• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.189-193
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Lycium chinense Miller fruit and its representative constituent betaine on reduction of immobility time and blood parameters in balb/c mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated the immobility time and the changes in aspects of blood biochemical parameters by the administration of L. chinense Miller fruit and its representative constituent betaine, after the forced swimming test. The immobility time was significantly reduced about 41.3% and 53.6%, respectively, in the animal of L. chinense Miller fruit and its representative constituent betaine-administrated group for 7 days, in comparison with that of the control group. The level of blood urea nitrogen was significantly decreased in L. chinense Miller fruit and its representative constituent betaine-treated group compared with the control group (P < 0.05), respectively. In addition, the interlukin-2 levels of mice in L. chinense Miller fruit and betaine treated group was increased compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that L. chinense Miller fruit and betaine might be helpful in the immune function improvement, enhance physical stamina, and fatigue recovery.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1053-1058
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• 2010

Glycyrrhizae radix (GR) is an herbal medicine commonly used in East Asia for treating a variety of diseases, including stomach disorders. In this study, the antidepressant-like activity of GR was investigated using the forced swimming test (FST) in rats. After the FST, the expression of c-Fos and corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) was assessed by immunochemistry of brain samples from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The results of the FST showed that a high dose (400 mg/kg) of extract was very effective in reducing immobility(P<0.01), and increased climbing. In addition, treatment with GR (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the expression of c-Fos and CRF in the PVN, compared to controls. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrated that GR effectively reduced behavioral and physiological depression responses in an animal model of depression, suggesting that GR might be useful in the treatment of clinical depression.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2003

We investigated the immune enhancement effects of JaSaengHwan (JSH). The forced swimming test (FST) has been used as a screening model for new immune enhancement agents. We found that JSH (0.1 mg/ml) significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST compared to the control. Also, we investigated the effect of JSH on the proliferation of T cell and production of cytokines in human T-cell line, MOLT-4 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. JSH (1 mg/ml) significantly increased the cell proliferation by $46.78{\pm}6.41%$ (p<0.05) and also significantly increased the interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ production compared with media control (about 2-fold for IL-2, 3-fold for IL-4 and 1.5-fold for $IFN-{\gamma}$, p<0.05) at 24 h. In addition, JSH increased the production of IL-12 on the mouse peritoneal macrophages (by 3.6-fold for IL-12, p<0.05). In conclusion, these data indicate that JSH may have an immune-enhancement effect.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.770-774
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• 2005

This study investigated the stimulative or sedative effects of inhaling fragrant essential oils (EOs) by using a forced swimming test (FST) with mice. This behavioral test is commonly used to measure the effects of antidepressant drugs. The inhalation by mice of EOs, such as ginger oil (p<0.05), thyme oil (p<0.05), peppermint oil (p<0.05), and cypress oil (p<0.01) resulted in 5% to 22% reduction of immobility. The same results were achieved when over-agitation was artificially induced in the mice by an intraperitoneal injection of caffeine (a psycho-stimulant). In contrast, inhalation of some EOs by the mice resulted in increased immobility. To evaluate more correctly the sedative effects of EOs, the immobility of over-agitated mice induced with caffeine was ascertained after the inhalation of various EOs. Inhalation of lavender oil (p<0.01) and hyssop oil (p<0.01) increased the immobile state in mice that were treated with caffeine. The results of this study indicate that the inhalation of essential oils may induce stimulative or sedative effects in mice.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제12궈1호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2001

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the anti-stress effects of Ansymondam-tang and Gamiondam-tang on the contents of monoamines in the regional brain of mice forced cold swimming stress in $4^{\circ}C$ water. Methods : The experimental animals were forced cold swimming stress for 3 minutes, and administered of Ansymondam-tang(2.2mg/10g) and Gamiondam-tang(0.83mg/10g) extract for 7 days before stress. The monoamines contents were measured by HPLC method in various part(frontal cortex, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and hippocampus) of mice brain. Results: 1. In frontal cortex, the contents of norepinephrine were increased with statistical significantly in all of the administered group compared to control group. The contents of dopamine and serotonin were increased in Gamiondam-tang administered group has a statistical significance. 2. In hypothalamus, the contents of dopamine were increased with statistical significance in all of the administered group compared to control group. 3. In corpus striatum the contents of norepinephrine were decreased and the contents of dopamine were increased with statistical significance in all of the administered group compared to control group. The contents of serotonin were increased in Gamiondam-tang administered group has a statistical significance. 4. In hippocampus the contents of norepinephrine were decreased with statistical significance in Gamiondam-tang administered group compared to control group. The contents of dopamine were increased in Ansymondam-tang administered group has a statistical significance. Conclusion : This study reaches a conclusion that Ansymondam-tang and Gamiondam-tang has significant effects .on reducing and preventing stress in mice. Especially Gamiondam-tang is more effective in the statistical significance than Ansymondam-tang on the monoamines change in the mice brain.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.116-121
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• 2020

본 연구는 불안, 불면증, 우울증 또는 삶의 질에 대하여 지치(Lithospermum erythrorhizon) 유래 naphthoquinone, 즉 shikonin의 영향을 고찰하고, 확실히 밝혀지지 않은 메카니즘을 규명하고자한다. 우리는 지치의 주요성분인 naphthoquinone이 스트레스에 의한 수면장애, 강제수영에 의한 우울, 미로에 의해 유발된 불안현상 등의 조절에 영향을 미칠 것이라고 가설을 세웠다. 수컷 쥐를 이용하여 부동 혹은 수영시간, 수면시간, open arms으로 지속시간 및 진입빈도를 측정하고 기록하였다. Naphthoquinone(10, 30 & 100mg/kg)의 투여군에서 GABAA receptor의 활성으로 일어나는 barbiturate-유도 수면을 증가시켰다. 미로에서 open arms 상태로 지속되는 시간이 증가되고, 강제수영에서 부동시간이 줄었다. 결과적으로 naphthoquinone은 불안을 완화, 수면과 항우울경향이 있고, 불안, 불면과 우울증에서 효과적인 치료효과가 있었다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2013

목 적: 본 연구에서는 부인과에서 빈용되고 있는 사물탕에 향부자를 가미한 처방을 사용하여 반복적인 스트레스를 가한 난소적출 흰쥐에 대하여 항우울 효과와 학습에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법: 난소적출 흰쥐에 2주간 반복적인 스트레스를 주고, 사물탕가향부자(100 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg)을 경구 투여한 후 행동검사로 Morris water maze test, Forced swimming test, Sucrose intake 측정과 Social exploration 관찰을 시행하였으며 혈액검사로 혈청 Corticosterone, IL-$1{\beta}$와 TNF-${\alpha}$의 변화를 측정하였다. 결 과: 1. Morris water maze test에서 사물탕가향부자 400 mg 투여군은 실험 3, 4일째 에 사물탕가향부자 100 mg 투여군은 실험 4일째에 acquisition trial 수행의 시간이 대조군에 비해서 단축되는 유의한 효과를 보였다. 2. Forced swimming test에서 사물탕가향부자 400 mg 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 immobility 시간이 유의하게 줄어들었다. 3. Sucrose intake test에서 사물탕가향부자 400 mg 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 현저히 자당 섭취량이 증가하였고, social exploration 관찰에서 사물탕가향부자 400 mg 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 현저히 active social behavior가 증가하였다. 4. Corticosterone 측정에서 사물탕가향부자를 투여한 후 corticosterone 수준이 감소하는 변화가 있었지만 유효하지는 않았다. 5. 사물탕가향부자 투여군(100 mg, 400 mg)에서 IL-$1{\beta}$와 TNF-${\alpha}$의 양이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 감소되었다. 결 론: 이상의 결과로 사물탕가향부자는 난소적출 흰쥐의 우울 및 인지력 저하에 유효함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.196-202
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• 2014

Depression is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders and has been associated with the neuroendocrine system and alterations in behavior. Schisandra chinensis Baillon is one of major medicinal plants used as a Korea medicine and food sources, and has been processed in the fields of various food products and medicinal herbs. The chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol is widely used to evoke depressive-like behaviors in laboratory mice or rat. The CMS procedure induced some behavioral changes that are compatible with the common expectations, i.e. 'anhedonic' behavior and can affect corticosterone level. The present study, Schisandra chinensis extract administration by daily gavage from the 3 weeks exhibited an antidepressant-like effect on CMS-induced depression in mice. Schisandra chinensis extract administration at dose of 200mg/kg significantly increased the sucrose consumption, and decreased the immobility durations in forced swim test and tail suspension test. Furthermore the corticosterone level decreased than control group. In conclusion, Schisandra chinensis extract showed antidepressant-like effects on sucrose preference test, forced swimming test and tail suspension test based on CMS model.

• 약학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.224-231
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• 2000

$Nokyangbotang^{TM}$ (NYBT) is a kind of powerful food for health and have been drunk at a oral dose of 80 ml (99.5 mg) three times per day: It has not been well studied about the anti-fatigue and hepatoprotective activity. In this experiments, we evaluated pathophysiologically the effect of NYBT on swimming time in mouse and hepatoprotective activity in rats intoxicated with carbon-tetrachloride. NYBT was nontoxic in orally acute toxicity test ($LD_{50}$, 320 ml/60 kg): a nontoxic food in more four times of one-shoot dosage (80 ml) to human. Weight-loaded forced swimming test was carried out to measure the swimming time of mice with a 4% load of body weight in plastic cylinder (diameter $10{\;}cm{\;}{\times}{\;}height{\;}20{\;}cm$) on water bath at $25^{\circ}C$, and the anti-fatigue activity represented the ratio of swimming time of experimental group to that of control group. NYBT had dose-dependent anti-fatigue activity Mice administered NYBT at a dose of 320 ml/60 kg once daily for 5 days could swim about two times more than control. Hepatoprotective activities of NYBT were examined by the determination of malonedialdehyde (MDA) and pathological survey in liver and liver function test of rat intoxicated with $CCl_4$ at i.m. dose of 2 ml/kg once daily for 7days. NYBT decreased dose-dependently thiobarbituric acid reactive substance: Oral administration of NYBT at a dose of 20 ml/60 kg was $38.51{\;}{\pm}{\;}3.02$ nmol MDA/g of tissue, that of 80 ml/60 kg was $33.76{\;}{\pm}{\;} 1.84$ nmol MDA/g of tissue, and that of 320 ml/60 kg was $32.87{\;}{\pm}{\;}1.90$ nmol MDA/g of tissue as compared with control group ($43.61{\;}{\pm}{\;}2.85$ nmol MDA/g of tissue). All rats administered NYBT at a dose of 320 ml/60 kg were survival as compared with 40% survival of control animals, and GPT activity of rats administered NYBT at a dose of 80 ml/60 kg was decreased as compared with control. In histopathological survey, NYBT improved slightly the fatty changes of hepatocytes around centrilobular area. These results suggest that NYBT has anti-fatigue and hepatoprotective activity in rats and mice.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.214-220
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• 2005

구전에 의해서 건강 보신식품으로 알려져 온 뱀과 자라에 대하여 이들 추출물에 대하여 흰쥐의 운동수행능력에 미치는 영향에 대하여 평가하고, 보신식품에 대한 기초자료 축적 및 향후 의약품 대체식품 개발에 이용 가능한 원료로서의 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 흰쥐의 식이에 5% 사탕 또는 1% 용봉탕을 첨가하고 4주간 사육한 후 90분간 수영시킨 군(90-min subgroups)과 탈진 때까지 수영시킨 군(all-out subgroups)을 두 하부군으로 나누어 분석하였다. 강제수영능력 시간을 측정한 결과 용봉탕 또는 사탕은 흰쥐의 수영시간에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 90-min subgroups의 피로요소 측정 결과 대조군에 비해 사탕 추출물 첨가식이를 섭취한 군의 혈청 젖산 농도가 유의적으로 낮았으나(p<0.05), 무기인산, creatine kinase 및 요산 농도는 ET군과 ES군 모두 대조군과의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. All-out subgroups과 대조군의 혈청 피로 요소 역시 사탕 섭취군의 젖산 농도가 높았던 점 이외에 다른 요소의 농도는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 용봉탕 및 사창 추출물의 섭취로 인한 지구력운동 수행에 대한 효능 및 혈청 피로 요소에 미치는 영향은 전혀 없다고 판단할 수 있으며, 이들이 몸을 이롭게 한다는 인식은 영양 보충식품으로 이해할 수는 있지만, 건강기능 면에서는 잘못된 믿음이라고 판단된다.