을 이용해 확인된 메탄 유출 지점과 탄성파 단면의 비교 결과, 해저면 하부의 메탄가스층 및 메탄 하이드레이트 저류층과 해저면 메탄 하이드레이트 지시자 사이의 특정적인 관계가 확인되었다. 해저지형도와 해저면 반사파로부터 영상화된 해저면 반사파진폭 영상 역시 넓은 지역에 대한 이들 관계를 이해하는 유용하며, 이러한 자료에 기반한 새로운 지구화학적 해저면 탐사도 요구된다. 메탄 하이드레이트 저류층과 해저면 메탄 하이드레이트 지시자 사이의 관계는 고분해능 3 차원 탄성파탐사 자료의 해석을 통해 점점 더 분명해지고 있다. MH21 연구 컨소시엄은 향후 고분해능 3 차원 탄성파탐사로부터 구축된 지질학적, 지구화학적 모델에 기반하여 해저면 지구화학탐사를 수행할 것이다. 이 논문에서는 3 차원 탄성파 탐사와 해저면 지구화학탐사기술의 융합에 의한 일본에서의 메탄 하이트레이트 탐사에 대해 소개한다.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제19권10호
• /
• pp.1352-1359
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 장시간의 고강도 트레드밀 운동이 호흡기계의 생리를 가장 잘 반영하는 기관지 폐포계에 미치는 생리학적 효과를 규명하기 위해 실시되었다. 랫트를 대상으로 매일 8주간 운동시킨 결과 60분 및 120분 운동 그룹군은 대조군(비운동군)과 30분 운동군보다 체중이 유의하게 낮았으며 운동전보다 체중증가율도 높지 않았다. 기관지 폐포세척액 내 총 백혈구수는 세 운동군(30분, 60분, 120분) 모두 대조군보다 유의하게 높았다. 호중구수는 대조군에 비해 30분군과 120분군은 유의하게 증가하였고 60분군은 감소하였으며 30분군이 가장 높았다. 림프구수는 세 운동군 모두 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높았고 120분군이 가장 높았다. 대식세포(단구) 수는 세군 모두 대조군보다 높았고 120군이 가장 높았다. 기관지폐포액 내 인터루킨-6 농도는 대조군보다 30분군은 낮았고 60분과 120분군은 높았다. 그러나 인터루킨-10과 인터페론 감마 농도는 세 운동군 모두 대조군에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 산화질소(nitric oxide) 농도는 세 운동군 모두 대조군보다 유의하게 높았다. 본 연구의 결과들은 1시간 이상의 고강도 트레드밀 운동은 기관지 폐포 내 백혈구 분포도에 변화를 유도하고 염증성 사이토카인 및 산화성질소 농도의 증가와 항염증성 사이토카인 농도의 감소와 같은 유해한 효과를 일으킬 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.27-41
• /
• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this research is to understand melanin with both Korean and Western medicine.Methods : We investigated the comprehension of melanin in both western and Korean medicine through literature review and studied relationships between melanin and five viscera(五臟), especially liver(肝), spleen(脾), kidney(腎). We Also studied representative pigmentary disorders(melasma, vitiligo) in western and Korean medicine to figure out how to understand pigmentary disorders in oriental medicine.Results : The results are as follows. 1. Melanin is associate with liver, because free coursing(疎泄) function of liver is the origin of transport melanin to keratinocyte from melanocyte. Also, melanogenesis factors like MITF and CREB are closely associated with liver and pigmentary disorders occur frequently after stress conditions or women. 2. Melanin is absorbed and scattered in keratinocytes by the function of spleen. Pigmentary disorders result from failure of spleen and formation of phlegm-retained fluid(痰飮). 3. Kidney essence(腎精) is the origin of melanin formation. In addition, corticosteroid, the major hormone of melanogenesis is secreted by adrenalin and adrenalin belongs to kidney(腎) in Korean medicine. 4. Melasma is created by disorder of melanin transport and absorbtion, so melasma is associated liver (肝) and spleen(脾). Therefore the treatment for melasma may focus on improvement function of liver and spleen. 5. The destruction of melanocyte or abnormal melanogenesis by disorder of the immune system, metabolic and affective disorders can make vitiligo, so vitiligo is associated with liver and kidney which are major part of melanin formation. Therefore the treatment of vitiligo can focus on improvement function of liver(肝) and kidney(腎).Conclusion : We compared Korean and western medicine to understand melanin. We also interpreted the mechanism of melanin and pigmantary disorders in western medicine and considered the relationship with visceral manifestation theory(臟象論) in traditional Korean medicine. Further studies are needed to apply comprehension of melanin to clinical stage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권12호
• /
• pp.1738-1746
• /
• 2002

Research was carried out to ascertain whether or not the volume of saliva flowing into the rumen regulates dry forage intake in ruminants. Goats with a parotid fistula were fed roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes, concentrated beef cattle feed and $NaHCO_3$ wice daily (10:00-12:00, 16:00-18:00). Except for the days on which experiments were conducted, the animals were free access to drinking water. The animals were intraruminally infused every day prior to the morning feeding period with parotid saliva collected from the parotid fistula over a 24 h period. The present experiment consisted of three treatments, non-infusion (NI), intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva (RSI), and intraruminal infusion of warm water (RWI). In the RSI treatment, approximately 4-5 kg of parotid saliva (280-290 mOsm/l) collected over a 24 h period was intraruminally infused 1 h prior to the commencement of morning feeding. In the RWI treatment, parotid saliva was substituted for warm water ($36^{\circ}C$). After infusions, the animals were fed on roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h. During feeding, eating and saliva secretion rates were measured. Blood samples were also periodically collected from the jugular vein. After 2 h feeding, water intake was measured for 30 min. These measurements were used to define thirst levels. On the day of the experiment, the animals were not access to drinking water during the morning feeding. It is thought that rumen fill in RSI and RWI treatments was higher than the NI treatment. In comparison with the NI treatment however, cumulative feed intake increased by 39.3% with RSI treatment and by 45.9% with RWI treatment after completion of the 2 h feeding period. After 2 h feeding, thirst level in the RSI treatment showed only a 10% decrease compared to the NI treatment, but thirst level in the RWI treatment decreased 49.8%. Despite the significant differences in thirst levels between RSI and RWI treatments, the cumulative feed intake in both treatments was similar. When comparing accumulated saliva secretion volumes 2 h after feeding, volumes in the RSI treatment were significantly 35.9% lower than the NI treatment while volumes in the RWI treatment were unchanged. However, the volumes of saliva and fluid flowing into the rumen were greater in both RSI and RWI treatments when compared to the NI treatment. The results indicate that the amount of saliva flowing into the rumen is a factor regulating feed intake in ruminants fed on dry forage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.806-811
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of plant extracts on methanogenesis and rumen microbial diversity in in vitro. Plant extracts (Artemisia princeps var. Orientalis; Wormwood, Allium sativum for. Pekinense; Garlic, Allium cepa; Onion, Zingiber officinale; Ginger, Citrus unshiu; Mandarin orange, Lonicera japonica; Honeysuckle) were obtained from the Plant Extract Bank at Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology. The rumen fluid was collected before morning feeding from a fistulated Holstein cow fed timothy and commercial concentrate (TDN; 73.5%, crude protein; 19%, crude fat; 3%, crude fiber; 12%, crude ash; 10%, Ca; 0.8%, P; 1.2%) in the ratio of 3 to 2. The 30 ml of mixture, comprising McDougall buffer and rumen liquor in the ratio of 4 to 1, was dispensed anaerobically into serum bottles containing 0.3 g of timothy substrate and plant extracts (1% of total volume, respectively) filled with $O_2$-free $N_2$ gas and capped with a rubber stopper. The serum bottles were held in a shaking incubator at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Total gas production in all plant extracts was higher (p<0.05) than that of the control, and total gas production of ginger extract was highest (p<0.05). The methane emission was highest (p<0.05) at control, but lowest (p<0.05) at garlic extract which was reduced to about 20% of methane emission (40.2 vs 32.5 ml/g DM). Other plant extracts also resulted in a decrease in methane emissions (wormwood; 8%, onion; 16%, ginger; 16.7%, mandarin orange; 12%, honeysuckle; 12.2%). Total VFAs concentration and pH were not influenced by the addition of plant extracts. Acetate to propionate ratios from garlic and ginger extracts addition samples were lower (p<0.05, 3.36 and 3.38 vs 3.53) than that of the control. Real-time PCR indicted that the ciliate-associated methanogen population in all added plant extracts decreased more than that of the control, while the fibrolytic bacteria population increased. In particular, the F. succinogens community in added wormwood, garlic, mandarin orange and honeysuckle extracts increased more than that of the others. The addition of onion extract increased R. albus diversity, while other extracts did not influence the R. albus community. The R. flavefaciens population in added wormwood and garlic extracts decreased, while other extracts increased its abundance compared to the control. In conclusion, the results indicated that the plant extracts used in the experiment could be promising feed additives to decrease methane gas emission from ruminant animals while improving ruminal fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권10호
• /
• pp.1635-1642
• /
• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Rhus succedanea extract addition on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial growth. Methods: Two ruminally-fistulated steers consuming 600 g/kg timothy- and 400 g/kg cracked corn-based concentrate with free access to water and mineral block were used as rumen fluid donors. In vitro batch fermentation, with timothy as a substrate, was conducted for up to 72 h, with Rhus succedanea extracts added to achieve final concentrations of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 mg/L. Results: Effective dry matter (DM) degradability rate linearly decreased (p = 0.046) depending on extract dosing levels. Total gas production after 24 to 72 h incubation tended to decrease following extract addition, beginning with 50 mg/L starting dose (significance of quadratic effects: p = 0.006, p<0.001, and p = 0.008 for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively). Methane production decreased depending on dosing levels following 24 h (p<0.05) and 48 h (p<0.005) incubations and was the lowest with the 50 mg/L dose. The Rhus succedanea extracts increased the abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes (p<0.05) and Ruminococcus flavefaciens (p = 0.0597) and decreased the abundance of methanogenic archaea (p<0.05) following 24 h incubation. Conclusion: Rhus succedanea was shown to reduce methane production and increase cellulolytic bacteria without any signs of toxic effects and with a minor effect on DM degradability.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.161-168
• /
• 2002

Objectives: Hwangryunhaedok-tang (Huang-lian-jie-du-tang, HRHDT, 黃連解毒湯) is a traditional Korean herbal medicine that is formulated with Coptidis Rhizoma, Phellodendri Cortex, Scutellariae Radix and Gardeniae Fructus. HRHDT is cold (寒) and bitter (苦) in nature and has general properties of clearing heat and detoxifying (淸熱解毒), strengthening the stomach and settling the liver (健胃平肝), and reducing inflammation, fever and swelling. This formula can prevent and treat artherosclerosis, hyperplasia of the endothelium, cerebral fluid circulation, cerebral vascular deterioration through aging, impairment of neurotransmitters, or disruption of the functioning of the cerebral cortex following infection or trauma. The purpose of the study reported here was to determine the neuroprotective effect of HRHDT on global ischemia induced by 4-vessel occlusion in Wistar rats. Methods: HRHDT extract was lyophilized after extraction with 85% methanol and 100% water. Rats were induced to 10 minutes of forebrain ischemia by 4-vessel occlusion (4-VO) and reperfused again. HRHDT was administered with a dose of 100 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg of 85% methanol extracts and 100 mg/kg of 100% water extracts, respectively, at 0 min and 90 min after 4-VO. Rats were killed at 7 days after ischemia and the number of CA1 pyramidal neurons was counted in hippocampal sections stained with cresyl violet. Results: Body temperature of animals showed no significant difference between saline-treated groups and HRHDT extracts-treated groups until 5 hours of reperfusion. This result indicated that neuroprotective effects of HRHDT extracts were not due to hypothermic effects. The administration of HRHDT showed a significant neuroprotective effect on hippocampal CA1 neurons at 7 days after ischemia compared to the saline-treated group (P<0.001). HRHDT methanol extracts of 100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and HRHDT water extracts of 100 mg/kg showed 88.5%, 98.3% and 95.1 % neuroprotection, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that administration of HRHDT is highly effective in reducing neuronal damage in response to transient global cerebral ischemia. HRHDT may involve many mechanisms that might account for its high degree of efficacy. A number of factors including free radicals, glutamate, calcium overload, NO, and various cytokines have been proposed to have an important role in causing neuronal death after short periods of global ischemia. Further studies are needed to know the neuroprotective mechanisms of HRHDT.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제37권11호
• /
• pp.1479-1484
• /
• 2008

증자한 탈지대두 grits에 B. subtilis NUCI을 2% 접종하여 $40^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 발효하여 DSG 발효물을 제조하였다. 제조한 DSG 발효물 및 DSG의 단백질 함량은 $57.2{\sim}61.0%$로 청국장보다 높았으며, 지질은 함유하지 않았다. 그리고 DSG에서는 protease 및 $\alpha$-amylase의 활성이 없었으며, 점질물도 검출되지 않았으나, DSG 발효물은 청국장보다 더 큰 protease 활성, $\alpha$-amylase 활성, tyrosine 함량, 점질물 함량을 보였다. 또한 DSG 발효물은 DSG보다 유리아미노산 함량이 증가하는 경향이었고, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamic acid 등이 주된 유리아미노산으로 확인되었다. 그리고 isoflavone 함량도 DSG 발효물이 DSG보다 1.6배 더 증가되었다. 관능검사에서는 냄새 및 맛에 대한 기호도의 경우 DSG 발효물이 청국장보다 높은 값을 보여 DSG 발효물의 기호도가 더 좋은 것으로 나타났으나, 종합적인 기호도는 청국장이 DSG 발효물보다 조금 높게 나타났지만 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다.

• 한국광물학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.135-145
• /
• 2004

영일 지역에서는 제올라이트 광물들을 상당량(대개 5% 이상) 함유하는 제올라이트질 벤토나이트가 밝은 색조를 띠고 1 m 미만의 두께를 이루며 흔히 산출된다. 이 같은 벤토나이트는 제올라이트 층과 밀접한 층준 접촉관계를 이루며 주로 장기층군의 눌대리응회암층과 함탄층에 부존된다. 이벤토나이트는 곳에 따라 층리와 비조화적 관계를 이루며 산출되기도 한다. 제올라이트질 벤토나이트의 주성분 광물인 몬모릴로나이트는 제올라이트 광물로서 대부분 클리놉틸로라이트와 공생관계를 이룬다. 그렇지만 보다 규질인 벤토나이트의 경우에는 모오데나이트, 상대적으로 $SiO_2$ 함량이 낮은 벤토나이트에서는 휼란다이트를 수반하기도 한다. 모오데나이트가 수반될 경우에는 단백석이 많이 함유되는 것이 특징이다. 주사전자현미경 관찰에 의하면, 제올라이트질 벤토나이트에서는 이들 변질 광물들, 특히 몬모릴로나이트와 제올라이트 광물들이 서로 미세분대되지 않고 대개 혼재되는 양상을 보이는 것이 특징이다. 제올라이트질 벤토나이트는 비교적 규산 성분이 농집된 공극수 조건과 pH의 오르내림이 반복되는 알칼리 환경 하에서 생성된 것으로 여겨진다. 또한 이 벤토나이트는 제올라이트를 함유하지 않는 통상적인 벤토나이트에 비해서 전반적으로 높은 희토류 원소 함유도를 나타낸다. 제올라이트질 벤토나이트의 이 같은 화학적 특징은, 산출상태 및 광물상에서의 특징과 더불어, 이벤토나이트의 성인을 단순히 속성작용의 결과로만 해석하기 어렵고 일부 벤토나이트들에 대해서는 열수변질에 의한 영향을 배제할 수 없음을 시사하는 것으로 여겨진다.