• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.244-247
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• 2019

A new isoprenylated stilbene, flavestinK (1) together with two known isoprenylated stilbenes, flavestin B (2), flavestin G (3), and two isoprenilated flavanones, 4-O-methyl-8-isoprenylnaringenin (4) and 8-isoprenyl-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (5) were isolated from the leaves of Macaranga recurvata Gage. All of the structures have been determined based on HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral data. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against three human cancer cells (HeLa, T47D and WiDr). Compound 1 showed higher activity than doxorubicin against HeLa cells with $IC_{50}$ value of $13.1{\mu}g/mL$.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2023

Objectives: Murraya paniculata (family-Rutaceae), popularly known as orange jasmine, is the most important evergreen plant. The Rutaceae family is economically significant due to its diverse edible fruits and essential oils. Methods: Murraya paniculata extracts (MPE) of leaf have been shown to include phenolic compounds, highly oxygenated flavonoids, flavanones, sesquiterpenoids, polymethoxy glycosides, and coumarins. Cyclocitral, methyl salicylate, trans-nerolidol, cubenol, isogermacrene, -cadinol, and cubeb-11-ene are all abundant in MPE. The usages of various parts of this plant, such as bark, leaves and flower, as a remedy for a variety of ailments as widely recorded in the traditional literature. The plant has anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antibacterial, anti-implantation, anti-oxidative, cytotoxic, anti-diarrheal, antidepressant and anti-anxiety properties and many others. Results: The goal of the review is to reignite interest in this potential plant, encouraging researchers to continue their research in order to uncover novel therapeutic compounds for the treatment and management of a range of infections. The current review provided a comprehensive overview of this traditional unique plant. Conclusion: The review paves a way for exploring its active chemical elements with substantial pharmacological values further for potential benefits of mankind.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.78-84
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• 2000

Two flavanones and one flavone were isolated from the diethylether soluble fraction of ethanol extract of Larix leptolepis heartwood. These compounds were identified 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavanone(taxifolin), 3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone(aromadendrin) and 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone(quercetin) by instrumental analyses using UV, IR, MS and NMR spectrometries. Antioxidative activies of these compounds were investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. Quercetin and taxifolin indicated high free radical scavenging activities compared to ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and BHT(butylated hydroxytoluene).

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to assess the antitoxic compounds, flavanones(Leachianone A=LA and Sophoraflavanone G=SFG), from Sophora flavescens(S. flavescens). We investigated the possibility of antitoxicity of LA and SFG against NIH 3T3 fibroblasts cell lines using calorimetric MTT[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl -2H-tetra-azolium bromide] assay. The results were as follows : After cadmium was treated against NIH 3T3 cell lines, we determined IC$\_$50/. Accordingly we have examined the detoxification effects of S. flavescens, LA and SFG under cadmium IC$\_$50/=12.5$\mu$M and was carried out to observe morphological changes by the light microscopic study In NIH 3T3 cells, Sophora flavescens, LA, SFG and LA + SFG showed inhibitory effects on the cytotoxicity of cadmium and these detoxication effects increased in proportion to the concentration of these drugs. These results suggest that LA and SFG from S. flavescens retain a potential antitoxic activity.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 2022

We examined the lung anti-fibrotic properties of flavanones and flavones, which are flavonoid compounds, in bleomycin- and TGF-β1-stimulated A549 cells. Taken together, treatment with Bleomycin and TGF-β1 increased intracellular ROS by increasing the expression of various NOX families in A549 cells; further, the increased ROS levels resulted in increased fibrosis markers and induced pulmonary fibrosis. Flavonoid treatment has been demonstrated to alleviate or inhibit pulmonary fibrosis by modulating Smad-dependent and -non-dependent TGF-β mechanisms by modulating intracellular NOX expression.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.331-337
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• 2015

Citrus and its peels, which are by-products from juice and/or jam processing, have long been used in Asian folk medicine. Citrus peels show an abundant variety of flavanones, and these flavanones have glycone and aglycone forms. Aglycones are more potent than glycones with a variety of physiological functions since aglycone absorption is more efficient than glycones. Bioconversion with cytolase converted narirutin and naringin into naringenin and hesperidin into hesperetin. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of bioconversion of Citrus unshiu (CU) peel extracts with cytolase (CU-C) in RAW264.7 cells. HPLC chromatograms showed that CU and CU-C had 23.42% and 29.39% total flavonoids, respectively. There was substantial bioconversion of narirutin to naringenin and of hesperidin to hesperetin. All citrus peel extracts showed DPPH scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner, and CU-C was more potent than intact CU. RAW264.7 cells were pre-treated with $0{\sim}500{\mu}g/mL$ of citrus peel extracts for 4 h and then stimulated by $1{\mu}g/mL$ of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 8 h. All citrus peel extracts showed decreased mRNA levels and protein expression of LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Especially, CU-C markedly inhibited mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 compared to intact citrus peel extracts. All citrus peel extracts showed decreased NO production by iNOS activity. This result suggests that bioconversion of citrus peel extracts with cytolase may provide potent functional food materials for prevention of chronic diseases attributable to oxidation and inflammation by boosting the anti-inflammatory effects of citrus peels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.507-518
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the association of food security with the total and individual flavonoid intakes among Korean adults. Methods: Study subjects were 13,454 men and 19,563 women aged 19 years and older who participated in the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were classified into food-secure and food-insecure groups using the answers to a self-reported question on food sufficiency of subjects' household. The total and individual flavonoid intakes were calculated by linking 24-h dietary recall data of subjects with a flavonoid database. Mean differences in dietary outcomes by food security status, and major food sources of total flavonoids were examined. Results: In this cross-sectional study, 5.8% of male adults and 6.6% of female adults were in food insecure households. Mean daily intakes of total flavonoids, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, isoflavones, and proanthocyanidins were significantly lower in food-insecure groups than food-secure groups among both male and female adults. The differences were maintained in total flavonoids, flavones, flavanones, and flavan-3-ols after adjusting for total energy intake. Mean intakes of fruits and vegetables were significantly lower in food-insecure groups and the total flavonoid intake from fruits and vegetables was also significantly lower in food-insecure groups. The major food sources of total flavonoids were apples (20.7%), mandarines (12.0%), and tofu (11.5%) in the food-secure group, and apples (14.9%), tofu (13.3%), and mandarines (12.6%) in the food-insecure group. Conclusion: This study showed that food insecurity was associated with lower intakes of flavonoids and reduced intakes of fruits and vegetables in a representative Korean population.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Citrus and its peels have been used in Asian folk medicine due to abundant flavonoids and usage of citrus peels, which are byproducts from juice and/or jam processing, may be a good strategy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of bioconversion of Jeju Hallabong tangor (Citrus kiyomi ${\times}$ ponkan; CKP) peels with cytolase (CKP-C) in RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: Glycosides of CKP were converted into aglycosides with cytolase treatment. RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with 0, 100, or $200{\mu}g/ml$ of citrus peel extracts for 4 h, followed by stimulation with $1{\mu}g/ml$ lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 8 h. Cell viability, DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide (NO), and prostagladin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production were examined. Real time-PCR and western immunoblotting assay were performed for detection of mRNA and/or protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, respectively. RESULTS: HPLC analysis showed that treatment of CKP with cytolase resulted in decreased flavanone rutinoside forms (narirutin and hesperidin) and increased flavanone aglycoside forms (naringenin and hesperetin). DPPH scavenging activities were observed in a dose-dependent manner for all of the citrus peel extracts and CKP-C was more potent than intact CKP. All of the citrus peel extracts decreased NO production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and $PGE_2$ production by COX-2. Higher dose of CKP and all CKP-C groups significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of LPS-stimulated iNOS. Only $200{\mu}g/ml$ of CKP-C markedly decreased mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Both 100 and $200{\mu}g/ml$ of CKP-C notably inhibited mRNA levels of $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) and IL-6, whereas $200{\mu}g/ml$ CKP-C significantly inhibited mRNA levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$. CONCLUSIONS: This result suggests that bioconversion of citrus peels with cytolase may enrich aglycoside flavanones of citrus peels and provide more potent functional food materials for prevention of chronic diseases attributable to oxidation and inflammation by increasing radical scavenging activity and suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.370-375
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• 2009

Overproduction of peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) causes a variety of disease such as atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus or obesity. Peroxynitrite scavenging activities and HPLC analysis on the five Oriental medicinal drugs belonging to the genus Citrus, Aurantium or Poncirus (Rutaceae family) and HPLC analysis were taken to evaluate flavanone glycosides with peroxynitrite scavenging activity. The $IC_{50}s$ of the five crude drugs were shown as follows: Aurantii nobilis Pericarpium (Jinpi, 18.3 ${\mu}g$/ml), Citrii unshiu Pericarpium (Chungpi, 7.50${\mu}g$/ml), Citrii unshiu Semen (Gyulhaek, >50.0${\mu}g$/ml), Aurantii Fructus (Jigak, 18.3${\mu}g$/ml), and Poncirii Fructus (Jisil, >50.0${\mu}g$/ml) where Korean crude drug's names are noted in the parenthesis. Peroxynitrite scavenging effect of flavanones or their glycosides usually contained in Citrus species were observed as follows: hesperetin (1.89 ${\mu}g$/ml), naringenin (7.77 ${\mu}g$/ml), hesperidin (8.44 ${\mu}g$/ml), poncirin (>50.0 ${\mu}g$/ml)and ponciretin(>50.0 ${\mu}g$/ml). The activities of naringin and poncirin with ${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}2$)-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl moiety were weak. HPLC analytical data revealed that Jinpi (the peels of mature fruits of Citrus unshiu) and Chungpi (the peels of immature fruits of C. unshiu) had high quantities of hesperidin as the value of 142.1${\pm}$0.21 and 104.51${\pm}$1.10 mg/g dried weight, respectively. Poncirin was clearly detected in only Jisil and naringenin and naringin were not observed on the HPLC chromatogram of the five crude drugs.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 2001

Antimicrobial and antioxidative activities on heartwood extractives of domestic species were investigated to develop a natural fungicide or preservative. Six flavanones including pinostrobin, eriodictyol, naringenin, pinocembrin, taxifolin and verecundin were isolated from Prunus sargentii which has been selected due to its high antimicrobial and antioxidative activities among the tested species. According to the results of antifungal test, pinocembrin was evaluated as the highest antifungal compound among the test compounds, which showed 80% of hyphal growth inhibition rate. Antifungal activity of pinocembrin was similar to hinokitiol(${\beta}$-thujaplicin), strong antimicrobial compound isolated from Thujopsis dolabrata. Naringenin followed pinocembrin in its antifungal activity. However, verecundin did not show any antifungal activity. No compound was effective in antibacterial activities. As a result of the measurement of free radical scavenging activity, antioxidative activities of taxifolin and eriodictyol were 2 times that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, and antioxidative index of these compounds were even superior to that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. In this regard, it could inferred that high antifungal and antioxidative activities of extractives of P. sargentii were derived from pinocembrin, taxifolin and eriodictyol, respectively.