• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.841-850
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• 2019

The Korean government has designated speed-limit zones and speed limits in 19 ports and 3 routes to ensure safe navigation and transportation. However, the speed limit differs from port to port, no practical means of management exist. This often leads to violation of the speed limit. Additionally, ship collisions due to human error continue to occur. First, the study analyzed marine accidents that occurred at trade ports and fairways. The result of the analysis revealed the occurrence of 1344 accidents (average 269 cases per year) from 2014 to 2018. Five hundred sixty three accidents involved fishing boats, whereas, merchant vessels were involved in 508 cases. Second, the efficacy of the application of voice and message warnings to GPS plotters and electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS) was reviewed, and these were proposed as measures to inform vessel operators of the hazards of speed limit violation. Third, experts' opinions from relevant agencies and navigation system manufacturers were consulted and it was found that the proposed warning function was technically implementable. The findings are expected to help reduce human error among ship operators and establish a Korean e-navigation system.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.250-255
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to analyze the risk of collision accidents to the VTSOs (Vessel Traffic Service Operators) as small ferries and fishing boats are expanded for monitoring targets. The VTSOs was surveyed, the scale of the small vessels defined and the course of general cargo vessels and small vessels along the Busan VTS area investigated for three days. From calculating the risk with CoRI, patterns of increased or decreased risk due to course deviation were similar, and there was no significant difference between the maximum values and the minimum values. In addition, most VTSOs responded that the minimum time required was approximately three minutes to safely instruct in encounter situation, however, the collision risk with a small vessel is very rapidly changing within the three minutes, which is likely to increase the workload and decrease the concentration of the VTSOs. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect on VTSOs with respect to the expansion of small vessels as collision risk, it is expected that it will contribute to the establishment of a suitable scale for the target vessels for VTS through the analysis of each index of the CoRI model and various case studies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.801-809
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the prevention of ship collisions by investigating real ship collision cases and statistically analyzing causes of human error for captains and Officers of the Watch (OOW). This study encompassed a total of 109 cases for 218 vessels, which were suitable for the analysis of ship accidents between merchant ships or merchant ships and fishing boats over the 7 years from 2010 to 2016. Data was collected while classifying vessels according to type, Give-way and Stand-on vessels, along with the cause of human error. Factors causing human error were identified after focusing on the cause of each collision given by the OOW ; frequency and cross tabulation analyses were conducted using SPSS, a statistical analysis tool. As a result, the main causes of human error by an OOW in a ship collision situation were that lookout was neglected in a Give-way vessel including radar surveillance (74.3 %) or continuous observation of an opponent vessel was carried out (17.4 %). A major factor for Stand-on vessels was failure to act to avoid collision with another vessel (63.3 %). In particular, most neglect for lookout type merchant ships occurred after the opponent ship was first observed, and a common cause of lookout neglect and neglect of duty was a focus on other tasks during navigational watch time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

In December 2017, many collision accidents of small vessels, such as those between oil refineries and fishing boats, occurred near Yeonghung-do in Incheon. In order to prevent marine casualties from small vessels, the government is striving to improve the safety capabilities of ship operators by strengthening education and improving the working environment. They are providing education and refining training regulations for fishermen operating vessels under 5 tons. However, the situation includes certain vulnerabilities. In this study, we propose a collision prevention algorithm for small vessels using the Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) communication system, which is a new communication technique to prevent collisions with small ships. The collision avoidance algorithm used is based on DCPA/TCPA. Research analyses, simulation experiments and questionnaires have been conducted to define the criteria of DCPA/TCPA. As a result, the standard for DCPA was $8(L_a+L_b)$ and for TCPA was 2.5 min. Three different accident cases were selected, and this algorithm was applied to confirm alarm responses at certain times. This algorithm can provide information to the operators of small ships in advance to help them recognize potential collision situations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.238-246
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• 2021

Collision of small vessels such as fishing boats cause great personal injury. Prior to this study, the collision prevention algorithm was developed to assess the collision risk and make the collision alarm. However, a service provided for safety, such as a collision warning, not only prevents risks, but also requires a certain degree of user satisfaction to function effectively. In this study, the collision prevention algorithm for small vessels was improved to be more practical, and the effects of the improvement were confirmed by applying the algorithm. A survey conducted on the users of the collision warning service confirmed the user requirements for improving the accuracy of the collision warning system and reducing the volume and number of alarms. Accordingly, the algorithm was improved for user satisfaction, and the actual vessel experiment was performed applying the improved algorithm in an actual maritime environment. As a result, the frequency of alarm occurrence decreased compared to former algorithm, but the alarm was relatively steadily generated in dangerous situations. It was analyzed that the accuracy and practicality of the collision alarm were improved. If the practicality and reliability of the improved algorithm are verified in the further study, it will be able to effectively contribute to the prevention of collisions of small vessels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2021

In the event of a marine pollution accident, Korea, which is bordered by the sea on three sides, would suffer tremendous damage. According to an analysis of marine pollution accidents in Korea, most pollutants were small fishing boats and tugboats. In particular, urgent safety measures are required due to the high incidence of marine pollution accidents caused by stranded tugboats. This study aims to decrease secondary marine pollution accidents by preparing measures to prevent accidents by stranded tugboats, the main source of pollution accidents. To this end an experiment was conducted to mark 63 locations where stranded accidents have occurred on the GPS plotters of 61 tugboats operating in Boryeong sea area. Its effectiveness was then investigated. The result showed that there was no stranded accident by the subject ship during the 20-month experiment period. As a result of survey of the captains, 36 out of 40 respondents (90%) stated that the experiment was significantly helpful in ensuring safe navigation, thus confirming its effectiveness. Various measures were proposed to prevent stranded accidents, including providing information to manufacturers and users by marking the location of grounded accidents on GPS plotters and posting the location information of unknown reefs on the official website of institution Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2021

In the last 5 years, a total of 567 accidents of operating vessels occurred under the influence of alcohol at sea, most of which occurred in fishing boats. Accidents caused by operating vessels under the influence of alcohol at sea are causing human and physical damages. There were 69 accidents caused by operating vessels under the influence of alcohol, leading to five deaths and one missing. The social damage due to operating vessels under the influence of alcohol is also increasing. Under the current law, punishment is given lightly compared to the seriousness of violation. In order to prevent the recurrence of accidents caused by operating vessels under the influence of alcohol, cases in Korea need to be analyzed. Regulations on the crackdown in foreign countries were compared to those in Korea and reviewed. In addition, risks of operating vessels under the influence of alcohol should be provided to ship workers while improving related laws and systems. In addition, efforts should be made to reduce the number of accidents due to operating vessels under the influence of alcohol by strengthening crackdowns on ships at sea so that accidents caused by operating vessels under the influence of alcohol could be prevented in advance in the future.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2022

On the Jeju coast, international cruise ships, passenger ships, and other ships pass frequently, as well as many fishing boats. Thus, there is a high risk of marine accidents and frequent ship collisions. Accordingly, it is urgent to establish a coastal VTS for systematic safety management of ships passing through the coastal waters of Jeju. The purpose of this study was to set the area of the VTS to be newly established. In this study, to calculate the workload of the VTS operators, a formula was proposed that reflects the monitoring workload considering the monitoring frequency and required time for target as well as non-target ships and the workload for ship collision situations. The proposed formula was applied to the newly established VTS area in Jeju. Three control sectors were set up in each VTS center. The average number of workstations per hour was approximately 1, so the division between sectors was appropriate. Thus, it was deduced that there would be no workload for the VTS operators. It is expected that the method proposed in this study can be used as primary data for calculating the appropriate number of workstations for the current VTS, and setting the VTS area for a new coastal VTS in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.812-818
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• 2023

During the years 2016 to 2020, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries embarked on a strategic initiative to develop a comprehensive Korean e-navigation system, which encompassed the establishment of an 'Long Term Evolution for Maritime (LTE-M).' The primary objectives were to proactively align with international navigation standards and enhance maritime safety for small vessels, particularly fishing boats. However, limitations were identified in the utilization of this network, primarily its constrained application for specific purposes. In response to these limitations, this study delves into user-centric investigations through surveys and interviews, with the goal of expanding the horizon of network utilization. User requirements emerged as the result of study, emphasizing the need for broader network applications, a wider range of target users, diverse network utilization methods, and regulatory streamlining. The user-driven insights gleaned from this study hold the potential to inform and shape future legislative measures, fostering more versatile and inclusive LTE-M network utilization for enhanced maritime safety.

• Maritime Security
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.113-136
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• 2022

China has been pushing for a systematic strategy for territorialization over a long period of time to invade Korea's West Sea (Yellow Sea) in order to create China's territorial water. China's strategy for territorializing the West Sea is an activity in which China curbs the use of South Korea and enforces the illegal use of China in order to dominate the West Sea exclusively. China aided Chinese fishing boats that engaged in illegal fishing in Korea's jurisdiction as a means to territorialize the West Sea, and is opposed to combined exercise and training of Korea and the United States Naval Forces in the West Sea, while intentionally entering KADIZ(Korea Air Defense Identification Zone). In addition, Beijing used 'scientific exploration and research' measures as a pretext for its strategies in order to encroach on Korea's West Sea. China is carrying out such work to announce to the world that China is a systematic and organized country while consistently attempting to dominate the West Sea. China's activities in the West Sea seriously infringe South Korea's sovereignty. In order to respond to China's strategies of territorialization in the West Sea stated above, I analyzed the rejection effect of the ROK-US combined military training in the West Sea and presented a 'proportional response strategy centered on the ROK-US combined forces'. Korea should be able to respond proportionally to China's activities in the seas around the Korean peninsula, and Korea should be able to neutralize China's attempt to a Fait Accompli. In addition, just as China installs buoys in the Korea-China Provisional Measures Zone, Korea should be able to install and actively utilize some devices in the West Sea and for the use of free and open West Sea. Korea should not just wait for the tragic future to come without preparing for China's gradual and long-term strategy, and Seoul needs to respond to China's maritime policy in the West Sea with a more active attitude than it is now. China has historically taken a bold and aggressive response to neighboring countries that are consistent with a passive attitude, on the other hand, Beijing has taken a cautious approach to neighboring countries that respond with an active attitude. It should not be forgotten that Korea's passive response to the Chinese strategy in the name of a 'realistic approach' such as Korea's economic dependence on China for economy will result in China's success for territorialization of the West Sea.