• 천문학회보
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.57.1-57.1
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• 2011

It has been suggested that merging plays an important role in the formation and the evolution of early-type galaxies (ETGs). Optical-NIR color gradients of ETGs in high density environments are found to be less steep than those of ETGs in low density environments, hinting frequent merger activities in ETGs in high density environments. In order to examine if the flat color gradients are the result of dry mergers, we studied the relations between merging features, color gradient, and environments of 281 low redshift ETGs selected from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe82. The sample contains 222 relaxed ETGs, 38 ETGs with tidal features, 10 galaxies with dust features and 11 galaxies with tidal and dust features, and Near Infrared (NIR) images are taken from UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) Large Area Survey (LAS). We find that r-K color gradients of field sample galaxies are steeper than those of sample ETGs within cluster environments. For the field sample galaxies, a relatively large number of galaxies with peculiar features contribute to the steeper color gradients, while the absence of these peculiar early-type galaxies make color gradients of the cluster sample galaxies intact. In high density environment, ETGs are already evolved and relaxed, resulting flat color gradients. However, in low density environments, a majority of ETGs undergone merging recently which makes the color gradients steep.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.169-181
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• 2008

치과용 자석의 개선으로 자성 어태치먼트를 이용한 임플란트 피개의치의 사용이 늘고 있다. 또한 여러 형태의 자성 어태치먼트가 개발되어 임상 상황에 따라 적절히 선택하여 사용할 수 있게 되었다. 이에 시중에 판매되는 세 가지 형태의 임플란트용 자성 어태치먼트를 이용해 자성 어태치먼트의 형태와 임플란트 수에 따른 임플란트 피개의치의 유지력을 비교 분석하였다. 식립된 임플란트가 1개인 경우를 1군, 2개인 경우 2군, 4개인 경우를 3군으로 하였고, 자성 어태치먼트의 형태에 따라 flat type, cushion type, dome type으로 세분하였다. Instron으로 수직방향, 사선방향, 전후방향의 인장력을 가하여 자성 어태치먼트의 형태에 따른 유지력의 차이, 힘의 방향에 따른 유지력의 차이, 자성 어태치먼트의 수에 따른 유지력의 변화를 비교 분석하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 1) 임플란트의 수와 상관없이 수직력은 flat type이 가장 컸으며, 측방력은 dome type이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 2) 임플란트가 1개일 때 flat type의 수직력이 전후방회전력보다 크게 나타났고, 임플란트가 2개일 때는 dome type과 flat type이, 임플란트가 4개일 때는 cushion type과 flat type에서 수직력이 전후방회전력보다 크게 나타났다. 3) 임플란트 수에 따른 유지력 측정결과, 자석의 형태에 상관없이 임플란트 수가 많을수록 유지력은 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 큰 유지력이 필요한 환자에게는 flat type이, 유해한 수평력이 존재하는 환자에게는 dome type의 이용이 유리하고, 임플란트가 1개일 때 flat type, 2개일 때 dome type과 flat type, 임플란트가 4개일 때 cushion type과 flat type이 피개의치의 안정성이 더 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 자성 어태치먼트의 형태에 상관없이 임플란트의 수가 증가할수록 더 큰 유지력을 나타냈다. 따라서 임플란트 피개의치 사용 시 적절한 유지력과 안정성을 얻기 위해서 임플란트의 수와 자성 어태치먼트 형태의 고려가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.110-115
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• 2016

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful tool for analyzing a broad range of materials and provides localized information about the microstructure. However, the analysis results are strongly influenced by the quality of the thin foil specimen. Sample preparation for TEM analysis requires considerable skill, especially when the area of interest is small or the material of interest is difficult to thin because of its high hardness and its mechanical instability when thinned. This article selectively reviews recent advances in TEM sample preparation techniques using a tripod polisher. In particular, it introduces two typical types (fl at type and wedge type) of TEM sample preparation and the benefits and drawbacks of each method; finally, a method of making better samples for TEM analysis is suggested.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.357-366
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to classify the types of men's back and chest through the criteria which represent the characteristic of men's back and chest. We have the following conclusions based on our sample size of 291 men's back and chest. The result of factor analysis concerned with men's back indicates that six factors are extracted and they are consist of 80.6% of total variance. We divide the shape of back into three categories: bent, protrusion of the scapula, and breadth. Each category is divided into subcategories. According to the frequency based on our data entries of 291 men's back, we introduce five new types of men's back. 83.8% of examined men's back belong to one of these five types: (i) 15.5% of protrudent and lordotic type; (ii) 6.5% of flat and lordotic type; (iii) 22.7% of protrudent and normal type; (iv) 34.4% of flat and normal type; (v) 4.8% of flat and bent type. The result of factor analysis related to with men's chest shows that six factors are extracted and they are consist of 76.0% of total variance. We divide the shape of chest into three categories: thickness, breadth, and protrusion of the breast. Each category is divided into subcategories. According to the frequency based on our data entries of 291 men's chest, we introduce four new types of men's chest. 65.0% of examined men's chest belong to one of these four types: (i) 7.2% of full and well-developed type; (ii) 24.1% of full and developed type; (iii) 25.8% of flat and developed type; (iv) 7.9% of flat and under-developed type. In order to consider the shape of the upper body as a whole, the back and the chest types should be corresponded.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 1999

Warts, or verrucae, are benign epithelial proliferations of the skin and mucosa caused by infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV). It is now recognized that there are many different HPV types. Especially type3 is most frequently observed in flat wart. Other types, such as type2, 10, 14, 27, 28, 29, 38, and 41 are rarely encounted in flat wart. We describe here a simple and economic method for detection and identification of epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated HPV. The method is based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and restriction analysis. The method has been developed with cloned HPV DNA and DNA from clinical samples. Clinical samples are from either frozen tissue or paraffin-embedded tissue. Genomic fragments were obtained from two different HPV types (3 and 10). The amplification fragments were identified by a form of miniature fingerprinting, with a set of restriction enzymes that gave a unique digestion pattern for each HPV type. We have tested 74 clinical samples. Only type3 among these clinical samples is detected, and one sample is involved in neither type3 nor type10.

• 천문학회보
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.41.1-41.1
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• 2010

It has been suggested that merging plays an important role in the formation and the evolution of early-type galaxies. Optical-NIR color gradients of early-type galaxies in high density environments are found to be less steep than those in low density environment, hinting frequent merger activities in early-type galaxies in high density environment. In order to confirm if the flat color gradient is the result of dry merger, we decided to look deeply to find merging features and get their relation with color gradient. We selected samples which show extreme values of optical-NIR color gradients based on the data of previous study, and observed them at Maidanak observatory 1.5m telescope with long exposure. After masking out overlaid sources, our analysis reveals that these galaxies do not have extreme color gradient values. High degree sky flat technique was used during observation to aid discovery of faint, extended features. However, flatness of detector (SNUCAM) was good enough, so we could not see any marked improvement in image quality compared to those using normal sky flats. Additionally we noticed a feature that looks like merging tidal tail in the CFHT archival image, but this does not show up on the image we obtained. This demonstrates that flatness and correct sky estimation is very important when we look for faint merging features. In future we plan to enlarge the number of the sample.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2023

This study aimed to present data for the development of a shoe which is suitable for plus-size men (BMI 25kg/m² or higher) and to analyze the characteristics of each type of foot. The results of the study are as follows. To assess foot shape in relation to weight gain, participants were categorized into normal weight, overweight, and obese weight groups, according to their BMI indexes. Those in the normal weight group exhibited a smaller value than the overweight or obese weight group in all items. As a result of the cluster analysis, by type of foot, of the obese men category, men were classified into four BMI index groups: members of the type 1 group had a BMI index of 157 (18.4% of total sample), while for type 2 the figure was 213 (25.0% of sample), for type 3 it was 259 (30.4%), and for type 4 it stood at 224 (26.3% of total sample). Those from the type 1 group had thin ankles with narrow toes and flattened sides. Type 2 group members had thick ankles with well-developed outer feet and thick sides. Those within the type 3 group had medium-thick ankles with narrow feet but wide inner feet. Finally, those in the type 4 group had feet with a slanted side, as well as thick ankles, wide feet, and flat sides. Among these categories, the type 3 group members indicated the highest distribution.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2017

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to compare the retention of mini implant overdenture by the number, the type of magnetic attachment, and the directions of applied dislodging force. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The experimental groups were designed by the number and type of magnetic attachment. Twenty samples were tested with Magden implants. Each attachment was composed of the magnet assembly in overdenture sample and the abutment keeper in a mandibular model. Dislodging forces were applied to the overdenture samples (50.0 mm/min) in 3 directions. The loading was repeated 10 times in each direction. The values of dislodging force were analyzed statistically using SPSS at 95% level of confidence. RESULTS. The retentive force of group 2 was greater than that of group 1 in both types of attachment in every direction (P < .05). Oblique retentive force of flat type magnetic attachment was higher than that of cushion type attachment in both groups (P < .05). In group 1, oblique retentive force showed the highest and anterior-posterior retentive force showed the lowest value in both attachment types (P < .05). In group 2, both types of attachment showed the lowest retentive force with anterior-posterior direction of dislodging force (P <.05). CONCLUSION. Proper retentive properties for implant overdenture were obtained, regardless of the number and type of magnetic attachment. In both types of magnetic attachment, the greater retentive force was attained with more implants. Oblique retentive force of flat type magnetic attachment was greater than that of cushion type. Among all subgroups, anterior-posterior retentive force was the lowest among three different directions of dislodging force.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.171-176
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• 2006

A strictly aerobic, non-motile, ovoid-shaped Alphaproteobacteria, designated strain $JC2049^T$ was isolated from a tidal flat sediment sample. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that this isolate belonged to the genus Thalassobius, with a sequence similarity of 96.9-97.3% to other valid Thalassobius spp. The cells required 1-7% NaCl for growth (optimum 2%) and accumulated $poly-\beta-hydroxybutyrate$. Nitrite was reduced to nitrogen, but nitrate was not reduced to nitrite. No genetic potential for aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis was detected. The primary isoprenoid quinone (Ubiquinone-10), predominant cellular fatty acids $(C_{18:1}{\omega}7c,\;11\;methyl\;C_{18:1}\omega7c\;and\;C_{16:0})$ and DNA G+C content (61 mol %) were all consistent with the assignment of this isolate to the genus Thalassobius. Several phenotypic characteristics clearly distinguished our isolate from other Thalassobius species. The degree of genomic relatedness between strain $JC2049^T$ and other Thalassobius species was in a range of 20-43 %. The polyphasic data presented in this study indicates that our isolate should be classified as a novel species within the genus Thalassobius. The name Thalassobius aestuarii sp. novo is therefore proposed for this isolate; the type strain is $JC2049^T(=IMSNU\;14011^T=KCTC\;12049^T=DSM\;15283^T)$.

• 분석과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.169-176
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• 1992

금속시료의 미량원소를 분석하기 위하여 jet형과 글로우방전 이온원을 제작하여 질량 분석기와 연결시킨 후 상대이온세기와 검출한계를 측정하였다. Jet형 이온원으로 구리시료의 시료 손실속도를 측정하였을 때 가스흐름속도가 0.01L/min이었을 때 0.23 mg/min이고 가스흐름이 없을 때는 0.11 mg/min이었다. 그러나 구리의 이온세기를 측정하였을 때는 두 이온원에서 큰 차이가 없었다. 여섯 개의 동합금시료의 검정곡선으로부터 구한 각 원소의 상대이온세기는 철의 0.57부터 크롬의 3.5 범위였다. Jet형 이온원으로 4mA, 1000V 방전시 순수 구리시료의 각 원소에 대한 검출한계는 0.9 ppm에서 2 ppm 수준으로 나타났다.