• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.33-38
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• 1995

The rates of fixation of CCA-Type B and CCFZ in blocks of radiata pine sapwood were compared at various temperatures and conditioning methods (drying and nondrying conditioning). Also the time required to proper fixation of preservative components in the treated wood was estimated. Fixation was monitored by the rates of depletion of free hexavalent chromium in the cell lumens in the teated blocks. The rate of preservative fixation in wood was highly temperature dependent. The fixation rate was considerably accelerated by means of heating and complete fixation of hexavalent chromium was achieved within about 12 hours by heating at $60^{\circ}C$. The moisture content of treated wood during fixation apparently played an important role in the fixation process. The fixation rate of treated wood conditioned in nondrying conditions was much more faster than that of treated wood conditioned in drying conditions. particularly when the moisture content of treated wood was below fiber saturation point. Time required to full fixation could be predicted successfully using the fixation temperatures applied since the correlation between the fixation temperature and the fixation time was excellent. regardless of conditioning methods.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.992-1000
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• 2006

The main purpose of this research is to develop the methodology of objective evaluation of clothing appearance by eye movement analysis. The visual clothing items used in this study were skirt, one-piece, pants and shirt with the style variation of silhouette and details. By observing eye movement during visual evaluation of clothing, we can achieve the basic fixation data of eye movement. Moreover, we developed the Matlab program to extract the fixation coordinate and number of eye fixation on each part of the clothing item. As results, there were differences in the duration of fixation time for each item and the fixation time was not different by styles within a clothing item. However, we could find differences in the fixation time within a style, in other words, we could select the important parts of the clothing by observing the fixation time in a certain clothing item. It is also noted that time required in visual information processing differs depending on the item, and there was a region which contain more information independent with styles in the same item. By developing the objective method of visual evaluation that correspond to human's visual information processing, the results are expected to be applied in the retrieval program in internet shopping mall or in the development of contents for advertisement of clothing.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.52-59
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• 2001

본 연구는 양생방법과 양생온도에 따른 소나무, 낙엽송, 북양가문비나무 변재부에서 CCA와 CCFZ의 정착특성을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 방부제 유효성분의 정착 정도는 6가크롬의 3가크롬으로 환원율에 의해 결정하였으며, 연구결과를 토대로 수종, 방부제, 양생방법, 양생온도의 조합별 적정 양생기간을 예측하였다. 양생방법에 관계없이 양생온도가 높을수록 방부제 유효성분들의 정착이 크게 가속되었으며, 건조양생에 비하여 비건조양생시 정착이 빨리 진행되었다. 수종간의 양생속도는 양생방법과 방부제의 종류에 관계없이 전반적으로 소나무>낙엽송>북양가문비나무 순으로 빨랐고, 소나무를 대상으로 비교한 방부제간의 정착속도는 CCA 2호>CCA 3호>CCFZ의 순이었다. 양생방법에 관계없이 양생온도와 양생 소요기간간의 상관이 매우 우수하여 처리재 양생장소의 대기온도에 의해 수종과 방부제의 조합별 적정 양생기간을 거의 완벽하게 예측할 수 있었다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2009

Objectives : The titanium fixation system has been used in orthognathic surgery for fixation of bone segments usually, but the biodegradable fixation system was developed and also being used. The strongest point in the biodegradable system is that no extra operation should be needed to remove fixation materials. In spite of this merit, oral & maxillofacial surgeons hesitate to use this system in fracture or orthognathic surgery. In this study, as we got some clinical experiences, we'd like to report the result of clinical study using the biodegradable fixation system in orthognathic surgery. Patients and Methods : A total of 35 patients composed of 17 males and 18 females with 25 osteotomies in maxilla and 34 osteotomies in mandible were fixated with the biodegradable fixation system(Inion $CPS^{(R)}$). We investigated methods of stabilization, fixation time, and complications on the basis of the method as above. Results : Four 2mm thick L shaped plates with 7 holes of which 1 hole was removed were fixed in maxilla with six $2.0{\times}7mm$ screws. Three $2.5{\times}16{\sim}18mm$ screws were used to fix superior ramus area and one mandibular angle area in mandible. It took about 27.4 minutes in maxilla, 25.3 minutes in mandible to perform the fixation which took longer time than the titanium system(9.5 minutes in maxilla, 8 minutes in mandible). Generally, there was no problem except 9 cases in which there were some complications. Conclusions : In most cases, the biodegradable fixation system can be used without problem in usual orthognathic surgery. But, this system is inferior to the titanium fixation one in some respects such as fixation time, size, and physical property. Some supplementations for such weak points as aforementioned should be needed for the universal use of biodegradable materials.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.264-271
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• 2013

Purpose: We aimed to analyze the effect of fixation tightness of the syndesmotic screw and its indwelling period on the recurrence of the syndesmosis widening after screw removal and the clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Forty consecutive patients with acute syndesmotic injury were retrospectively reviewed. The tibiofibular clear space is measured by digitalized measurement tool on serial radiographs. We analyzed the effect of time from trauma to fixation, syndesmotic screw indwelling duration, and fixation methods. Residual symptoms at the last follow up were evaluated. The student t-test, correlation test, and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Eighteen ankles (45%) had recurrent syndesmosis widening (greater than 5% compared to the contralateral side). Seven patients had pain and five had limitation of motion in the ankle joint. Fixation tightness had significant effect on reducing the recurrence while the severity of the initial widening, time to fixation, and duration of fixation did not affect the outcome. Conclusion: Tight fixation of syndesmotic screw is essential for achieving final syndesmotic stability and reducing recurrence.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.330-334
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• 2013

Background Ultrasound-aided fixation is a recently developed alternative method of treatment of zygomatico-maxillary (ZM) fracture, and it can resolve the problems of excessive torsion force and subsequent fractures of screws. We conducted this study to evaluate the clinical usefulness of ultrasound-aided fixation as compared with the conventional fixation method using a drill and an expander in patients with ZM fracture. Methods We conducted a retrospective study in 35 patients with ZM fracture who had been treated at our hospital during a period ranging from March of 2008 to December of 2010. We divided them into two groups: an ultrasound-aided fixation group, comprising 13 patients who underwent ultrasound-aided fixation (SonicWeld Rx, KLS Martin), and a conventional group, comprising 22 patients who underwent conventional fixation (Biosorb FX, Linvatec Biomaterials Ltd.). We compared such variables as sex, direction, age at operation, follow-up period, operation duration, number of fixed holes, and time to discharge between the two groups. Results The ultrasound-aided fixation reduced the operation duration by about 30 minutes as compared with that of conventional fixation. There was no significant difference in follow-up period, number of fixed holes, or time to discharge between the two groups. Furthermore, there were no complications in either group. Conclusions The ultrasound-aided fixation of fractured ZM bone using an absorbable implant system is safe and effective in promptly reducing the bone fracture and providing satisfactory cosmetic outcomes over time.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.2-7
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• 2016

Background: The purpose of this study is to compare the radiological and clinical outcomes after open reduction and plate fixation of midshaft clavicle fractures between patients who achieved successful anatomical reduction and those who had a remaining fracture gap even after open reduction and plate fixation, and were thus treated with additional demineralized bone matrix (DBM). Methods: This retrospective analysis was conducted on 56 consecutive patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation using a locking compression plate for acute displaced midshaft clavicle fractures, and who underwent radiographic and clinical outcome evaluations at least 6 months postoperatively. The outcomes between those who achieved perfect anatomical reduction without remnant gap (n=32) and those who had a remaining fracture gap even after open reduction and plate fixation treated with additional DBM (n=24) were evaluated. Results: There were no differences in the use of lag screws or wiring and operation time (all p>0.05) between those with and without remnant gap. No difference in the average radiological union time and clinical outcomes (satisfaction and Constant score) was observed between the two groups (all p>0.05). However, significantly faster union time was observed for AO type A fracture compared with other types (p=0.012), and traffic accident showed association with worse clinical outcomes compared with other causes of injury. Conclusions: Surgical outcome of midshaft clavicle fracture was more affected by initial fracture type and event, and re-reduction and re-fixation of the fracture to obtain a perfect anatomical reduction spending time appears to be unnecessary if rigid fixation is achieved.

• Agribusiness and Information Management
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

This study has performed a comparative analysis between groups based on Time To First Fixation, Fixation Duration, Fixation Count and Total Visit Duration, which are eye-tracking analysis indicators on what visual attention is shown compared to the e-magazine produced as regular images related to e-magazines in which experiment subjects have applied cinemagraph images as eye tracking research on the e-magazine produced with cinemagraph images and e-magazines produced with regular images. The experiment sample used e-magazines composed of nine pages while AOI (area of interest) has been set up on each page by classifying image and text regions. A combined 30 people took part in the experiment, which was performed by randomly assigning 15 to the experiment group and 15 to the control group. According to the results of the analysis, the experiment group recorded a shorter time than the control group on the e-magazine produced with cinemagraph images through Time To First Fixation. Though no significant difference was found between the experiment and control groups in Fixation Duration, a substantial difference did appear between Fixation Duration and Total Visit Duration.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2007

Biological samples can be fixed either by chemical method by using chemical solution or physical methods by using heat treatment. The problem in traditional heat fixation is unsatisfactory quality due to uneven heat conduction in specimen and loss of inner cell contents. Chemical fixation method also bears several intrinsic problems like the limit in specimen size, time consumption in fixative impregnation, and loss of low molecular weight cell components. These factors deteriorate the quality of fixed specimen, thus limit the magnification and contrast of tissue pictures. Microwave heat has been reported to be a good alternative to current chemical methods to overcome these problem. In this study, we tried to introduce the microwave energy method to routine fixation work in hospital. We replaced chemical fixative with saline to provide moderate reaction condition, and used frozen section to reduce time for sample preparation. Temperature was measured at each experiment. The fixation of rat kidney tissue with 2.45 GHz electromagnetic wave and saline showed similar result to the control group fixed with traditional chemical method. Human tumor tissue fixed with 2.45 GHz electromagnetic in frozen section was improved in terms of histochemistry of PAS and immunohistochemistry of tumor marker like cytokeratin. Total turnaround time was reduced from $24\sim38$ h to to $2\sim4$ h. In conclusion, the quality of samples prepared by microwave heating method was at least as good as that of traditional method. If the condition for the fixation of different specimens is standardized, this new method could be applied to routine work in hospital, and could save working time as well.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.122-131
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• 2014

This study aimed to conduct an eye-tracking experiment carried with facade images as a medium and to do research on 'the interest of the eyes' resulted from people's gazing phenomena. This study secured gazing data which appeared according to visual response and analyzed gazing phenomena to find the basic theory of 'the interest of the eyes' as a methodological role, which consumer interest and attention could be grafted when a plan and a design for space design was made. Data terms used in eye-tracking backgrounds and the movement of the eyes were investigated in literature review. Twenty (20) facade images were selected through a case study to get experimental stimuli for the related experiment. Thirty (30) subjects (men and women) suitable for the experiment were recruited to conduct an eye-tracking experiment. After the experiment, five (5) areas were set up in the facade image to identify the focus level of interest and attention. The level of interest and focus was connected to the interest of the eyes. The analysis to study the interest of the eyes was based on nine (9) items such as sequence, entry time, dwell time, hit ratio, revisits, revisitors, average fixation, first fixation and fixation count. Through gaze analysis, the following conclusion was drawn about the 'interest level of sight' for gaze frequency. The interest level can be interpreted to be higher for faster sequence, shorter entry time, longer all fixation(ms) for dwell time, faster all saccade(%), higher hit ratio, more revisits, more revisitors, longer average fixation, faster and longer first fixation, and more fixation count, and the person can be said to have felt interest faster and/or more.