• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.181-186
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• 1992

EPA 및 DHA 함량이 높으면서 폐기되고 있는 말쥐치 내장유의 효율적인 이용을 위하여 정제한 말쥐치내장유를 정어리 및 명태고기풀에 각각 첨가하여 어묵의 품질개선을 시도하였고 아울러 저장중 품질안정성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 고도불포화지방산을 다량함유하고 있는 말쥐치내장유의 첨가로 인해 어묵의 지질은 고기풀의 지질에 비하여 5~6% 증가하여 지질산패가 우려되나, 대두단백, 물 및 말쥐치내장유로 유화커어드 (emulsion curd)를 만들어 고기풀에 첨가함으로 인해 산소와의 접촉 기회를 줄이면서 항산화제인 sodium erythorbate를 첨가하고 저온으로 저장하기 때문에 대두유로 만든 어묵과 비교하여 지질산패도는 높지 않았다. 뿐만 아니라 말쥐치 내장유를 첨가한 어묵의 조직감은 첨가하지 않은 어묵에 비하여 개선되었고 또한 저장중에도 안정하였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 고도불포화지방산이 다량 함유되어 영양학 및 생리학적 기능이 우수하면서 튀김유 등으로 소비가 곤란한 정제 말쥐치내장유를 저온저장 식품인 어묵, 어육소시지 등에 일정량 첨가하여 제조한 후 일상식으로 섭취한다면 폐기되는 말쥐 내장의 효율적인 이용과 동시에 국민보건 향상에도 기여하리라 판단된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.144-154
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• 2003

A survey on meal preferences from 693 middle school students was conducted with the objective to enhance the quality of the school food service in Gwangju and the Chollanamdo area. Data were collected by questionnaires and analysed with the SAS program. The most preferred rice was cooked rice; the most unusual meal preference was laver rice; and the most-liked bread was sweet red bean jam bun. The noodle of choice was Tchajangmyon, and the most-liked rice cake was reasoned bar rice cake. The highest ranted korean soups were boiled fish paste soup, kimchi stew, and short rib sour. The most preferred fried meal included fried beef with sweet and sour sauce, and favorite side-dishes were seasoning vinegar squid and kimchi. Yogurt and strawberry were the preferred desserts. A gender difference in preferred foods was seen. The males tended to favor rice with blackish bean sauce, dumpling soup, beef bean curd soup, beef soup, short rib soup, beef bone and tripe soup, hot shredded beef soup, chopped roast chicken, pork roast, roast meat, steamed pork short-ribs, fried port, fried ham, sausage, milk, and yogurt. Males were partial to staple foods and side dishes, The, females favored laver rice, seasoned bar rice cake, bean sprouts soup, fried squid ring, seasoned cucumber, seasoned bean sprouts, fried kimchi, fruits salad, corn salad and citrus fruits. Females tended to choose lighter meals. Meal preference according to residential area showed that, students in Gwangju had more preferences than students in the Chollanamdo area. Classified according to grades, third graders had the greatest meal preference.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.338-352
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• 1999

This research was carried to investigate the food preference of students, from elementary school, middle school, high school, university and industrial workers on Jinju, Sacheon and Jinyang by age and sex. The results were obtained as follows. In case of rice as the stationary food, plain white boiled rice showed the highest preference among all the groups. Most of groups liked most of one-dish meals such as kimbab, fried rice with kimchi, dumplings and bibimbab, especially the elementary school students and middle school students. On the other hand, high percentage of industrial workers disliked the western food such as pizza, hamburger and sphagetti. Most of subjects liked jajangmun, nangmun and bibimgooksu as noodles. As the side dishes generally they prefer the soup to stew. Male prefer the soup with beef and female prefer soup with vegetables. Stew with kimchi and stew with soybean paste showed high preference among most of groups. Most of broil food showed high preference, and students prefer meat to fish as broil cooking materials especially younger students. As a general they liked soybean sprout, spinach and wild sesame leaf as namul cooking method and they liked korean cabbage kimchi, chonggak kimchi, kackdoogi and dongchimi as kimchi. As a dessert subjects liked most of fruits and they liked yoghurt, fruit juice, milk, sikhae and soda as drinks generally. On the other hand snacks such as cooky, candy, cake, corn, rice cake, sweet potato have the lowest percentage preferance as a dessert, but students from elementary schools showed the highest preferance to sweet such as cooky, cake and candy than any other group. These food preferance results showed some nutritional problems especially young age students. They should eat more green-yellow vegetables, liver food and dried small sardine and they should reduce snacks such as candy and cooky and soda drinks. Therefore it is necessary to conduct nutrition education by parents, teachers and dietician together to improve their food habits and their health.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 1986

붕장어와 방어를 시료어로 하여 이것을 빙장, partial freezing 및 동결 저장을 하여 두고 저장 중의 시료어의 pH, VBN 및 K 치의 변화, 지질의 POV와 TBA 치의 변화 및 육단백질의 조성변화를 분석하여 partial freezing에 의한 선도유지효과를 검토하고, 붕장어에 대하여는 저장기간 별로 어묵을 제조하여 겔강도, 절곡강도, 압출수분율 및 texture 등을 측정하여 저장기간에 따른 시료어육의 어묵형성능의 유지효과도 검토하였다. 1. 저장 중의 시료어의 pH가 최저치에 달하는 기간은 동결 저장, partial freezing 및 빙장의 순으로 길었다. VBN의 변화는 붕장어를 빙장한 경우, 저장 9 일째 이후 급격한 증가를 나타내었으나, partial freezing과 동결 저장의 경우에는 저장기간에 따른 변화는 거의 없었다. 방어는 partial freezing 및 동결 저장의 경우에도 완만하게 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 2. 저장 중의 K치의 변화에 있어서, 9 일간 partial freezing한 경우, 붕장어는 $13\%$, 방어는 $26\%$를 나타내었으며, 동결 저장의 경우에는 두 시료어 모두가 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 그리고. 저장 중의 K치의 증가속도는 숭어보다 다소 완만한 경향을 나타내었다. 3. TBA치의 변화에 있어서, 붕장어 및 방어를 빙장한 경우에는 저장기간에 따라 점차 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 동결 저장의 경우에는 거의 변화가 없었다. Partial freezing의 경우, 붕장어는 큰 변화가 없었지만, 방어는 초기에 약간 상승하는 경향을 나타내었다. 한편, POV의 변화에 있어서는, 붕장어와 방어의 증가폭이 빙장, partial freezing 및 동결 저장 순으로 켰으며, 방어가 붕장어에 비하여 증가속도가 다소 큰 경향을 나타내었다. 4. 저장 중의 단백질조성의 변화는 붕장어와 방어의 근원섬유단백질이 저장 9 일째에 생시료에 대하여 빙장의 경우는 각각 약$25%$, 약 $16\%$, partial freezing의 경우는 시료어 모두가 약 $10\%$ 감소하였으며, 동결 저장의 경우에는 저장 15 일째에 각각 약 $11\%$ 및 $4\%$ 감소하였다. 알칼리 가용단백질은 저장 9일째에 붕장어와 방어가 빙장의 경우, 각각 약 6.3배, 약 3.3배, partial freezing의 경우 약3.4배, 약 1,7배, 동결 저장의 경우에는 저장 15 일째에 각각 약 3.2배 및 약 1.5배의 증가를 나타내었으며, 전반적으로 붕장어가 방어에 비하여 변화폭이 켰는데 숭어에 비해서는 붕장어가 켰으며, 방어는 적었다. 5. 붕장어를 저장 조건 별로 제조한 어묵의 겔강도, 절곡강도 및 texture의 저장기간에 따른 감소율은. 빙장의 경우가 가장 컸고, partial freezing및 동결 저장의 경우가 다소 완만하게 감소하였다. 10 일간 저장한 시료어로 제조한 어묵의 겔강도는 빙장을 한 것이 대조구의 것의 약 $35\%$, partial freezing을 한 것이 약 $74\%$, 동결 저장한 것은 약 $76\%$를 나타내었다. 어묵의 압출수분율은 10일간 저장한 시료어의 경우, 빙장한 것이 약 1.6배, partial freezing을 한 것이 약 1.2배, 동결 저장을 한 것이, 약1.1배의 증가를 나타내었는데, 저장기간에 따른 물성의 변화는 숭어에 비하여 붕장어가 적었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.361-367
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• 1984

In previous paper(Lee et al., 1984), preparation formula and processing conditions of the fish meat (mackerel) paste using dielectric heating were described, that included the proper shape and size of product and the conditions of dielectric heating, hot air dehydration, and heating with electric heater to yield the minimum expansion and case hardening during heating and to controll the final rater activity of 0.86 to 0.83 accompanying with a complete reduction of viable cells and good texture. In present study, changes in VBN, pH, total plate count, water activity, texture, the loss of available lysine, color indexes, TBA value, and the content of TI were determined to assess the quality stability and shelf-life of the product during the storage for 35 days at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$, respectively. And the effect of vacuum sealing and hot water treatment before storage on the storage stability of product was also mentioned. As the product was vacuum packed in K-flex film bag, heat treated in boiling water for 6 minutes, and stored, water activity was maintained 0.86 to 0.84 for 35 days regardless of storage temperature, and the increase of total plate count was negligible in case of $5^{\circ}C$ storage while tended to gain slightly after 25 days at $25^{\circ}C$ storage. Changes in VBN was also minimum with an increase of 1.5 mg/100g at $5^{\circ}C$ and 7.0mg/100g at $25^{\circ}C$, but in case of unpacked sample, it was 24.5mg/100g at $5^{\circ}C$ and 42.4 mg/100g at $25^{\circ}C$ even after 7 days. In textural property hardness tended to increase after 28 days and folding test score was down to A or B from AA grade. The loss of available lysine was $7.5\%\;at\;5^{\circ}C$ and $17.0\%\;at\;25^{\circ}C$ but brown color was not deeply developed as the color index score indicated. TBA value was not increased at $5^{\circ}C$ while it tended to increase rapidly after 30 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Changes in TI content was not obvious except that it showed a tendency of increase at the end of storage as well as in the change of lysine and TBA value. It is concluded from the results that the quality of the product, pasteurized and water activity controlled by dielectric heating, and vacuum packed in K-flex film would be stable for more than 35 days at $5^{\circ}C$ and at least 25 days even at room temperature.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.545-558
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• 2007

This study was performed to assess the sodium intakes of Korean adults using a 24-hr urine analysis and dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) according to each dish group and the regional area. The subjects of this study were comprised of 522 adults (male : 267, female : 285), aged 20-59yr residing in the metropolitan area (N=200), Chungcheng-Do (N=117), Jeolla-Do(N=117), and Gueongsang-Do provinces (N=118). The subjects were recruited from the residents who once participated or are participating in the various health programs offered by the public health center. The number of subjects who completed the 24-hr urine collection was 205 (male : 110, female : 95). The mean age and BMI of the subjects were $39.0{\pm}$11.7y and $23.1{\pm}2.9 kg/m^2$, respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was $119.5{\pm}15.4 mmHg$, and $77.1{\pm}11.1 mmHg$, respectively. Eighteen percent of the subjects responded that they are currently smoking, 36% drinking and 50.4% exercising. Twenty point six percent of the subjects were assessed as having hypertension according to their systolic or diastolic blood pressure($SBP{\ge}140mmHg$ or $DBP{\ge}90mmHg$) measurements in the present study. Salt intake of the subjects estimated with 24-hr sodium excretion was 12.7g/d (male : 13.4g/d, female : 12.1g/d) based on the sodium excretion rate as 82%. Salt intake estimated with DFQ was 14.7g/d (male : 16.2g/d, female : 13.4g/d), 2 g more than the salt intake estimated with 24-hr urine analysis. The four dish groups that contributed most to the sodium intake in order were kimchi (11571.4mg), soup and stew (1260.5mg), fish and shellfish(706.3mg) and noodle and ramyeon(644.3mg). Salt intake estimated with DFQ was the highest in the subjects of Gueongsang-Do(17.0g/d), second highest Chungcheong-Do (16.4g/d) and the lowest in the metropolitan area (13.0g/d). Subjects of Gueongsang-Do showed the highest sodium intakes in most of the dish group, whereas subjects of the metropolitan area showed the lowest. Residents of Chungcheong-Do revealed the highest sodium intake with kimchi and of Jeolla-Do the higher sodium intake with main dish (meat, fish and beans). The highest salt percentage of kimchi ($3.0{\pm}0.8%$) and soybean paste ($14.5{\pm}5.1%$) were observed in Gueongsang-Do, whereas individuals of the metropolitan area were observed as having kimchi ($1.6{\pm}0.5%$) and soybean paste ($7.4{\pm}1.6%$) with the lowest salt percenage. Men were observed as having more salty kimchi ($2.4{\pm}0.1%$) than women ($2.1{\pm}0.1%$).

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.376-384
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• 2012

본 연구는 학교급식 식재료의 품질 관리 향상을 위한 기초자료를 마련하기 위해 대구 경북의 영양(교)사 271명을 대상으로 식재료 구매실태를 조사하였다. 전처리 채소의 사용비율은 도라지(88.4%), 마늘(87.8%), 데친 고사리(80.1%), 연근(65.7%), 우엉(63.5%), 실파(63.5%), 토란대(57.6%), 생강(35.1%), 알타리무(30.6%), 데친 취나물(29.2%), 대파(25.8%), 당근(25.5%), 양파(21.4%), 감자(8.9%) 순이었다. HACCP 인증제품 사용비율은 육류(75.9%), 계란류(66.7%), 두부(65.5%), 전처리 수산물(55.1%), 묵(49.9%), 양념류(44.9%), 김치(30.9%), 전처리 채소류(22.7%), 과일류(6.9%) 순이었다. 친환경식재료의 사용비율은 알류(31.0%), 육류(28.7%), 두부류(22.1%), 과일류(17.7%), 전처리 수산물(16.7%), 양념류(11.9%), 전처리 채소류(10.5%), 김치류(6.7%) 순이었다. 수입 식재료의 이용비율은 묵류(29.2%), 전처리 수산물(24.7%), 두부류(20.5%), 양념류(15.9%), 과일류(10.1%), 전처리 채소류(4.8%), 알류(0.7%), 김치류(0.4%) 순이었다. HACCP 인증이 필요하다고 생각하는 품목은 쇠고기와 돼지고기(81.5%), 닭고기(80.1%), 전처리 수산물(78.6%), 냉동만두(73.8%), 두부(71.6%), 깐 알류(70.8%), 어묵(69.4%), 묵(65.7%), 우유(63.1%), 김치(54.6%), 양념류(50.6%), 냉동우동(45.4%), 전처리채소(44.3%), 두채류(29.5%) 순이었다. 학교에 공급되는 전체 식재료의 품질은 상등급의 식재료가 공급되고 있다고 생각하는 학교가 59.0%로 가장 많았고, 식재료 품질 위변조 사실을 확인한 경험이 있는 경우는 전체의 8.1%, 품질인증 위변조를 확인한 품목은 육류가 12건, 농산물 2건, 닭고기와 수산물이 각 1건이었고, 위변조 사실 확인 후 시정을 요구한 것은 6건, 계약을 취소한 경우 1건이었다. 따라서 우수하고 안전한 식재료가 학교급식에 더 많이 공급될 수 있도록 생산 가공업체, 유통업체의 적극적인 협조와 영양(교)사의 철저한 검수와 적극적인 자세가 요구되었다.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2018

인쇄형 TTI의 잉크로 천연물질인 안토시아닌의 적용 가능성을 확인하기 위해 실제 인쇄형 TTI를 제작하여 색 변화를 확인하였다. 안토시아닌은 반응속도가 느려 TTI에 적용이 어렵다. 이를 해결하기 위해 ${\beta}$-글루코시다아제를 이용하여 안토시아닌의 탈당화를 유도하여 보다 불안정한 안토시아니딘 잉크를 제작하였다. 그리고 인쇄형 TTI로 제작이 적합한지 확인하기 위해 인쇄적성을 확인하고 적용가능한 식품군을 탐색하였다. 실험결과, 인쇄적성의 경우, 틱소트로피의 히스테리시스 성질을 나타내어 인쇄적성이 적합한 것으로 확인되었다. 색 변화의 경우, 같은 온도와 pH 조건 하에서 안토시아닌 TTI의 색 변화 속도보다 안토시아니딘 TTI의 색 변화속도가 빠른 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 안토시아닌 인쇄형 TTI의 활성화 에너지는 65.21 kJ/mol, 안토시아니딘 인쇄형 TTI의 활성화 에너지는 86.92 kJ/mol로 확인되었다. 이는 ${\beta}$-글루코시다아제를 처리한 안토시아닌의 탈당화가 안토시아닌의 반응속도를 빠르게 할 뿐만 아니라, 활성화 에너지도 증가시킨 것으로 사료된다. TTI의 활성화 에너지와 식품의 활성화 에너지를 비교한 결과, 안토시아닌 TTI는 냉장 육제품에 한정적으로 적용 가능하였다. 반면에 안토시아니딘 TTI는 냉장 육제품과 냉장 어류에 적용 가능하였다. 하지만, 안토시아닌 TTI는 색 변화 종말점에 도달하는 시간이 길기 때문에 냉장 육제품에 적용이 어려울 것으로 사료된다. 반면 안토시아니딘 TTI의 경우, 색 변화 종말점에 도달하는 시간이 짧기 때문에 냉장 육제품과 냉장 어류에 적용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.39-51
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• 1989

In this study, 419 students of the 6th grade in three schools in Masan were surveyed. The students having less than 24 items among 48 protein-rich foods easily obtained were considered as unbalanced-diet students. Their general circumstances, character, status of growth and development and school performance were compared with those of balanced-diet students. The results were following. 1. The actual condition of unbalanced diets of protein-rich food 1) Female showed high degree of unbalanced diet in meat food while male in shell-food. Both sexes liked processed food stuffs such as ham, sausage and boiled fish paste but not salted. Both of them disliked beans. 2) The reason for unbalanced diet, they answered, was bad taste and smell of some foods. The reason, their mothers amswered, was they fed their children some particualr foods. 3) The attitudes of the mothers against unbalanced diets were coaxing their children to eat some foods for they are good for health or forcing their children to eat some foods. The most effective method on the children was coaxing and the next was changing cuisines. 2. The general circumstances of the students. 1) 168 students (male: 85, female:83) among 419 students who were studied were unbalanced-diet students and the extent of unbalanced diet was similar in both sexes. 2) The rate of unbalanced-diet students was higher among the students who were the first child in the family, had a small family or were fed milk or mixed milk. 3) The school career of unbalanced-diet student's mothers was higher and the rate of unbalanced-diet students was higher among the students who have rich families or career mothers. 3. The status of physical condition 1) The height and weight of unbalanced-diet students were lower than those of the standard of Korean children. The status of balanced-diet students were better than that of the standard. 4. Degree of school performance 1) The school records of unbalanced-diet students was 81.4 points in average, which was 1.3 points lower than the average of city students and that of balanced-diet students was 2.8 points higher than average. There was a significant gap between the two groups. 5. The relation between unbalanced diet and character 1) Compared balanced-diet students, unbalanced-diet students showed high degree of nervousness and coldheartedness and low degree of self-reliance and self-possession. There was a significant gap between the two groups and it showed that unbalanced diets affected the formation of character.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.276-285
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• 2009

이 연구의 목적은 대구 경북지역 초등학교에 공급되는 냉장, 냉동유통 제품인 어육류와 냉동가공제품의 유통단계를 분석하고, 유통과정에서의 미생물 변화와 학교급식에 이용되는 식재료의 미생물 품질 평가를 위하여 실시되었다. 쇠고기와 돼지고기는 가공업체에서 학교로 냉동차량을 이용하여 직배송 되었으나 다른 어육류와 냉동가공제품들은 농산물과 함께 직납업체를 거쳐 냉장(${\leq}10$)으로 혼재 배송되고 있었다. 학교 도착 후 일반세균과 대장균군의 수는 각각 절단생선 $2.0{\times}10^2{\sim}3.2{\times}10^5$, $<5{\sim}4.0{\times}10^3CFU/g$, 오징어 $2.5{\times}10^4{\sim}6.6{\times}10^5$, $1.6{\times}10^2{\sim}6.0{\times}10^3CFU/g$, 깐 조개류 $3.2{\times}10^5{\sim}1.7{\times}10^3$, $4.0{\times}10^3{\sim}3.0{\times}10\;CFU/g$, 어묵 $1.9{\times}10^4$, <5 CFU/g, 쇠고기 $9.2{\times}10^2{\sim}6.4{\times}10^4$, $<5{\sim}2.0{\times}10\;CFU/g$, 돼지고기 $2.6{\times}10^3{\sim}1.3{\times}10^6$, $<5{\sim}2.7{\times}10^2CFU/g$, 닭고기 $1.0{\times}10^4$, $2.4{\times}10^2CFU/g$, 난류 $<5{\sim}2.3{\times}10^2$, <5 CFU/g, 냉동만두류 $3.2{\times}10^3{\sim}9.5{\times}10^4$, <5 CFU/g, 냉동면류 $<5{\sim}9.0{\times}10$, <5 CFU/g 이었으며, 깐조개에서 E. coli와 B. cereus가 각각 $1.0{\times}10$, $2.0{\times}10\;CFU/g$ 검출되었고, 돼지고기, 닭고기에서 S. aureus 각각 $3.1{\times}10$, $7.8{\times}10\;CFU/g$ 검출되었다. 대부분의 식재료들이 비닐과 박스로 이중 포장되어 배송되었고, 유통과정에서 교차오염은 없었으며, 냉장으로 배송되는 수산물에서 일반세균이 소량 증가하였다. 이번 조사를 통하여 학교급식 식재료의 안전한 관리를 위해서는 식재료의 제조 가공 단계에서의 철저한 위생관리가 먼저 선행되어야 하고, 냉동식품과 냉장식재료의 혼재 배송되는 것을 막고, 철저한 온도관리가 이루어지도록 하기 위해서는 유통단계에서의 위생인증과 유통단계를 줄일 수 있는 제도적인 방안이 요구되었다.