Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (생태와환경)

The Korean Society of Limnology (한국수생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Mating Systems and Flowering Characteristics of Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi in a Subalpine Zone of Sobaeksan National Park

소백산국립공원 아고산지역 모데미풀 (Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi, Ranunculaceae)의 교배체제와 개화특성

  • Lee, Hakbong (School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University) ;
  • Lee, Hyeseon (Department of Forest Management, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Kang, Hyesoon (School of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Sungshin University)
  • 이학봉 (성신여자대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학.화학부) ;
  • 이혜선 (강원대학교 산림환경과학대학 산림경영학과) ;
  • 강혜순 (성신여자대학교 자연과학대학 생명과학.화학부)
  • Received : 2017.01.18
  • Accepted : 2017.02.27
  • Published : 2017.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Alpine plants with a scarcity of pollinators in harsh environments have been believed to undergo selfing for reproductive assurance; however, contradictory evidence is also available. Snowmelt regimes in alpine areas function to change life history characteristics of alpine plants such as flowering time and duration; yet the effects of snowmelt regimes have never been tested in alpine plants in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the dichogamy, mating systems, and flowering characteristics of Megaleranthis saniculifolia populations [early and late snowmelt plots (ESP and LSP, respectively)] in a subalpine area of Sobaeksan Mountain in Korea. M. saniculifolia exhibited incomplete protogyny in that despite early maturation of pistils, maturation times of pistils and stamens within flowers were partly overlapped. Control and hand-outcrossing treatments produced significantly higher number of follicles and seeds per flower than autonomous and hand-selfing treatments. Based on the aggregate fruit set, the auto-fertility index (AI) and self-compatibility index (SI) were 0.33 and 0.50, respectively. Snowmelt occurred 10 days earlier in ESP than in LSP, thereby ESP and LSP showed distinct differences with regard to flower longevity and season, but showing no difference in peak flowering dates. We concluded that M. saniculifolia is an incomplete protogynous and largely outcrossing plant requiring pollinator service. Temporal variation in snowmelt time and subsequent changes in flowering characteristics under climate change may further threaten the population persistence of M. saniculifolia which has already been designated as endangered species in Korea.

극한 기후에서 수분매개자가 부족한 고산식물은 번식보장을 위해 자가수정을 겪는 것으로 믿어졌다; 그러나 반대되는 증거도 있다. 고산지역에서 융설체제는 고산식물의 개화시기와 개화기간 같은 생활사 특성을 변화시키는 기능을 한다; 그러나 국내의 고산식물에 대한 융설체제 효과는 검정된 바 없다. 본 연구에서는 소백산 정상부의 아고산식물인 모데미풀의 자웅이숙성, 교배체제, 두 개체군[이른 융설 구역과 늦은 융설 구역(각기 ESP와 LSP)]의 개화특성을 조사하였다. 모데미풀은 암술과 수술의 성숙시기가 부분적으로 겹치는 불완전 자예선숙성을 나타냈다. 교배실험의 결과 대조구와 인공타가수분 처리구가 자율 및 인공자가수분 처리구보다 꽃당 골돌 및 종자를 유의하게 더 많이 생산하였다. 취과성숙률에 근거한 자율자가 수정지수(AI)와 자가화합성지수(SI)는 각기 0.33, 0.50이었다. ESP의 융설이 LSP보다 10일 빨랐고 이에 따라 ESP와 LSP의 개화수명과 계화계절이 현저한 차이를 보였으나 두 개체군의 개화절정일은 거의 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로, 소백산 아고산지역 모데미풀은 수분매개자 서비스를 통해 거의 타가수정으로 번식하는 조건부타가수정 식물이다. 또한 기후변화로 인한 융설 시점(이른 vs. 늦은)과 후속적인 개화특성의 변동은 이미 희귀식물인 모데미풀을 더욱 위협할 가능성이 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ai, H., W. Zhou, K. Xu, H. Wang and D. Li. 2013. The reproductive strategy of a pollinator-limited Himalayan plant, Incarvillea mairei (Bignoniaceae). BMC Plant Biology 13: 195. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-13-195
  2. Arroyo, M.T.K., J.J. Armesto and C. Villagran. 1981. Plant phenological patterns in the high Andean Cordillera of central Chile. Journal of Ecology 69: 205-223. https://doi.org/10.2307/2259826
  3. Arroyo, M.T.K., J.J. Armesto and R.B. Primack. 1985. Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile II. Effect of temperature on visitation rates and pollination possibilities. Plant Systematics and Evolution 149: 187-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00983305
  4. Arroyo, M.T.K., M.S. Munoz, C. Henriquez, I. Till-Bottraud and F. Perez. 2006. Erratic pollination, high selfing levels and their correlates and consequences in an altitudinally widespread above-tree-line species in the high Andes of Chile. Acta Oecologica 30: 248-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2006.05.006
  5. Augspurger, C.K. 1981. Reproductive synchrony of a tropical shrub: experimental studies on effects of pollinators and seed predators in Hybanthus prunifolius (Violaceae). Ecology 62: 775-788. https://doi.org/10.2307/1937745
  6. Augspurger, C.K. 1983. Phenology, flowering synchrony, and fruit set of six neotropical shrubs. Biotropica 15: 257-267. https://doi.org/10.2307/2387650
  7. Balk, B. and K. Elder. 2000. Combining binary decision tree and geostatistical methods to estimate snow distribution in a mountain watershed. Water Resources Research 36: 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900251
  8. Barrett, S.C.H. 2002. The evolution of plant sexual diversity. Nature Reviews Genetics 3: 274-284. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg776
  9. Bawa, K.S. 1983. Patterns of flowering in tropical plants, p. 394-410. In: Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology (Jones, C.E. and R.J. Little, eds.). van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., New York.
  10. Bawa, K.S. and J.H. Beach. 1981. Evolution of sexual systems in flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 68: 254-274. https://doi.org/10.2307/2398798
  11. Becerra, J.X and D.G. Lloyd. 1992. Competition-dependent abscission of self-pollinated flowers of Phormium tenax (Agavaceae): a second action of self-incompatibility at the whole flower level? Evolution 46: 458-469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb02051.x
  12. Bertin, R.I. and C.M. Newman. 1993. Dichogamy in angiosperms. The Botanical Review 59: 112-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02856676
  13. Bienau, M.J., M. Kroncke, W.L. Eiserhardt, A. Otte, B.J. Graae, D. Hagen, A. Milbau, W. Durka and R.L. Eckstein. 2015. Synchronous flowering despite differences in snowmelt timing among habitats of Empetrum hermaphroditum. Acta Oecologica 69: 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2015.10.005
  14. Billings, W.D. and L.C. Bliss. 1959. An alpine snowbank environment and its effects on vegetation, plant development, and productivity. Ecology 40: 388-397. https://doi.org/10.2307/1929755
  15. Bingham, R.A. and A.R. Orthner. 1998. Efficient pollination of alpine plants. Nature 391: 238-239. https://doi.org/10.1038/34564
  16. Bosch, M., J. Simon, J. Molero and C. Blanche. 2001. Breeding systems in tribe Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) in the western Mediterranean area. Flora 196: 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30025-7
  17. Buide, M.L., J.A. Diaz-Peromingo and J. Guitian. 2002. Flowering phenology and female reproductive success in Silene acutifolia Link ex Rohrb. Plant Ecology 163: 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020356706052
  18. Choi, D.Y. 2002. Conservation strategy based on genetic structure and mating system of rare plants, Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai and Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi. M.Sc. Thesis. Seoul National University. Korea. 103p.
  19. Cursach, J. and J. Rita. 2012. Reproductive biology of Ranunculus weyleri (Ranunculaceae), a narrowly endemic plant from the Balearic Islands with disjunct populations. Flora 207: 726-735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2012.07.004
  20. Dafni, A., P.G. Kevan and B.C. Husband. 2005. Practical Pollination Biology. Enviroquest, Ltd., Cambridge.
  21. Eckert, C.G. and A. Schaefer. 1998. Does self-pollination provide reproductive assurance in Aquilegia canadensis (Ranunculaceae)? American Journal of Botany 85: 919-924. https://doi.org/10.2307/2446357
  22. Elzinga, J.A., A. Atlan, A. Biere, L. Gigord, A.E. Weis and G. Bernasconi. 2007. Time after time: flowering phenology and biotic interactions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22: 432-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.05.006
  23. Fabbro, T. and C. Korner. 2004. Altitudinal differences in flower traits and reproductive allocation. Flora 199: 70-81. https://doi.org/10.1078/0367-2530-00128
  24. Garcia-Camacho, R. and O. Totland. 2009. Pollen limitation in the alpine: a meta-analysis. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 41: 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430-41.1.103
  25. Glover, B. 2007. Understanding Flowers and Flowering: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  26. Gomez, J.M. 1993. Phenotypic selection on flowering synchrony in a high mountain plant, Hormathophylla spinosa (Cruciferae). Journal of Ecology 81: 605-613. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261659
  27. Han, J.W., G.H. Lee, S.G. Yang and S.H. Kang. 2010. Distribution of Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi (Ranunculaceae) in Mt. Halla, Jeju island. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 23: 179-186.
  28. Hirao, A.S. and G. Kudo. 2004. Landscape genetics of alpinesnowbed plants: comparisons along geographic and snowmelt gradients. Heredity 93: 290-298. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800503
  29. Hulber, K., M. Winkler and G. Grabherr. 2010. Intraseasonal climate and habitat-specific variability controls the flowering phenology of high alpine plant species. Functional Ecology 24: 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01645.x
  30. IBM Corp. 2010. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. Amonk, New York.
  31. Isard, S.A. 1986. Factors influencing soil moisture and plant community distribution on Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 18: 83-96. https://doi.org/10.2307/1551216
  32. Jeong, J.H., E.H. Kim, W. Guo, K.O. Yoo, D.G. Jo and Z.S. Kim. 2010. Genetic diversity and structure of the endangered species Megaleranthis saniculifolia in Korea as revealed by allozyme and ISSR markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution 289: 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0333-y
  33. Jeong, J.H. and Z.S. Kim. 2012. Marked differences in genetic diversity and differentiation between the centre and edge of the geographical range of Megaleranthis saniculifolia (Ranunculaceae), a Korean endemic species. Australian Journal of Botany 60: 582-591. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT12033
  34. Kang, H. and K.S. Bawa. 2003. Effects of successional status, habit, sexual systems, and pollinators on flowering patterns in tropical rain forest trees. American Journal of Botany 90: 865-876. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.90.6.865
  35. Klinkhamer, P.G.L. and T.J. de Jong. 1990. Effects of plant size, plant density and sex differential nectar reward on pollinator visitation in the protandrous Echium vulgare. Oikos 57: 399-405. https://doi.org/10.2307/3565970
  36. Korner, C. 2003. Alpine Plant Life - Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems. Springer, Berlin.
  37. Korner, C. and J. Paulsen. 2009. Exploring and explaining mountain biodiversity: the role and power of geophysical information systems. p. 1-10. In: Data Mining for Global Trends in Mountain Biodiversity (Spehn, E.M. and C. Korner, eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton.
  38. Ladinig, U. and J. Wagner. 2005. Sexual reproduction of the high mountain plant Saxifraga moschata Wulfen at varying lengths of the growing season. Flora 200: 502-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2005.06.002
  39. Lloyd, D.G. and D.J. Schoen. 1992. Self-and cross-fertilization in plants. I. Functional dimensions. International Journal of Plant Sciences 153: 358-369. https://doi.org/10.1086/297040
  40. Maloof, J.E. 2000. Reproductive biology of a North American subalpine plant: Corydalis caseana A. Gray ssp. brandegei (S. Watson) G.B. Ownbey. Plant Species Biology 15: 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-1984.2000.00047.x
  41. Motten, A.F. 1986. Pollination ecology of the spring wildflower community of a temperate deciduous forest. Ecological Monographs 56: 21-42. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937269
  42. Muller, N., J.J. Schneller and R. Holderegger. 2000. Variation in breeding system among populations of the common woodland herb Anemone nemorosa (Ranunculaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 221: 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01086381
  43. OʼNeill, S.D. 1997. Pollination regulation of flower development. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 48: 547-574. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.547
  44. Pederson, G.T., S.T. Gray, C.A. Woodhouse, J.L. Betancourt and D.B. Fagre. 2011. The unusual nature of recent snowpack declines in the North American Cordillera. Science 333: 332-335. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201570
  45. Peng, D.L., X.K. Ou, B. Xu, Z.Q. Zhang, Y. Niu, Z.M. Li and H. Sun. 2014. Plant sexual systems correlated with morphological traits: reflecting reproductive strategies of alpine plants. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 52: 368-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12046
  46. Pickering, C.M. 1997. Breeding systems of Australian Ranunculus in the alpine region. Nordic Journal of Botany 17: 613-620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1997.tb00357.x
  47. Primack, R.B. 1985. Longevity of individual flowers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16: 15-37. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.000311
  48. Rather, A.A., I.A. Nawchoo, K.A. Ganaie, P.A. Shabir and A. Banday. 2016. Phenological attributes of Ajuga bracteosa: an unusual case from Kashmir Himalaya. Tropical Ecology 57: 369-373.
  49. Sargent, R.D. and S.P. Otto. 2004. A phylogenetic analysis of pollination mode and the evolution of dichogamy in angiosperms. Evolutionary Ecology Research 6: 1183-1199.
  50. Son, D.C., K.J. Cho and S.C. Ko. 2011. Comparison of the morphology and distribution of the genus Megaleranthis Ohwi with those of its relative genera (Ranunculaceae). Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 41: 315-323. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2011.41.4.315
  51. Son, H.D. 2010. A study on the species biology of pollination and myrmecochory. D. Sc. Thesis, Chonnnam National University. Korea. 75p.
  52. Wardle, P. 1989. Australasian mountains - World apart? p. 21-34. In: The Scientific Significance of the Australian Alps: The Proceedings of the First Fenner Conference on the Environment (Goods, R., ed.). CPN Publications, Canberra.
  53. Waser, N.M. 1978. Competition for hummingbird pollination and sequential flowering in two Colorado wildflowers. Ecology 59: 934-944. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938545
  54. Willmer, P. 2011. Pollination and Floral Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  55. Wirth, L.R., R. Graf, F. Gugerli, U. Landergott and R. Holderegger. 2010. Lower selfing rate at higher altitudes in the alpine plant Eritrichium nanum (Boraginaceae). American Journal of Botany 97: 899-901. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900297
  56. Yasaka, M., Y. Nishiwaki and Y. Konno. 1998. Plasticity of flower longevity in Corydalis ambigua. Ecological Research 13: 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.1998.00259.x
  57. Yoo, K.O., W.T. Lee and Y.J. Oh. 1999. External morphology and vegetation of Megaleranthis saniculifolia populations in four different habitats. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 12: 312-323.
  58. Young, H.J. and T.P. Young. 1992. Alternative outcomes of natural and experimental high pollen loads. Ecology 73: 639-647. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940770
  59. Zhang, Z.Q. and Q.J. Li. 2008. Autonomous selfing provides reproductive assurance in an alpine ginger Roscoea schneideriana (Zingiberaceae). Annals of Botany 102: 531-538. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcn136
  60. Zhao, Z.G. and G.Z. Du. 2003. Mating system characters and the strategies of resource allocation in Ranunculaceae. Journal of Lanzhou University 39: 70-74.