• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.60-65
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• 2014

The flash point is the major physical property used to characterize the fire hazard of flammable liquid solutions. In the present study, the main focus is on measuring and estimating the flash points for binary flammable mixture. The flash points for n-propanol+propionic acid were measured by Seta flash closed cup apparatus. The experimental data were correlated with the van Laar and NRTL equations through the optimization method. The results estimated by these correlations were compared with the values calculated by the method based on Raoult's law. The optimization method were found to be better than the method based on the Raoult's law.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 2022

A cryogenic Mixed Refrigerant Joule-Thomson refrigeration cycle was designed to be applied to the semiconductor etching process with non-flammable constituents. 3-stage cascade refrigerator, single mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson refrigerator, and 2-stage cascade type mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson refrigerator are analyzed to figure out the coefficient of performance. Non-flammable mixture of argon(Ar), tetrafluoromethane(R14), trifluoromethane (R23) and octafluoropropane(R218) were utilized to analyze the refrigeration cycle efficiency. The designed refrigeration cycle was adapted to cool down the coolant of HFE7200(Ethoxy-nonafluorobutane, C₄F₉OC₂H₅) with certain constraints. Maximum coefficient of performance of the refrigeration system is obtained as 0.289 for the cooling temperature lower than -100℃. The detailed result of the coefficient of performance according to the mixture composition is discussed in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

The autoignition temperature (AIT) of a substance is the lowest temperature at which the vapor ignites spontaneously from the heat of the environment. The AIT is important index for the safe handling of flammable liquids which constitute the solvent mixtures in the process. This study measured the AITs of n-butanol+p-xylene mixture by using ASTM E659 apparatus. The AITs of n-butanol and p-xylene which constituted binary system were $340^{\circ}C$ and $557^{\circ}C$, respectively. The experimental AITs of n-butanol+p-xylene mixture were a good agreement with the calculated AITs by the proposed equations with a few A.A.D.(average absolute deviation).

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.6-10
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• 2010

The flash point of liquid solution is one of the most important flammability properties that used in hazard and risk assessments. Minimum flash point behaviour (MFPB) is showed when the flash point of a liquid mixture is below the flash points of the individual components. In this paper, the lower flash points for the flammable binary system, n-decane+n-octanol, were measured by Pensky-Martens closed cup tester. This binary mixture exhibited MFPB. The measured flash points were compared with the values calculated by the Raoult's law and the optimization method using van Laar and UNIQUAC equations. The optimization method were found to be better than those based on the Raoult's law, and successfully estimated MFPB. The opimization method based on the van Laar equation described the experimentally-derived data more effectively than was the case when the prediction model was based upon the UNIQUAC.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.19-22
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• 2000

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2003

The lower and upper flash points of the flammable binary system, butylacetate+2-propanol were measured by air blowing tester. The shape of the concentration-temperature region of flash depended on the components of the mixture in solution. The experimental data were compared with the values calculated by the reduced model under an ideal solution assumption and the flash point-prediction models based on Van Laar equation. Good qualitative agreement was obtained with these models. The prediction results of these models can thus be applied to incorporate inherently safer design for chemical process, such as the determination of the safe storage conditions for flammable solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.20 no.2 s.70
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• pp.162-168
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• 2005

The lower flash points for the n-propanol+n-decane flammable mixture were measured by the Tag open-cup apparatus(ASTM D 1310). The experimental results of mixture exhibited the lower flash point than those of pure component in the flash point versus composition curve. The experimental value of the minimum flash point is $27^{\circ}C$ at a mole fraction of n-propanol of 0.71, and the flash point of n-propanol was $28^{\circ}C$. The experimentally obtained data were compared with the values that had been calculated by use of the prediction model, which assumes an ideal solution, and the flash point prediction models based on the van Laar equation were used to estimate the activity coefficients. The predictive curve based on an ideal solution deviated from the experimental data for this system. The experimental results demonstrate a close agreement with the predicted curves, which used the van Laar equation. The average absolute deviation(A.A.D.) from using the van Lau equation is $0.83^{\circ}C$. The methodology proposed here in this paper can thus be applied to incorporate an inherently safer design for chemical processes, such as determining safe storage and handling conditions for flammable solutions.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.701-711
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• 2020

Purpose: In this study, the risk of flammability of a liquid mixture was experimentally confirmed because the purpose of this study was to confirm the increase or decrease of the flammability risk in a mixture of two substances (combustible+combustible) and to present the risk of the mixture. Method: Flash point test method and result processing were tested based on KS M 2010-2008, a tag sealing test method used as a flash point test method for crude oil and petroleum products. The manufacturer of the equipment used in this experiment was Japan's TANAKA. The flash point was measured with a test equipment that satisfies the test standards of KS M 2010 with equipment produced by the company, and LP gas was used as the ignition source and water as the cooling water. In addition, when measuring the flash point, the temperature of the cooling water was tested using cooling water of about 2℃. Results: First of all, in the case of flammable + combustible mixtures, there was little change in flash point if the flash point difference between the two substances was not large, and if the flash point difference between the two substances was low, the flash point tended to increase as the number of substances with high flash point increased. However, in the case of toluene and methanol, the flash point of the mixture was lower than that of the material with a lower flash point. Also, in the case of a paint thinner, it was not easy to predict the flash point of the material because it was composed of a mixture, but as a result of experimental measurement, it was measured between -24℃ and 7℃. Conclusion: The results of this study are to determine the risk of mixtures through experimental studies on flammable mixtures for the purpose of securing the effectiveness of the details of the criteria for determining dangerous goods in the existing dangerous goods safety management method and securing the reliability and reproducibility of the determination of dangerous goods Criteria have been presented, and reference data on experimental criteria for flammable liquids that are regulated in firefighting sites can be provided. In addition, if this study accumulates know-how on differences in test methods, it is expected that it can be used as a basis for research on risk assessment of dangerous goods and as a basis for research on dangerous goods determination.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1999

The flash point is generally used as a hazardous index of fire and explosion of a flammable liquid. A classification of the flash points is important for the safe handling of flammable liquids such as solvent mixtures. The flash points of pure substances and solvent mixtures can be c calculated with the appropriate use of the fundamental laws of Raoult, Dalton, Le Chatelier and a activity coefficient models. In this study, experimentally determined lower and upper flash points w were compared with the calculated values by using Raoult's law and van Laar equation. The flash points of pure substances were in agreement with the calculated values by vapor pressure and e explosive limits. Also, the lower flash points of M.E.K(methylethylketone)-toluene system were i in agreement with the predicted values by Raoult’s law, and the upper flash points were in a agreement with the predicted values by van Laar equation. By means of this methodology, it is possible to evaluate reliability of expermental data of the flash points of the flammable mixtures.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.202-205
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• 2012