• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.507-516
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of electron beam irradiation on control of Botrytis cinerea and postharvest quality of cut roses. Electron beam doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2, 10, and 20 kGy were applied with a 10-MeV linear electron beam accelerator (EB Tech, Korea). Electron beams inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea with increasing irradiation doses. Conidia of B. cinerea were more tolerant to irradiation than were mycelia: the effective irradiation doses for 50% inhibition ($ED_{50}$) of spore germination and mycelial growth were 2.02 kGy and 0.89 kGy, respectively. In addition, electron beam irradiation was more effective in reducing mycelial growth of B. cinerea at $10^{\circ}C$ than at $20^{\circ}C$. Analysis of in vivo antifungal activity revealed that elevated irradiation doses exhibited increased control efficacy for tomato gray mold. Flower longevity and fresh weight of cut roses decreased when the irradiation dose was increased. In addition, flower bud opening tended to be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Although 'Decoration', 'Il se Bronze', 'Queen Bee', and 'Revue' roses tolerated and maintained overall postharvest quality up to 0.4 kGy, 'Vivian' did not, demonstrating that the irradiation sensitivity of cut roses varies according to cultivar.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 1999

Gentiana scabra Bunge var buergeri Max, can be widely used such as cut-flower, ornamental and medicinal plant among the native plants. Microscopic and Scanning electron microscopic observation plant were carried out to estimates the characteristics correlated with germinability and germination process, and the results were as follows. The seeds were germinated just after harvest, and it means that there is no or little dormancy of the seeds. Matured seeds showed higher germinability than those of immatured. As the storage period was longer, immatured seeds showed shorter longevity than those of matured. The average longevity was about 190 days. According to the observation results of morphological changes during the germination, seed coat was expanded with water absorption immediately after seeding, and radicals were observed 2 days after seeding. Root hairs were formed behind the growing tip of the root on 4 days after seeding and cotyledon were unfolded on 6 days after seeding. In the microscopic observation of leaf tissues, it could be easily distinguished between midrib, and leaf blade, and also observed upper epidermis, palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma consisted as a sing1e layer. Palisade parenchyma was consisted of a single layer of cell. Stomata were restricted lower surface, arranged as anamocytic type, and surrounded by guard cells. In the microscopic anatomy of stem were consisted of cortical layer, forming a single layer of epidermis and parenchyma, and vascular bundle which was consisted of continuous cylinder of vascular tissues.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.116-125
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• 2017

Alpine plants with a scarcity of pollinators in harsh environments have been believed to undergo selfing for reproductive assurance; however, contradictory evidence is also available. Snowmelt regimes in alpine areas function to change life history characteristics of alpine plants such as flowering time and duration; yet the effects of snowmelt regimes have never been tested in alpine plants in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the dichogamy, mating systems, and flowering characteristics of Megaleranthis saniculifolia populations [early and late snowmelt plots (ESP and LSP, respectively)] in a subalpine area of Sobaeksan Mountain in Korea. M. saniculifolia exhibited incomplete protogyny in that despite early maturation of pistils, maturation times of pistils and stamens within flowers were partly overlapped. Control and hand-outcrossing treatments produced significantly higher number of follicles and seeds per flower than autonomous and hand-selfing treatments. Based on the aggregate fruit set, the auto-fertility index (AI) and self-compatibility index (SI) were 0.33 and 0.50, respectively. Snowmelt occurred 10 days earlier in ESP than in LSP, thereby ESP and LSP showed distinct differences with regard to flower longevity and season, but showing no difference in peak flowering dates. We concluded that M. saniculifolia is an incomplete protogynous and largely outcrossing plant requiring pollinator service. Temporal variation in snowmelt time and subsequent changes in flowering characteristics under climate change may further threaten the population persistence of M. saniculifolia which has already been designated as endangered species in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.93-106
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• 2016

The aims of this study are to elucidate the relationship between the luxurious trends of costumes and the importation of Ming's patterned textiles in the $17^{th}$ century, and to analyze the similarity between certain Joseon and Ming fabric patterns. After Imjinwaeran[임진왜란] and Byungjahoran[병자호란], more diverse Joseon textile patterns appeared. Generally, wars lead to a shortage of luxury goods and basic commodities. However, $17^{th}$ century Joseon had an abundance of luxury goods, which allowed even some commoners to have clothing made of Chinese silk. That was the result of free trade between the Koreans and the Chinese merchants in Joseon. Ming's merchants followed the Ming's troops into the Korean Peninsula and targeted Koreans to sell their goods, such as fur coats and fur hats. Free trade between Ming and Joseon took place at Junggang [중강] and Donggangjin [동강진]. Joseon imported Chinese textiles there and resold them to Japanese merchants. Some of the Changgi Chung's excavated fabrics might be an evidence of the import from the Ming. These fabrics had the inscription and were similar to Ming fabrics. It can be assumed that trade occurred between Joseon, China, and Japan, as fabrics found in the countries had similar patterns such as flower, bee, and four seasons, which represented longevity. Furthermore, Chinese fabrics might have triggered Joseon's weaving skills to develop, which led to the ability to weave refined and beautiful brocade satin at Sangbang [상방]. According to Uigwe[의궤], Sangbang could weave silk fabrics in the 1620s and 1630s. The improvement of weaving techniques might make it possible to weave some popular patterns at Sangbang.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2006

Three strains of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) have been found to cause a lethal disease, referred to as fern leaf syndromes and mild mosaic symptoms in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crops grown in Kuwait. CMV strains were detected and identified based on host range, symptomatology, serology, electron microscopy, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. A high degree of viral genomic heterogeneity was detected among CMV strains isolated in Kuwait, with no apparent correlation to symptomatology in tomato host plants. Two different virus satellites of 'CMV associated RNA 5', designated CARNA 5, were detected in two virus strains that caused both lethal disease and mild symptoms, designated CMV-D1 and CMV-S1 respectively. CARNA5 was not detected in the third CMV strain that caused fern leaf syndromes designated CMV-F. All the three isolated strains were serologically indistinguishable from each other and may belong to one serotype according to Ouchterlony gel diffusion tests. These strains transmitted via aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz) in a non-persistent manner. Physical properties of the virus strains were very similar where thermal inactivation test showed that virus withstood heating for 10 min at $70^{/circ}$, dilution end point was $10^{-4}$, and the longevity in vitro at room temperature was less than 5 days for all virus strains. CMV-D1 and CMV-F were the most devastating diseases spreading in both greenhouse and field-grown tomato where aborted flower buds failed on fruit setting due to the viral infection. This is the first report to isolate three different strains of CMV in Kuwait.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.79-88
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• 2020

During the Joseon Dynasty, the rituals that were celebrated in the palaces were mainly held inside the palace and in the courtyard of the palace. Mats were spread on the floor of the place where the ritual was held. The mats spread in the Joseon Dynasty rituals divided the space in various ways, and in particular, they were spread in a certain form in the spaces of royal wedding, customs, and court banquet. Mats were the primary physical element that divided the royal ritual space of the Joseon Dynasty, and functioned to elevate the general space to the ritual space. In the ritual space, mats were spread inside the palace, and divided the courtyard of the palace into left and right in a symmetrical form to distinguish the hierarchy of the participants. Mats with special and white patterns were spread in the external ceremonial space and mats with flower and colorful patterns were spread in the internal ceremonial space. This was the subdivision of the Confucianism's male-female division through the mat. The pattern of the mat that divided the space of the royal family elders also meant longevity to reflect the filial thoughts of the Confucianism through the mat. Mats were a physical element for subdividing the royal family and the participants in the hierarchy of the space where the ritual is held, and it also performed a subdividing function between the royal participants. In other words, in the Joseon Dynasty ritual space, mats were temporarily spread while the ritual is being celebrated and functioned to elevate the space to a ritual space. It is confirmed that the fact that the mats were temporarily spread to divide the space into the hierarchies according to the status and were subdivided into colors and patterns to perform the function to reflect the subdivision of the royal family according to Confucianism and the statue of filial piety in the ritual.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2017

In order to determine the relationship between water content and flower qualities of oriental hybrid lily cv. 'Siberia' cut flower, flowers were subjected to dry and cold storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for 3, 6, and 12 days and subsequently exposed to ambient temperature ($26^{\circ}C$) in bottles with water for up to 16 days. Flowers stored at $22^{\circ}C$ in dry condition for 3 days were used as the control. Changes in fresh weight, moisture content, water balance, flowering stages, osmolality and vase life of cut flowers were observed. Flowers treated with cold and dry storage had higher moisture content compared to control sample. However, this trend was evident only for 3-day cold and dry stored sample during the whole storage period. The fresh weight of cut flowers increased gradually when the samples were transferred to ambient temperature in water bottles and then declined steadily before reaching the peak in between 6-8 days of vase life. However, the changes of fresh weight of control sample were substantially faster than samples pre-treated with cold and dry storage. This was also correlated with the water balance of cut flower as it reached the minus (-) value in 6-8 days of vase life at ambient temperature. Cut lily flowers showed high osmolality values corresponding with the duration of dry storage regardless of low or higher temperature. However, osmolality had no effect on vase life since flower stem absorbed water rapidly at the end of dry storage period. Our vase life results suggest that cold and dry storage of lily cut flowers for a certain period could ensure longer vase life at ambient temperature. It was observed that prolonging the storage period at cold and dry condition for more than a week significantly increased bud abortion, reduced longevity of flowers and reduced the vase life of cut flowers. On the other hand, the shorter cold and dry storage treatment delayed the bud opening and senescence of the flowers, thus, slowering the normal maturation and aging. Results indicated that dry and cold storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for 3 days was effective in maintaining and preserving overall quality and vase life at ambient condition of oriental hybrid lily cut flowers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.173-182
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compared the early growth pattern, stem, leaf and root weight, DM yield, flowering characteristics and preference for selection of turf type grasses and wild flower species in mixtures combination for wildflower pasture. The experimental design included five species of turf grasses and 11 species of wildflower : turf type grass species{Kentucky bluegrass(Midnight), tall fescue(Millennium), perennial ryegrass(Palmer III), redtop(Barricuda) and creeping bentgrass(Crenshaw)}, wildflower species {Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Coreopsis lanceolata L., Rudbeckia bicolor Nutt.., Dianthus chinensis L., Chrysanthemum lindicum L., Lotus corniculatus var. Japonicus Regel, Veronica linariaefolia Pallas, Aster koraiensis Nakai., Chrysanthemum zanadskii var. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitamura, Lythrum anceps Makino and Iris pallassi var. chinensis Lodd}. The field trials were carried out on the experimental pasture plots of Chungnam National University from January 2005 to December 2006. The appropriate species of turf grass which have a mixture possibility with wildflower are thought to be Kentucky bluegrass. Compared with Kentucky bluegrass, on the other hand, species such as Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Lotus corniculatus var. Japonicus Regel, Chrysanthemum zanadskii var. latilobum Maxim.) Kitamura and Lythrum anceps Makino have shown advantageous aspects of fast early growth pattern and highly weights of stem, leaf and root. Futhermore, these wild flowers were in harmony and no overlap on flower color, flowering periods and flowering longevity, and highly preference by Korean native goats. For the establishment of wildflower pasture in Korea, therefore, it is important to select the appropriate species of turf glasses, which have a weak competition against wild flowers, and then to make mixture combination of those turf glasses with the various wild flowers which have a strong competition against turf glasses but have a different anthesis characteristics among themselves.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.358-363
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Many strawberry growers are utilizing daylength extension by using incandescent bulb or fluorescent lamp to break dormancy of strawberry induced by low temperature and short day conditions. Conventional incandescent bulb and fluorescent lamp consume a lot of electricity and have short longevity. Red light known for most efficient wavelength for daylength extension light of short-day plant and long-day plant. This study was conducted to verify the effects of red light to enhance growth and to increase production of strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch. cvs. "Seolhyang") METHODS AND RESULTS: Three red light (660nm) of 0.70, 0.87, and $1.05{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ (PAR) and conventional incandescent bulb of 40 Lux were treated respectively under the pot experiment. All treatment irradiated from 18:00 to 24:00 for 6 hours. Red light treatment tend to increase leaf stem number, flower stem number, weight of flower stem, crown weight, root weight, and leaf area of strawberry then incandescent bulb treatment. In field experiment, red light of $0.7{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ (PAR) and conventional incandescent bulb of 40 Lux were irradiated respectively. Field experiment showed that the leaf number, leaf weight, and crown weight of strawberry increased than those of incandescent bulb control with red LED of $0.7{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ (PAR). Red LED treatment increased the fruit number over 15g than incandescent bulb. Furthermore, red LED treatment decreased fruit number below 15g of strawberry than incandescent bulb treatment. Therefore, We believed that red LED treatment increased marketable fruit number by increment of weight of each fruit. Consequently, marketable fruit number, fruit weight, and fruit production of strawberry were increased than those of incandescent bulb by 5 %, 2.9 %, and 8.5 % respectively, but not showed significantly differences. CONCLUSION: These results presumably due to directly enhanced photosynthesis of strawberry leaves and activated action of Pfr phytochrome form by red light. In conclusion, red LED of 660nm could be used for daylength extension light source to enhance production of strawberry.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.18-27
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• 2016

A 'flowered-wall,' which are also called a 'flower plant patterned wall,' or a 'flower patterned wall,' is a wall of a building or a fence with various patterns on it. A flowered-wall can be an external mean to look into the owner's authority and values while internally it possesses the symbolic meaning of wishing the well-being and peace of the household. In the research area of the flowered-wall, the walls located in the palace were well researched in various studies across architecture, horticulture, and art design, however, the walls belonging to the local regional traditional folk houses and temples have been involved in little to no research in the landscape architectural area. Taking notice of this perspective this study researched and analyzed the cases of the flowered-walls of the traditional folk houses and the temples that belonged to the national and municipal cultural properties of Jeollabuk-do Province from the landscape architectural perspective. The whole samples were examined and it was shown that there were 9 traditional folk houses with flowered-walls. Among the temples there were 7 cases. Therefore the research focusing on tracing the shape and symbolic meaning of the flowered-walls in the 16 cultural properties located in the Jeollabuk-do Province which consisted of traditional folk houses and temples resulted in the following. Flowered-walls displayed hierarchical differentiation revolving around the main space and its spacial characteristic. This differentiation is variously displayed across the flowered-wall, gable, crack plastering, and chimney. In the case of the folk houses the symbols have the meaning of the prosperity of the household and progeny, exorcism, longevity, number of fortune, harmony, and peace etc that prays for practical wishes such as long life and good health with the prosperity of their descendants. Meanwhile in the temples, symbols indicating an easy passage into eternity, perpetuation of the Buddha-nature, and three marks of existence are applied, differentiating from the folk houses by the appliance of the religious values in the patterns. In conclusion this research resulted in the rightful illumination on the local landscape culture, the possibility of expressing the Korean sentiment through flowered-walls in the contemporary space, the reassessment of flowered-walls, and the provision of basic data for a plan to success the cultural heritage.