• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of combine crawler attaching slurry spreader on soil and growth of rye. The performance test at actual field was conducted to test for possibility of practical use. Field test of the slurry spreader was operated in upland and paddy field. Experiments was conducted to compare the effects of the soil damage and crop productivity incorporating Pig slurry by two different types of slurry spreader. In this experiment a slurry spreader using crawler of combine have been designed and developed to enhance the operation in small field and reduce e damage of soil structure. but it was not suitable for transference in long distance. Conventional tractor mounted vacuum is not suitable for $71.6\%$ water condition in the small areas of paddy land. But the slurry spreader using crawler could be controlled the working point and moving by crawler in paddy land of small area. The wheels depths of soil in the supplementary application in the rye field was 4.9 m in tractor mounted spreader. but the wheels depth of crawler attaching spreader was 1.6cm. The dry matter yield of rye was reduced by $12\%$ in supplementary application of slurry due to mechanical damage from passage of the tires. This is particularly noticeable at high soil moisture condition in paddy land. It was concluded that the slurry spreader developed in this study could be successfully used for basal and supplementary application of slurry in rye paddy field.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2012

This study was performed out to investigate the influence of the mixed application of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield, amino acids, minerals, and free sugars in cultivating silage corn on paddy soils. The field experiment was designed in a randomized block design of 3 repetitions with CF 100% treatment (C), CF 70% + LSM 30% treatment (T1), CF 50% + LSM 50% treatment (T2), CF 30% + LSM 70% treatment (T3), and LSM 100% treatment (T4). At this time, the application of LSM was based solely on the nitrogen. Ear length, ear circle, stem diameter, and stem hardness of the silage corn did not show significant differences between treatments. Fresh yield, dry matter yield and TDN yield were highest in T3, whereas the lowest in C treatment (p<0.05). Crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash content were significantly higher in T1, C, and T4 treatment, respectively (p<0.05). However, NDF, ADF and crude fiber content did not show significant difference between treatments. The total mineral content decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. Total composition amino acid content was higher in the order of T1 > T2 > C > T4 > T3 treatment (p<0.05). Free sugar content was higher in the order of T1 > T3 > T4 > T2 > C treatment (p<0.05). Based on the above results, suggests that the mixed application of chemical fertilizer 30~50% and LSM 50~70% (T2 and T3) is the most effective, considering the yield performance and the content of sugar degree and free sugar affecting silage.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.216-222
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• 2017

This study was conducted to examine the effect of corn (Zea mays L.) - soybean (Glycine max L.) silage prepared by intercropping method on the nutritive value of the silage, in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, dry matter degradability, as well as milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows. In a couple of experiments intercropped corn-soybean silage (CSBS) was compared with corn silage (CS) and/or Italian ryegrass hay (IRG). Numerically, CSBS had higher crude protein, ether extract, and lactic acid contents compared to CS. In vitro rumen fermentation analysis demonstrated that up to a 24-h incubation period, both CS and CSBS showed higher total gas production, ammonia N concentration, and dry matter degradability compared to IRG (p<0.05). The investigation on animals was conducted in a commercial dairy farm located in Gyeongju, South Korea, employing 42 Holstein cows that were divided into 2 group treatments: CS and CSBS in a completely randomized design. Although no significant difference was observed in milk yield, animals fed on CSBS showed significantly higher milk protein (p<0.05) and milk fat content (p<0.01), compared to animals fed on CS. Taken together, our findings indicate that corn-soybean silage that is cultivated, harvested, and prepared through intercropping can improve the protein content of the silage, and can also enhance in vitro rumen fermentation, dry matter degradability, and performance of dairy cattle.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2010

In order to ensure good animal health and performance, it is essential to produce forages with high feeding value and good hygienic quality. However, huge amounts of forages consumed by ruminants are contaminated with mold prior to harvest or during storage as hay, straw or silage. These mold can grow in forages only when nutrients are available, correct temperature exist, oxygen is present, and unbound water is available. Fungal 'species can be divided into two groups: field fungi and storage fungi. Field fungi invade the forages while the crop is still in the field, require high moisture conditions, and are such as species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Clodosporium, Diplodia, Gibberrella and Helminthosporium. Storage fungi invade forages during storage and need less moisture than field fungi. These such as species of Aspergillus and Penicillium usually do not occur any problem before harvest. Mold growth can spoil the nutritional aspects of the forages and also results in secondary metabolites that are highly toxic to animal, humans and plants. Moldy feeds are less palatable and may reduce dry matter intake. This, in turn, leads to a reduction of nutrition intake, reducing weight gains or milk production. Performance losses of 5 to 10 percent are typical with moldy feeds. Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by fungi (molds) growing on crops in the field or storages. While greater than 400 mycotoxins have been chemically identified, the biological or veterinary medical impact of only several mycotoxins is known. Mycotoxins have attracted considerable attention as potential causes for poor performance and health disorders in domestic livestock. They can be carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunosuppressive, estrogenic, or mutagenic. So, feeding moldy forages has adverse effects on animal health and milk consumers. Also, this author reported that rice straw hay was contaminated mycotoxigenic fungi such as Penicillium roqueforti and Fusarium culmorum in Korea. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop an improved post harvest storage method to reduce nutrient loss and mycotoxin contamination of forages, which will have a positive impact on human health.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.392-399
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• 2017

Objective: The objectives were to assess the effects of purified lignin from wheat straw (sodium hydroxide dehydrated lignin; SHDL) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and on the growth performance of feedlot cattle. Methods: In vitro experiments were conducted by incubating a timothy-alfalfa (50:50) forage mixture (48 h) and barley grain (24 h) with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL of rumen fluid (equivalent to 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 g SHDL/kg diet). Productions of $CH_4$ and total gas, volatile fatty acids, ammonia, dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or starch were measured. Sixty Hereford-Angus cross weaned steer calves were individually fed a typical barley silage-barley grain based total mixed ration and supplemented with SHDL at 0, 4, 8, and 16 g/kg DM for 70 (growing), 28 (transition), and 121 d (finishing) period. Cattle were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and carcass traits were assessed. Results: With forage, SHDL linearly (p<0.001) reduced 48-h in vitro DMD from 54.9% to 39.2%, NDF disappearance from 34.1% to 18.6% and the acetate: propionate ratio from 2.56 to 2.41, but linearly (p<0.001) increased $CH_4$ production from 9.5 to 12.4 mL/100 mg DMD. With barley grain, SHDL linearly increased (p<0.001) 24-h DMD from74.6% to 84.5%, but linearly (p<0.001) reduced $CH_4$ production from 5.6 to 4.2 mL/100 mg DMD and $NH_3$ accumulation from 9.15 to $4.49{\mu}mol/mL$. Supplementation of SHDL did not affect growth, but tended (p = 0.10) to linearly reduce feed intake, and quadratically increased (p = 0.059) feed efficiency during the finishing period. Addition of SHDL also tended (p = 0.098) to linearly increase the saleable meat yield of the carcass from 52.5% to 55.7%. Conclusion: Purified lignin used as feed additive has potential to improve feed efficiency for finishing feedlot cattle and carcass quality.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권5호
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• pp.951-970
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• 2023

This study utilized Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) - based total mixed ration (TMR) as feedstuff and evaluated its effects on rumen fermentation, growth performance, blood parameters, and bacterial community in growing Hanwoo heifers. Twenty-seven Hanwoo heifers (body weight [BW], 225.11 ± 10.57 kg) were randomly allocated to three experimental diets. Heifers were fed 1 of 3 treatments as follows: TMR with oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay (CON), TMR with 19% of IRGS (L-IRGS), and TMR with 36% of IRGS (H-IRGS). Feeding high levels of IRGS (H-IRGS) and CON TMR to heifers resulted in a greater molar proportion of propionate in the rumen. The impact of different TMR diets on the BW, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and feed conversion ratio of Hanwoo heifers during the growing period did not differ (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the blood metabolites, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, and total cholesterol of the heifers were not affected by the different TMR diets (p > 0.05). In terms of rumen bacterial community composition, 264 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed across the three TMR diets with 240, 239, and 220 OTUs in CON, L-IRGS, and H-IRGS, respectively. IRGS-based diets increased the relative abundances of genera belonging to phylum Bacteroidetes but decreased the abundances of genus belonging to phylum Firmicutes compared with the control. Data showed that Bacteroidetes was the most dominant phylum, while Prevotella ruminicola was the dominant species across the three TMR groups. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus bromii in the rumen increased in heifers fed with high inclusion of IRGS in the TMR (H-IRGS TMR). The relative abundance of R. bromii in the rumen significantly increased when heifers were fed H-IRGS TMR while P. ruminicola increased in both L-IRGS and H-IRGS TMR groups. Results from the current study demonstrate that the inclusion of IRGS in the TMR is comparable with the TMR containing high-quality forage (CON). Thus, a high level of IRGS can be used as a replacement forage ingredient in TMR feeding and had a beneficial effect of possibly modulating the rumen bacterial community toward mainly propionate-producing microorganisms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.1044-1052
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• 2015

The aim of this modelling study was to investigate the effect of large herd size (and land areas) on walking distances and milking interval (MI), and their impact on milk yield and economic penalties when 50% of the total diets were provided from home grown feed either as pasture or grazeable complementary forage rotation (CFR) in an automatic milking system (AMS). Twelve scenarios consisting of 3 AMS herds (400, 600, 800 cows), 2 levels of pasture utilisation (current AMS utilisation of 15.0 t dry matter [DM]/ha, termed as 'moderate'; optimum pasture utilisation of 19.7 t DM/ha, termed as 'high') and 2 rates of incorporation of grazeable complementary forage system (CFS: 0, 30%; CFS = 65% farm is CFR and 35% of farm is pasture) were investigated. Walking distances, energy loss due to walking, MI, reduction in milk yield and income loss were calculated for each treatment based on information available in the literature. With moderate pasture utilisation and 0% CFR, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in an increase in total walking distances between the parlour and the paddock from 3.5 to 6.3 km. Consequently, MI increased from 15.2 to 16.4 h with increased herd size from 400 to 800 cows. High pasture utilisation (allowing for an increased stocking density) reduced the total walking distances up to 1 km, thus reduced the MI by up to 0.5 h compared to the moderate pasture, 800 cow herd combination. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm reduced the total walking distances by up to 1.7 km and MI by up to 0.8 h compared to the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd combination. For moderate pasture utilisation, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in more dramatic milk yield penalty as yield increasing from c.f. 2.6 and 5.1 kg/cow/d respectively, which incurred a loss of up to $AU 1.9/cow/d. Milk yield losses of 0.61 kg and 0.25 kg for every km increase in total walking distance (voluntary return trip from parlour to paddock) and every one hour increase in MI, respectively. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm increased milk yield by up to 1.5 kg/cow/d, thereby reducing loss by up to $0.5/cow/d (c.f. the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd scenario). Thus, it was concluded that the successful integration of grazeable CFS with pasture has the potential to improve financial performance compared to the pasture only, large herd, AMS.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.257-262
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• 2007

본 시험의 목적은 대구 경북에 자생하는 헤어리베치로 다수성 조생품종과 중만생품종을 개발하기 위하여 수행하였다. 경북 성주와 경남 사천에서 1998년부터 2006년까지 자료수집 및 순화, 생육이 왕성한 조생 및 중만생계통 선발, 상호교잡의 단순순환선발법으로 조생종인 콜드그린과 중만생종인 청파를 육성하였다. 육성종자는 2004년부터 2006년까지 경북성주와 경남사천에서 생육특성과 수량을 평가하였다. 줄기의 털은 콜드그린과 청파는 있었으나, 헤이메이커프러스와 라티고는 없었다. 잎의 모양은 콜드그린은 엽폭이 넓은 장타원형이고, 청파, 헤이메이커프러스, 라티고는 좁은 장타원형이었다. 꽃색은 콜드그린은 자주색이고 청파는 보라색이었다. 내한성은 성주에서 콜드그린, 청파, 라티고가 헤이메이커프러스 보다 높았으며 사천에서는 차이가 적었다. 개화기는 콜드그린과 헤이메이커프러스가 조생종으로 유사했고 중만생종인 청파는 라티고 보다 다소 빨랐다. 성주에서 건물수량은 콜드그린이 다른 품종 보다 높았으며 청파와 헤이메이커프러스는 라티고 보다 높았다(P<0.05). 2005년 사천에서는 콜드그린과 헤이메이커프러스는 다른 품종보다 높았으며, 청파는 라티고 보다 높았다(P<0.05). 베치의 조단백질 함량은 높고 ADF의 함량은 낮았다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.108-113
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• 2014

이탈리안 라이그라스의 발아 및 초기 생육단계에서 내염성 수준 정도를 조사하기 위하여 in vitro 조건에서 다양한 염농도 조건에서 그린팜, 플로리다80, 코원어리 및 화산101호 품종을 이용하여 염해에 대한 반응을 발아율과 산화 스트레스 관련 효소들의 활성을 통해 조사하였다. 저농도의 NaCl 처리구에서는 모든 품종에서 발아율의 차이가 1~3% 정도 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 250 mM 이상의 NaCl 처리구에는 화산101호 품종을 제외한 모든 품종에서 50% 이상의 발아율 감소를 보였다. 또한, NaCl 농도가 높아질수록 발아에 걸리는 시간이 지연되었으며, 350 mM NaCl이 첨가된 처리구에는 화산101호 품종만이 치상 10일후에 발아가 시작하여 12% 정도 발아하였다. NaCl 농도에 따른 shoot과 root의 길이와 생초와 건조 후 무게의 변화도 만생종으로 갈수록 더 생육이 우수한 것으로 타나났다. 품종별간의 잎 조직에서 항산화효소 활성을 분석 결과 고염 조건 (150 mM NaCl)에서 POD 활성은 대조군과 유사한 수준으로 확인 되었다. 반면 APX 활성은 플로리다80과 코윈어리 품종에서는 증가하는 경향을, 화산101 품종에서는 감소하는 경향이 나타났으나 유의적인 수준에서 차이는 확인되지 않았다. 반면 그린팜 품종에서는 유의적인 수준에서 고염 처리에 의한 APX 활성이 감소되는 경향이 나타났다. 지속적으로 in vitro screening을 통해 선발된 계통들은 향후 특성평가와 인공교배를 통해 내염성 이탈리안 라이그라스 개발에 필요한 유용한 육종모재로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2003

본 시험은 대구, 경북 자생치에서 수집된 hairy vetch(Vicia Villosa Roth) 3계통과 자생 woolly pod vetch(Vicia Villosa ssp. dnycarpa (Ten.) Eav) 일본에서 도입된 헤어리베치와 울리포드베치, 호주에서 도입된 울리포드베치인 Haymaker plus 품종의 생육특성 및 건물수량을 평가하기 위하여 2000년 10월 7일에 파종하여 2001년 5월 19일에 수확하였으며 경북 성주 계명문화대학 실습목장에서 수행되었다. 내한성은 일본에서 도입된 울리포드베치와 Haymaker plus가 다른 품종에 비해 다소 약했다. 50% 개화기는 Haymaker plus가 4월 16일, 일본 울리 포드베치가 4월 20일, 자생 헤어리베치(I)가 4월 22일, 자생 헤어리베치(II)가 4월 28일, 자생 헤어리베치(III)가 5월 1일, 자생 울리포드베치가 5월 5일 및 일본 헤어리베치가 5월 10일 이었다. 건물 함량은 Haymaker plus가 가장 높았으며, 50% 개화기가 빠른 품종이 높은 경향이었다. 건물수량은 자생 헤어리베치(III)가 가장 많았으며(P<0.05), 자생 헤어리베치(II)는 다른 품종보다 많았다(P＜0.05). Haymaker plus 및 자생 헤어리베치(I)는 일본 헤어리베치보다 수량이 많았다(P＜0.05).