• Acta Via Serica
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.103-117
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• 2018

This article aims to examine European reactions against the Ottoman mission headed by Enver Pasha, who was dispatched to China during the 'Boxer Uprising' in 1901. Based on Western archival documents, we can find reliable and informative correspondence about the attitude of the European countries toward the sultan's mission and its pan-Islamic plans in China. The coming of the Ottoman mission caused great reaction in such European countries as Britain, France, Germany and Russia, who were engaged in a competitive power struggle for an influential political and economic position in China. They kept a close watch on the sultan's envoy to find out his secret mission on the one hand and tried to persuade Enver Pasha not to work against their advantage in China on the other. From time to time, Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876-1909), the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, sent China an official mission and secret agents, through whom he tried to subjugate Chinese Muslims for his own advantage. The significance for the Ottoman Empire of any success in penetrating China by way of a pan-Islamic approach cannot be overrated, not only for political advantage but also for commercial and cultural benefit. Like other European countries, Ottomans could retain or gain rights which might bring them opportunities for free trade in opium and in other commodities. The sultan believed that they would constitute a great political factor to his advantage, because most of the tens of millions of Chinese Muslims recognized the Ottoman sultan as their caliph and praised him in their Friday sermon (Khutuba). Taking these factors into consideration, he decided to dispatch the Enver Pasha mission during the Boxer Uprising (1898-1901), responding to the suggestion of German Kaiser Wilhelm II. However, when the Ottoman mission arrived in China, the uprising had already been suppressed. This unexpected situation made the envoy initiate meaningful contacts with Chinese Muslims during its stay in China.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.35-63
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• 2019

Since imposing Performance Requirements (PRs) on investors have been conducted as a means to protect a host state's domestic industry in the short run, with its effect on improving the international balance of payments, it has been implemented mostly in developing countries. From the viewpoint of investors, however, PRs hinder free competition and investment activities and have the effect of distorting international trade activities; therefore, they are expected to bring detrimental effects on the host state's economic development in the long run. PRs provided by International Investment Agreements (IIAs) and WTO-TRIMs, too, included many abstract regulations which are grounded on the host state's economic efficiency in the past; however, those PRs are gradually being more concretely specified, shifting to a form of prohibition with the goals of increasing the protection on investors and realizing investment liberalization. Accordingly, when Korea freshly concludes IIAs or revises them afterwards, one should focus more on following the points regarding PRs. First, to protect Korean companies' investment activities, it is advantageous to list the contents of prohibited PRs extensively and concretely and create a stipulation. Second, it is necessary to list the contents of the PRs prohibited and add the phrases for prohibiting "any other similar requirements" explicitly, as well so as to cover the PRs that can appear newly. Third, as in the cases associated with PRs, issuable matters are mostly either the range of applying PRs or the conditions of applying them (relevance or detrimental effects); therefore, it is necessary to classify the cases accumulated by issues and analyze them thoroughly. In conclusion, as this study has analyzed the theoretical characteristics of PRs provided in IIAs and related cases and suggests exquisite theory regarding PRs, it not only lays fundamental grounds for follow-up research but also gives useful and practical guidelines for the parties concerned and the arbitrators according to the ISDS procedure.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2020

2011년 한-EU 자유무역협정 발효 이후, 한국 자동차 시장은 급성장하였으며 시장 내 기업 간 경쟁 양상은 심화되고 있다. 유럽산 자동차 기업은 가격 경쟁력을 보유하게 되었고, 이로 인해 한국 자동차 기업과의 경쟁이 격화되었다. 이와 같은 상황 속에서 한국 자동차 시장에 관한 다양한 연구가 수행되어왔으나, 시장 영향요인 분석과 소비자 분석 등의 연구가 주를 이루었고 시장 내 경쟁 다이나믹스 분석에 관한 연구는 전무한 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 한국 자동차 시장 내 주요 기업인 현대자동차, 기아자동차, 메르세데스-벤츠, BMW의 경쟁 다이나믹스를 분석하였다. Lotka-Volterra(LV) 모형을 사용하여 주요 기업들의 경쟁 관계를 모델링하였고, Moving Window 기법을 적용하여 시간의 흐름에 따른 기업 간 경쟁 다이나믹스를 분석하고 이를 정량적으로 도출하였다. 효과적인 해석을 위해, 도출된 경쟁 다이나믹스는 다양한 영향요인을 바탕으로 세분화되어 분석하였다.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.71-86
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• 2021

Purpose - This study examines the awareness regarding the symptoms of COVID-19 exposures and safety distances strategies whether they were useful to resile the businesses a mid of the pandemic. Besides exploring the awareness and safety distances, the effectiveness of offering free use of protective equipment (mask, hand sanitizer, frequent hand washing, etc.) to the customers for visiting the business centers was also examined. Design/methodology/approach - This study collected 264 survey data in Bangladesh which is one of the most densely populated country and very vulnerable for COVID-19 due to its socio-economic condition. The multiple regression analysis is used to analyze the data. Findings - The findings of the study indicate that the awareness about the symptoms of virus exposures (cough, fever, diarrhea, and weakness) has significant affirmative effects to enhance the public movement for business purposes with the lower possibility to be affected by the virus. The study also indicates that safety distances and protective equipment can mediate the significant positive relationship between the awareness of the disease and the businesses' resilient capacity. Research implications or Originality - COVID-19, as an apprehensive health issue in the current world, has sharpened the uncertainty of the businesses. One essential technique as lockdown, has been followed by almost every country to protect the transmission of the virus even though the scholars criticized it due to the substantial adverse effects on the country's economy. Under this circumstances, this study provides implications to the relevant businesses by assessing the nexus between the safety distances and the proper uses of protective equipment with the business resilient.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제8권10호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

The purpose of this exploratory study is to identify the mobile phone applications (apps) used by foreign tourists visiting South Korea through a pilot study using focus groups and individual interviews. Concentrating on tourist mobile app use in a smart tourism environment and categorized through a taxonomy of mobile applications lays the framework and determines the factors boosting tourism smartphone app trends by foreign tourists visiting South Korea. Researchers collected data through ethnographic methods and analyzed it through qualitative research to uncover major themes within the smart tourism app use phenomenon. The researchers coded, counted, analyzed, and then divided the findings gleaned from a pilot study and interviews into a taxonomy of seven logical smartphone app categories. The labeling and coding of all the data accounting for similarities and differences can be recognized and are logically discussed in the implications of the apps used by tourists to assist tourist destinations. More specifically these findings will assist smart tourism destinations by better understanding foreign tourist smartphone app use behavior. Tourists visiting South Korea interviewed in this study exhibited significant mastery of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, craved free WiFi access, and utilized smartphone apps for all facets of their travel. Findings show major concentrations of app use in bookings of accommodations, tourist attractions, online shopping, navigation, wayfinding, augmented reality, information searching, language translation, gaming, and online dating while traveling in South Korea.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권6D호
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• pp.831-837
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• 2008

우리나라는 사회구조 변화에 따른 노동력 부족과 세계화와 자유무역협정에 따른 경제적 환경 변화로 인하여 건설 산업을 포함한 모든 산업에서 어려움을 겪고 있으며 이를 해결하기 위하여 혁신적이고 새로운 산업의 패러다임을 도출하기위하여 노력하고 있다. 세계의 여러 국가에서는 산업의 새로운 패러다임 구축을 위하여 첨단 이종산업간의 융합을 통한 경쟁력 강화에 힘쓰고 있으며 우리나라에서도 이와 같은 첨단 기술융합을 통한 연구개발에 많은 투자를 계획하고 있다. 하지만 첨단 기술의 융합을 기반으로 한 건설 산업의 연구개발과제는 전통 산업과 첨단 이종산업간의 결합이라는 특수성을 가지고 있기때문에 기술적 평가와 시장 니즈 분석이 선행되어야 하며, 국가의 기반 산업이자 타산업의 건설수요에 따라 생산 활동이 이루어지는 파생산업인 건설 산업의 특성을 고려할 때 타 산업으로의 간접성과까지 고려하는 과정을 거쳐야 한다. 본 연구에서는 체계적인 기술가치 산정을 위해 연구과제 선정, 도출, 기획의 과정을 통하여 각 연구과제의 정확한 연구범위 설정 및 연구비 산정을 하였다. 또한 건설 산업에 맞는 기술가치 분석 방법론을 제시하여 연구과제의 개발로 인한 직접적 효과뿐만 아니라 타 산업으로 확산되는 간접 성과까지 도출하여 각 과제의 종합 기술가치 및 기술개발 사업화에 따른 투자 대비 수익률을 측정하였다.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.44-64
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• 2017

Russia's push in the Asia-Pacific region stems from its interests that have the national, regional and global dimensions. In their turn, the aims of this policy are civilizational, geopolitical, economic and prospective, with a long-term outlook. In the course of their achievement, cooperation with Northeast Asia's countries will play one of the key roles owing to the factors of geographic proximity, Northeast Asia's economic potential, risk hedging and a growing influence Northeast Asia exerts upon the global development. A new cooperation paradigm between Russia and the states of Northeast Asia should be based upon establishing and cementing self-reproducing ties. This is the central aim of Russian initiatives in relations, with Japan, the Republic of Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia and China. However, numerous obstacles ranging from Russia's absence in the regional free trade agreements and supply-production chains of value-added production to the permanent international instability generated by Pyongyang's missile-nuclear developments hamper the practical implementation of this task. Realizing the necessity to give an additional impetus to this new cooperative paradigm, Russia has to develop directions with an apparent consolidating effect. The most promising may be the establishment of a permanent security forum based upon Northeast Asia Peace and Security Mechanism chaired by the Russian Federation. The urgency of this measure and its expected support stem from the necessity to strengthen security in Northeast Asia, a task neither the US-led hub-and-spoke system nor ASE-AN-led multilateral dialogue venues have been able to resolve. The issues addressed at the security forum must include the unification of approaches to North Korean nuclear issue and producing a document specifying actions of the claimants on the disputed maritime territories in the "direct contact" situations. At the expert level, Russia has elaborated on the idea to establish such a forum outlining the spectrum of the key directions of cooperation. With the urgency in the establishment of this dialogue venue, its agenda has to be coordinated with the agendas of the existing security systems presented by the US alliances and the ASE-AN-led multilateral negotiations. The practical implementation of this initiative will strengthen security in Northeast Asia as its challenges will be resolved in the pre-emptive way based on coordinated approaches. Therefore, Russia as the Eurasian state will be one of the role players in the advent of the Asian century.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.200-208
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• 2023

본 연구는 한중 FTA 이후 신선 표고버섯의 수입량이 감소한 원인을 살펴보기 위해 신선 표고버섯 수입량에 대하여 접종배지 수입량과 환율을 이용하여 계량경제적 방법론으로 분석하였다. 분석자료는 2009년 1월부터 2022년 12월까지 월별 시계열 자료이다. 분석 결과, 신선 표고버섯 수입량을 감소시키는 주요 원인 중 하나는 접종배지 수입량으로 나타났다. 한중 FTA에서 접종배지는 관세를 감축하는 양허대상이다. 따라서 시간이 지남에 따라 관세감축이 이루어지면 수입가격 또한 하락하면서 가격 경쟁력을 가지게 된다. 또한 한중 FTA 원산지 규정에 따라 수입 접종배지에서 생산된 표고버섯은 국내산으로 인정받는다. 따라서 낮은 수입가격을 바탕으로 가격 경쟁력을 가진 수입 접종배지를 이용한 표고버섯의 생산이 중국산 신선 표고버섯을 수입하는 것보다는 매력적일 것이다. 이러한 결과는 VAR 모형을 분석한 결과에서도 같았다. 다만, 신선 표고버섯 수입량의 동태적 변화에서는 접종배지 수입량 변화의 충격이 표고버섯 수입량을 증가시킬 수 있다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 그 원인은 수입산 접종배지가 오염되어 폐기처분에 따른 생산량 감소 또는 국산 접종배지의 신선 표고버섯 생산량이 감소한 것이라고 추론할 수 있다. 그러나 명확한 원인을 판단하기 위해서는 접종배지의 원산지에 따른 신선 표고버섯 생산량을 관측하고 통계 자료를 구축하는 것이 필요하다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.377-401
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• 2016

배출권거래제는 시장 친화적 온실가스 감축 정책이지만 단기적으로는 기업들에게 추가적인 비용을 야기한다. 이 비용에 대한 정교한 예측은 기업이 직면한 불확실성을 줄이고, 나아가 거래제의 안정적 조기 안착을 돕는다. 본 연구는 배출량이 가장 많은 업종인 발전 에너지 업종의 2016-17년 예상 배출권 구입비용을 추산한다. '제7차 전력수급기본계획' 상의 전력수급량 전망치를 근거로 전력시뮬레이션 모형 M-Core을 이용하여 전망한 온실가스 예상 배출량과 '온실가스 배출권거래제 제1차 계획기간(2015년~2017년) 국가 배출권 할당계획'에 나타난 발전 에너지 업종 할당량을 이용하여 해당 업종의 배출권 과부족분을 추정하였다. 그 결과 2016년은 무상할당량이 예상배출량을, 2017년에는 예상배출량이 무상할당량을 초과하는 것으로 나타났으며, 배출권 가격이 1만원~2만원/톤인 경우 배출권 구입비용이 약 700억~1,400억원이 될것으로 전망되었다. 그리고 CO2 비용이 변동비에 포함된다는 가정 하에서, 배출권 가격이 8만원/톤을 초과하는 경우에 석탄화력발전과 LNG발전 간 급전순위 변동이 발생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 2만원 이하의 현재 배출권 가격 수준으로는 배출권거래제의 목적인 석탄화력발전 대체를 달성할 수 없음을 의미한다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2014

Purpose - The purpose of the study is to reexamine the price fairness as practiced by low cost airlines, as a consumer has to experience such inconveniences as inferior airport transportation, extra fees on in-flight meals, and non-negotiable seats, and consumers evaluate such experiences keeping in mind their total costs. This evaluation includes price fairness and allows a reasonable and overall consideration of factors of low cost airlines. It tries to set up a measurement of the indicators consumers' perceptions of price fairness academically as it adapts price fairness to airline services which are renowned for price volatility. Research design, data, and methodology - The research proposes an alternative pricing strategy for the long term profit of low cost airlines after going over conflicts between the traditional theory of consumers' price perception mechanism and flexible fair policy of low cost airlines. It was meaningful when it relates to the early stage of the business, while it enhances the risks relating to the long term survival of low cost airlines. In addition, it is significant as it highlights the negative influences on consumers' perceptions of price fairness, as low cost airlines run on extremely low cost perspectives. Results - The results of the research provide insight into four perspectives, as consumers' perceptions of price fairness are influenced by the frequency and range of price changes and services. The first perspective is that it would lead to positive price evaluation when a low cost airline cuts prices frequently with little changes than one big change. It also would lead to the same result when it comes to necessary services. The second perspective is that one big increase of price would rather undermine the negative aspects of price changes than those of several smaller ones. The third perspective is that additional services would be good to consumers' perceptions of price fairness as compared to discount benefits with respect to the cost. Finally, a low cost airline should consider that consumers will change airlines or defer their flight schedule if the flight fares increase beyond their limits. Conclusions - Low cost airlines should reconsider their pricing policies for services that were provided free earlier. A consumer would not like discount benefits when made to pay for services that were, for long, free of charge. If a low cost airline can provide services with no charge, it should improve volumes if the costs are standardized and, moreover, should consider the charging fees. Alternatively, a consumer can choose between services and fair discount. Low cost airlines are implementing sales promotion strategies, as the competition is more intense than it used to be. In these days, they should regard services over sales promotion, as consumers may prefer to spend money on good premium services. Some differentiation in services could create a good market position for the airlines and, hence, good financial performance.