• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 2011

Objective: This study was performed to analyse four weeks repeated -dose toxicity of Sweet Bee Venom (SBV-pure melittin, the major component of honey bee venom) in rats. Methods: All experiments were conducted under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) at Biotoxtech Company, a non-clinical study authorized institution. Male and female rats of 5 weeks old were chosen for the pilot study of four weeks repeated-dose toxicity and was injected at the level of 0.56 mg/kg body weight (eighty times higher than the clinical application dosage as the high dosage), followed by 0.28 and 0.14 mg/kg as midium and low dosage, respectively. Equal amount of normal saline was injected as the control group every day for four weeks. Results: 1. No mortality was witnessed in all of the experiment groups. 2. All experiment groups appealed pain sense in the treating time compared to the control group, and side effects such as hyperemia and movement disorder were observed around the area of injection in all experiment groups, and the higher dosage in treatment, the higher occurrence in side effects. 3. Concerning weight measurement, neither male nor female groups showed significant changes compared to the control group. 4. Concerning to the CBC and biochemistry, all experiment groups didn't show any significant changes compared to the control group. 5. Concerning weight measurement of organs, experiment groups didn't show any significant changes compared to the control group. 6. To verify abnormalities of organs and tissues, those such as cerebellum, cerebrum, liver, lung, kidney, and spinal cords were removed and we conducted histologocal observation with H-E staining. Concerning the histologocal observation of liver tissues, some fatty changes were observed around portal vein in 0.56 mg/kg experiment group. But another organs were not detected in any abnormalities. 7. The proper high dosage of SBV for the thirteen weeks repeated test in rats may be 0.28 mg/kg in one time. Conclusion: Above findings suggest that SBV is relatively safe treatment medium. Further studies on the subject should be conducted to yield more concrete evidences.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.675-682
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of auditory biofeedback training and kicking training on walking times in patients with hemiplegia to determine if the effects of such training would be maintained even after stopping the intervention. Thirty hemiplegia patients were selected and randomly assigned to a control group of 10 patients to receive general exercise treatment; an auditory biofeedback training group of 10 patients to receive auditory biofeedback training, along with general exercise; and a kicking training group to receive kicking training, along with general exercise. All the patients received their respective training 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks. In addition, all those in the control and experimental groups received the same general exercise treatment 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks, and underwent follow-up tests thereafter. The patients' 10m walking times were measured using a stopwatch. The significance was analyzed using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were interactions between measuring times and groups, in each group were examined using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were differences, post-hoc tests were conducted using repeated of contrast test. The 10m walking times of the control and experimental groups were significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between measurement times(p<.05), and significant differences in the interactions between measuring times and groups were shown between the groups(p <.05). However, no significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between the groups(p>.05). The auditory biofeedback training group showed significant decreases in walking times four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and significant increases eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05). The kicking training group showed significant decreases in walking time four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and maintained the walking times without showing any significant differences eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p>.05). The walking speeds of only the kicking training group were maintained until eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2003

Although 'Cinnamon' has been widely used for the food and biophamacy in the world, it's toxicity was not screened completely. Major component of 'cinnamon' is CB-OH and CB-PH. CB-PH has been reported to have antimutagenic effect. To investigate the toxicity of 2-o-Benzoylcinnama-Idehyde (CB-PH), repeated dose (4 weeks) oral toxicity test performed in SD rats. Results of repeated dose oral toxicity tests for 4 weeks (CB-PH; 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day) suggested that the CB-PH treated group showed no significant toxicological findings with body weights, organ weights, hematological and histopathological findings. Therefore, these data indicated that the maximum tolerated dose of CB-PH was 2000 mg above/kg/day in the rats.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.131-144
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• 2013

Objectives : To provide information on the safety of ACM, we carried out a single oral dose-increasing toxicity and 4-weeks repeated oral dose determining test of ACM in beagle dogs. Methods : In a single oral dose-increasing toxicity test, beagles were treated with ACM orally increasing dose level (1,000, 2,000, 5,000 mg/㎏) at interval of 3 days. After administration, signs of toxicity were observed for two weeks. In 4-weeks repeated oral dose determinating test, beagles were treated with ACM with oral dose 500, 1,000, 2,000 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption, urinalysis, hematological and biochemical parameters, organ weights, necropsy findings, and histological findings were monitored during the study period. Results : In a single oral dose-increasing toxicity test, we found no mortality, abnormalities in clinical signs, body weight, and necropsy findings during the study period. In 4-weeks repeated oral dose determinating test, we found no mortality, abnormalities in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis, hematological and biological parameters, gross findings, organ weights, necropsy findings, and histopathological findings in any of the beagles tested. Conclusions : The results obtained in these studies suggest that maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of ACM in male and female beagle dogs was supposed to be over 5,000 mg/kg. For the future studies of toxicity, it is advisable that high dose and low dose are set at 2000 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.205-218
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the toxicity symptoms and approximate lethal dose (ALD) of Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai hydrothermal extract powder by single oral dose toxicity and 4 weeks of repeated oral dose determination. The Sprague-Dawley (SD) male and female rats were treated with 1,250 (low- dosage group), 2,500 (medium- dosage group) and 5,000 (high- dosage group) mg/kg. In the single oral dose toxicity test, no dead animals and toxic symptoms were observed during the experiment. And there were no related with anomalies in normal weight changes and autopsy results. In the four-week repeated oral dose determination test, no death animals and toxicity symptoms were observed during the experiment, and there were no abnormal results in weight changes, feed and negative intake measurements. Results of eye examination, urinalysis, hematological values and serum biochemical values, gross findings and absolute organ were not of singularity. These result demonstrated that no toxic symptoms were observed by the test substance Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai hydrothermal extract powder under this test condition, and the non-toxic content is determined to be 5,000 mg/kg/day.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.349-361
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• 2013

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity and four weeks repeated dose determination of Gamisasangja-tang (GST) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : In the single oral toxicity study, rats were orally administered a single dose of 0 and 5,000 mg/kg GST. There were 5 rats in each group. After single administration, mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross pathological finding were observed for 14 days. In the 4-weeks repeated oral dose determination study, rats were orally administered a single dose of 0, 1,250, 2,500 or 5,000 mg/kg GST. There were 5 rats in each group. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption and gross pathological finding were observed for 28 days. Organ weight, clinical chemistry and hematology were tested after 28 days. Results : There was no mortality in either of the two studies. There were also no significant differences in clinical sign, body weight, organ weights, hematological or serum chemical parameters between the GST and control groups. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose of GST is over 5,000 mg/kg, so this finding would be expected to provide scientific evidence for the safety of GST.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.127-132
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• 1993

Ten-week-old White Leghorn immature males and females were exposed to four lighting regimens: a constant light (12L : 12D); repeated up and slow down (13 min. up and 1 min. down per day for 13 consecutive days, and repeated on two-week cycle) lighting; repeated slow up and down (1 min. up per day for 13 consecutive days and 13 min. down, and repeated on two-week cycle) lighting; and step-up (14 min. up every second week) lighting. At 15 weeks of age, significantly larger testis and comb weights and significantly higher concentrations of plasma LH and testosterone were observed in the cockerels under the repeated slow up and down lighting regimen than those under the other lighting regimens. At 20 weeks of age, significantly larger oviduct weights and significantly higher concentrations of plasma estradiol were observed in the pullets under the repeated up and slow down, and the step-up lighting regimens than those under the other lighting regimens.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.296-301
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine to observe single and four weeks repeated toxicity in mice of Bangpung-galgeun-tang (BGT). We investigated to ascertain safety and toxicity of BGT, we divided into single and four weeks repeated administration test. In single test, three groups were administrated different dosages and routes (2 g/kg/i.p., 4 g/kg/i.p. and 15 g/kg/p.o.) of BGT, and in four weeks repeated test, 0.8 g/kg BGT was administrated. Control groups were administrated with only saline according to on Korean Food and Drug Administration, respectively. We observed attentively motality, abnormal clinical sign, body weight change, organ weight, AST and ALT of mice after BGT administration. During toxicity experiment period, there was no difference in body weight change, organ weight, AST and ALT among different dose groups. Death were found 3 mice from day 2 to day 3 in single test i.p. group. (2 g/kg, 4 g/kg). Several individuals of single test i.p. group were observed that decreased locomotor activity, exophthalmos, bloodshot eyes, loss of eyesight and so on in early period after administration. But there was no difference in clinical signs among p.o. group. These results indicate that BGT have inhibition effects on allergy and suggest that no observable effect level of the test orally administration was considered to be more than 2 g/kg in mice under the conditions employed in this study.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.437-449
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• 2016

To provide information on the safety of crude antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus subtilus SN7 isolated from Meju, we carried out an acute (single) oral dose toxicity test and 4 week repeated oral dose determination test on crude antifungal compounds in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. In the acute toxicity test, rats were treated with crude antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus subtilus SN7 orally at increasing dose levels (500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg) and observed for 2 weeks. In the repeated-dose 28-day oral dose determination study, rats were orally administered doses of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks. There were no test article-related deaths or abnormal clinical signs in the two studies. In the 4 week repeated oral dose determination test, there were also no significant differences in clinical signs, body and organ weight changes, or any other hematological and biochemical parameters between the control and treated groups. The results suggest that the crude antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus subtilus SN7 up to a dosage level of 2,000 mg/kg are not toxic in male and female rats.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of parents' repeated reading of the same storybook on young children's independent reading. The subjects were forty five- and six-year-old children and their parents. The children attended four preschools and kindergartens in three cities, Ann Arbor, Northville, and Jackson, Michigan, U.S.A. The family SES varied. Observation of parent-child verbal interaction during storybook reading was carried out in a naturalistic way. The storybook used for this study was The Berenstain Bears visit the dentist(Berenstain & Berenstain, 1981). The parents were asked to read the stroybook aloud to the target child, as they usually did, four times within 2 weeks, but to audiotape the first and fourth reading. The paired t-test was employed to test for the difference in the frequency of the child's taking over of storybook reading between the fir-st and fourth reading. The results showed that children took over storybook reading more frequently in the fourth reading than in the first reading, irrespective of the family SES. Implications for future research in the area of storybook reading were discussed.