• Wind and Structures
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.537-552
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• 2013

Wind tunnel experiments were performed to study the wind loads on an inclined flat plate with and without a guide plate. Highly turbulent flow, which corresponded to free-stream turbulence intensity on the flat roof of low-rise buildings, was produced by a turbulence generation grid at the inlet of the test section. The test model could represent a typical solar collector panel of a solar water heater. There are up-stream movements of the separation bubble and side-edge vortices, more intense fluctuating pressure and a higher bending moment in the turbulent flow. A guide plate would result in higher lift coefficient, particularly with an increased projected area ratio of a guide plate to an inclined flat plate. The value of lift coefficient is considerably lower with increased free-stream turbulent intensity.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.383-400
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• 2009

Low rise building roofs can be subjected to large fluctuating pressures during a tropical cyclone resulting in fatigue failure of cladding. Following the damage to housing in Tropical Cyclone Tracy in Darwin, Australia, the Darwin Area Building Manual (DABM) cyclic loading test criteria, that loaded the cladding for 10000 cycles oscillating from zero to a permissible stress design pressure, and the Experimental Building Station TR440 test of 10200 load cycles which increased in steps to the permissible stress design pressure, were developed for assessing building elements susceptible to low cycle fatigue failure. Recently the 'Low-High-Low' (L-H-L) cyclic test for metal roofing was introduced into the Building Code of Australia (2007). Following advances in wind tunnel data acquisition and full-scale wind loading simulators, this paper presents a comparison of wind-induced cladding damage, from a "design" cyclone proposed by Jancauskas, et al. (1994), with current test criteria developed by Mahendran (1995). Wind tunnel data were used to generate the external and net pressure time histories on the roof of a low-rise building during the passage of the "design" cyclone. The peak pressures generated at the windward roof corner for a tributary area representative of a cladding fastener are underestimated by the Australian/New Zealand Wind Actions Standard. The "design" cyclone, with increasing and decreasing wind speeds combined with changes in wind direction, generated increasing then decreasing pressures in a manner similar to that specified in the L-H-L test. However, the L-H-L test underestimated the magnitude and number of large load cycles, but overestimated the number of cycles in the mid ranges. Cladding elements subjected to the L-H-L test showed greater fatigue damage than when experiencing a five hour "design" cyclone containing higher peak pressures. It is evident that the increased fatigue damage was due to the L-H-L test having a large number of load cycles cycling from zero load (R=0) in contrast to that produced during the cyclone.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.202-208
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• 2015

For a prototype turbine operating under part load conditions, the turbine output is fluctuating strongly, leading to the power station incapable of connecting to the grid. The field test of the prototype turbine shows that the main reason is the resonance between the draft tube vortex frequency and the generator natural vibration frequency. In order to reduce the fluctuation of power output, different measures including the air admission, water admission and adding flow deflectors in the draft tube are put forward. CFD method is adopted to simulate the three-dimensional unsteady flow in the Francis turbine, to calculate pressure fluctuations in draft tube under three schemes and to compare with the field test result of the prototype turbine. Calculation results show that all the three measures can reduce the pressure pulsation amplitude in the draft tube. The method of water supply and adding flow deflector both can effectively change the frequency and avoid resonance, thus solving the output fluctuation problem. However, the method of air admission could not change the pressure fluctuation frequency.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 2010

Submarine and deep sea diving structures are generally designed based on their ultimate strength. Fatigue strength at welded joint must be also taken into account because working stress is increased due to the increasing of diving depth and using high yield steel. The pressure hulls of submarine are subjected to fluctuating compressive loading. But in addition to the calculated stresses, high residual tensile stresses at welded part have to be considered. The state of stress level of pressure hull is tensile at surface and compressive at deep diving depth. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the crack initiation and growth at the weld toe of T welded joints of HY-100 steel plate under constant amplitude loading. It is also investigated the phenomenon of the fatigue failure and test methods. Fatigue tests have been using real scaled local structural models of full penetration T-welded joint, which is a part of the cylindrical shell structures reinforced by ring stiffeners. Several load ratios under constant amplitude loading are considered in the tests. Crack initiation and growth characteristics are examined based on the beach marks of the cracked section of the test specimens. A design stress-life curve including the design formula is suggested according to tested data.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.314-320
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• 2017

A pressure relief valve is generally used to prevent piping systems from being broken due to high pressure gas flows. However, the sudden pressure drop caused by the pressure relief valve produces high acoustic energy which propagates in the form of compressible acoustic waves in the pipe and sometimes causes severe vibration of the pipe structure, thereby resulting in its failure. In this study, internal aerodynamic noise due to valve flow is estimated for a simple contraction-expansion pipe by combining the LES (Large-Eddy Simulation) technique with the wavenumber-frequency analysis, which allows the decomposition of fluctuating pressure into incompressible hydrodynamic pressure and compressible acoustic pressure. In order to increase the convergence, the steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved. And then, for the unsteady flow analysis with high accuracy, the unsteady LES is performed with the steady result as the initial value. The wavenumber-frequency analysis is finally performed using the unsteady flow simulation results. The wavenumber-frequency analysis is shown to separate the compressible pressure fluctuation in the flow field from the incompressible one. This result can provide the accurate information for the source causing so-called acoustic-induced-vibration of a piping system.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.57-82
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• 2010

The 486m-long roof of Shenzhen Citizens Centre is one of the world's longest spatial lattice roof structures. A comprehensive numerical study of wind effects on the long-span structure is presented in this paper. The discretizing and synthesizing of random flow generation technique (DSRFG) recently proposed by two of the authors (Huang and Li 2008) was adopted to produce a spatially correlated turbulent inflow field for the simulation study. The distributions and characteristics of wind loads on the roof were numerically evaluated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods, in which Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS) Model were employed. The main objective of this study is to explore a useful approach for estimations of wind effects on complex curved roof by CFD techniques. In parallel with the numerical investigation, simultaneous pressure measurements on the entire roof were made in a boundary layer wind tunnel to determine mean, fluctuating and peak pressure coefficient distributions, and spectra, spatial correlation coefficients and probability characteristics of pressure fluctuations. Numerical results were then compared with these experimentally determined data for validating the numerical methods. The comparative study demonstrated that the LES integrated with the DSRFG technique could provide satisfactory prediction of wind effects on the long-span roof with complex shape, especially on separation zones along leading eaves where the worst negative wind-induced pressures commonly occur. The recommended LES and inflow turbulence generation technique as well as associated numerical treatments are useful for structural engineers to assess wind effects on a long-span roof at its design stage.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2017

The electric controlled marine diesel engine has fuel pump generating the high pressurized fuel for fuel injection to combustion chamber via a common rail. Fuel pump consists of a cam-roller system. Journal bearing installed between a roller and a cam-roller pin is subjected to fluctuating heavy and instant loads by cam lift. First, Kinematic analysis is carried out to predict bearing loads during one cycle acting on the journal bearing. Second, flexible multi-body dynamic analysis and transient elasto-hydrodynamic(EHD) lubrication analysis for journal bearing considering elastic deformation of cam-roller pin, roller and bearing are conducted using AVL EXCITE/PU software to predict lubrication performance. The clearance ratio and journal groove shape providing lubrication oil are important parameter in bearing design having good performance and can be changed easier than other design parameters such as diameter, width, oil supply pressure and bearing material grade. Generally, journal bearing performance is represented by the minimum oil film thickness(MOFT) and peak oil film pressure(POFP). As well as the traditional design parameters(MOFT, POFP), in this study, temperature rise of lubrication oil is also evaluated through the side leakage flow of supplied oil. By the evaluating MOFT, POFP and temperature rise, the optimum bearing clearance ratio is decided.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.71-87
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• 2019

The yaw and interference effects of blades affect aerodynamic performance of large wind turbine system significantly, thus influencing wind-induced response and stability performance of the tower-blade system. In this study, the 5MW wind turbine which was developed by Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA) was chosen as the research object. Large eddy simulation on flow field and aerodynamics of its wind turbine system with different yaw angles($0^{\circ}$, $5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$) under the most unfavorable blade position was carried out. Results were compared with codes and measurement results at home and abroad, which verified validity of large eddy simulation. On this basis, effects of yaw angle on average wind pressure, fluctuating wind pressure, lift coefficient, resistance coefficient,streaming and wake characteristics on different interference zone of tower of wind turbine were analyzed. Next, the blade-cabin-tower-foundation integrated coupling model of the large wind turbine was constructed based on finite element method. Dynamic characteristics, wind-induced response and stability performance of the wind turbine structural system under different yaw angle were analyzed systematically. Research results demonstrate that with the increase of yaw angle, the maximum negative pressure and extreme negative pressure of the significant interference zone of the tower present a V-shaped variation trend, whereas the layer resistance coefficient increases gradually. By contrast, the maximum negative pressure, extreme negative pressure and layer resistance coefficient of the non-interference zone remain basically same. Effects of streaming and wake weaken gradually. When the yaw angle increases to $45^{\circ}$, aerodynamic force of the tower is close with that when there's no blade yaw and interference. As the height of significant interference zone increases, layer resistance coefficient decreases firstly and then increases under different yaw angles. Maximum means and mean square error (MSE) of radial displacement under different yaw angles all occur at circumferential $0^{\circ}$ and $180^{\circ}$ of the tower. The maximum bending moment at tower bottom is at circumferential $20^{\circ}$. When the yaw angle is $0^{\circ}$, the maximum downwind displacement responses of different blades are higher than 2.7 m. With the increase of yaw angle, MSEs of radial displacement at tower top, downwind displacement of blades, internal force at blade roots all decrease gradually, while the critical wind speed decreases firstly and then increases and finally decreases. The comprehensive analysis shows that the worst aerodynamic performance and wind-induced response of the wind turbine system are achieved when the yaw angle is $0^{\circ}$, whereas the worst stability performance and ultimate bearing capacity are achieved when the yaw angle is $45^{\circ}$.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.187-191
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• 2003

The motion and time-mean drift force of a 2-D floating BBDB in waves are studied with and without taking account of fluctuating air pressure in the air chamber. It has been found numerically that the drift for a of the BBDB is in the reverse direction of propagation of the incident waves over specific frequency ranges as found by McCormick through his experiment work. The drift force is calculated by Pinkster's near-field method. Since Maruo's formula method for the drift force is always positive, Maruo's formula is only approximate and should be replaced by the correct near-field method.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.551-564
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• 2016

High-speed flight vehicles (HSFVs) such as space launch vehicles and missiles undergo severe dynamic loads which are generated during the launch and in in-flight environments. A typical vehicle is composed of thin plate skin structures with high-performance electronic units sensitive to such vibratory loads. Such lightweight structures are then exposed to external dynamic loads which consist of random vibration, shock, and acoustic loads created under the operating environment. Three types of dynamic loads (acoustic loads, rocket motor self-induced excitation loads and aerodynamic fluctuating pressure loads) are considered as major components in this study. The estimation results are compared to the design specification (MIL-STD-810) to check the appropriateness. The objective of this paper is to study an estimation methodology which helps to establish design specification for the dynamic loads acting on both vehicle and electronic units at arbitrary locations inside the vehicle.