• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2015

This study investigated final consonant error characteristics at word-medial position in children with functional articulation disorder. Data was collected from 11 children with functional articulation and 11 normal children, ages 4 to 5. The speech samples were collected from a naming test. Seventy-five words with every possible bi-consonants matrix at the word-medial position were used. The results of this study were as follows : First, percentage of correct word-medial final consonants of functional articulation disorder was lower than normal children. Second, there were significant differences between two groups in omission, substitution and assimilation error. Children with functional articulation disorder showed a high frequency of omission and regressive assimilation error, especially alveolarization in regressive assimilation error most. However, normal children showed a high frequency of regressive assimilation error, especially bilabialization in regressive assimilation error most. Finally, the results of error analysis according to articulation manner, articulation place and phonation type of consonants of initial consonant at word-medial, both functional articulation disorder and normal children showed a high error rate in stop sound-stop sound condition. The error rate of final consonant at word-medial position was high when initial consonant at word-medial position was alveolar sound and alveopalatal sound. Futhermore, when initial sounds were fortis and aspirated sounds, more errors occurred than linis sound was initial sound. The results of this study provided practical error characteristics of final consonant at word-medial position in children with speech sound disorder.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2003

최종복토의 설계에 있어 가장 중요한 요소 중 하나는 매립지 내부로 우수의 침투를 제한하는 것이다. 우수의 침투는 침출수 발생량을 증가시켜 침출수 처리 비용의 증가에 따른 매립지 운영 비용을 증가 초래한다. 따라서, 매립지의 최종복토층은 우수의 침투를 최소화하기 위해 단독의 다짐점토층 또는 HDPE와 다짐점토층의 복합으로 구성된 차단층을 포설하도록 되어 있다. 그러나 다짐점토층과 HDPE는 매립 폐기물의 분해에 의해 발생하는 침하에 의해 손상이나 파손이 발생할 우려가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 매립 종료 후 침하에 따른 폐기물 매립지 최종복토층 HDPE의 영향에 대해 평가하고자 수행되었다. 현장시험시공과 lysimeter test, 최종복토 후 침하 예측 결과 최종복토층의 HDPE는 침하에 의한 영향을 크게 받지 않는 것으로 나타나 침하에 대해 안정하다고 할 수 있다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.107-111
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• 2011

해체의 최종단계는 대상 부지 및 건물을 규제로부터 제외하는 것이다. MARSSIM은 부지를 개방하기 위한 최종현황조사를 수행함에 있어 요구되는 자료의 수집 등의 다양한 요건을 만족키기 위한 총괄적인 지침을 제공한다. 연구로 해체 후 부지 및 건물의 최종현황조사를 위해 MARSSIM에서 제시하고 있는 방법을 적용하였다. 연구로 부지의 특성을 반영한 개방기준을 도출하기 위해 RESRAD 및 RESRAD-Build 전산코드를 이용하여 부지 및 건물에 대해서 계산하였다. 부지 및 건물의 조사설계(Survey Design)를 위해서 잠재적 오염도 및 측정 결과를 활용하여 조사구역을 구분하였고, 개략조사 및 특성조사를 통해 수집된 다양한 결과에 기초하여 통계학적 검사를 통해 조사구역 별로 요구되는 시료의 수를 산정하게 된다. 측정된 결과에 기초하여 연구로 최종 개방기준에 만족하는 것으로 평가되었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제73권4호
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• pp.427-436
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• 2020

The use of final IGS precise orbit and clock products for high-rate GNSS-PPP proved its effectiveness in capturing dynamic displacement of engineering structures caused by earthquakes. However, the main drawback of using the final products is that they are available after approximately two weeks of data collection, which is not suitable for timely measures after an event. In this study, the use of ultra-rapid products (observed part), which are available after a few hours of data collection, and rapid products, which are available in less than 24 hrs, are investigated and their results are compared to the more precise final products. The tests are designed such that harmonic oscillations with different frequencies and amplitudes and ground motion of a simulated real earthquake are generated using a single axis shake table and the PPP was used to capture these movements by monitoring time-change of the table positions. To evaluate the accuracy of PPP using ultra-rapid, rapid and final products, their results were compared with relative GNSS positioning and LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) data, treated as reference. The results show that the high-rate GNSS-PPP solutions based on the three products can capture frequencies of harmonic oscillations and dynamic displacement with good accuracy. There were slight differences between ultra-rapid, rapid and final products, where some of the tested events indicated that the latter two produced are more accurate and provide better results compared to the ultra-rapid product for monitoring short-term dynamic displacements.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1193-1203
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• 1995

In this work, we focused on the setup of the tools for the analysis of the final rotational state distribution of photofragments in vibrational predissociations of triatomic van der Waals molecules A-B2. We found that reflection principle used for the direct photodissociation processes can also be applied to find out the final rotational state distributions for indirect photodissociation processes. The quantity which represents the strength of rovibrational coupling between the quasi-bound state and the final state is reflected into the mirror of the classical angular momentum function, instead of the initial state before light absorption used in the reflection principle of direct processes. The sign change in the first derivative of the interaction potential with respect to the bond distance of B2 is found to be the source of the binodal structures in the final rotational distributions of photofragments in the model system studied in this work. In MQDT analysis, short range eigenchannel basis functions were found to be localized in angle, in the previous work [Lee, C.W. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 1995, 16, 957.] and may be called angle functions. Angle functions enjoy simple geometrical structures which have simple functional relations with the final state distributions of photofragments. Two processes take place along the angle functions which resemble the quasi-bound state and dominate over other processes. Two such angle functions are found to be not only localized angularly but also localized either one of ends of B2 in motions along the bond of B2. These dominating photodissociation processes, however, cancel each other. This cancellation causes photodissociation to depend sensitively on the interaction potential at other angles than the dominant one. Part of potential surface where much larger torque exists can now play an important role in photodissociation. MQDT also enables us to see which processes play important roles after cancellation. This is done by examining the amounts of time delayed by asymptotic eigenchannels.

• 스마트미디어저널
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.126-133
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• 2020

병원에서는 폐암 환자의 최종병기를 기준으로 치료방침 및 예후를 결정하고 있다. 폐암 환자의 최종병기는 미국 암 연합회(AJCC)에서 제공하는 TNM 분류방법을 바탕으로 7단계로 나누어 진단된다. 이런 접근 방법은 환자의 치료, 예후 및 생존일 예측 등 다양한 분야에서 사용하기에 한계가 있다. 이 논문에서는 데이터 과학적 접근을 통해 T, N, M병기를 사용하여 생존일수별 환자집단을 나눌 수 있는지 알아보기 위해 비지도 학습 중 하나인 군집분석(Clustering)을 진행한 후 군집분석의 결과를 Cox비례위험모형을 사용하여 비교 하였다. 환자들의 최종병기를 사용하지 않고, T, N, M병기 정보만 사용하였을 때 생존시간 예측정확도가 더 높은 것을 확인하였다. 특히, AJCC의 최종병기 7단계와 같이 군집의 개수를 7로 설정했을 때보다 군집의 수를 축소하거나 확장했을 때 T, N, M 병기 군집분석을 통한 생존시간 예측정확도가 향상하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국폐기물자원순환학회지
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.785-798
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• 2018

Since the Framework Act on Resource Circulation was enacted in 2018, the government should establish a National Resource Circulation Master Plan every 10 years, which defines mid- to long-term policy goals and directions on the efficient use of resources, prevention of waste generation and recycling of waste. In addition, we must set mid- to long-term and stepwise targets for the final disposal rate, recycling rate (based on sorted recyclable materials and recycled products), and energy recovery rate of wastes, and relevant measures should be taken to achieve these targets. However, the current industrial waste (IW) statistics have limitations in setting these targets because the final disposal rate and recycling rate are calculated as the ratio of the recycling facility input to the IW generation. In this study, the material flow from the collection stage to the final disposal of industrial waste was analyzed based on the generation of 2016, and the actual recycling amount, actual incineration amount, final disposal amount and their rates were calculated. The effect on the recycling, incineration and final disposal rates was examined by changing the treatment method of nonhazardous wastes from the factory and construction and demolition wastes, which were put in landfills in 2016. In addition, the variation of the waste treatment charge was investigated according to the change of treatment methods. The results of this study are expected to be effectively used to establish the National Resource Circulation Master Plan and industrial waste management policy in the future in South Korea.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권8호
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• pp.474-481
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• 2009

The effects of final heat treatment on the mechanical and corrosion properties of a Zr alloy strip incorporating Nb were investigated. The chemical composition of the strip was Zr-1.49Nb-0.38Sn-0.20Fe-0.11Cr, and strip specimens were subjected to final heat treatment in a temperature range of $580{\sim}700^{\circ}C$. Tensile tests at room temperature and $316^{\circ}C$, along with corrosion tests in a simulated PWR loop and a 70 ppm LiOH solution environment at $360^{\circ}C$, were performed on the specimens. The mechanical properties of the strip were saturated when the specimens received final heat treatment at an elevated temperature of more than $640^{\circ}C$. However, the corrosion resistance of the strip in the simulated PWR loop and in the 70 ppm LiOH solution environment was improved with a decrease of the final annealing temperature. It is recommended that the alloy strip be finally heat-treated at a temperature of less than $620^{\circ}C$ for longer than 10 minutes in order to obtain fully recrystallized microstructures, and thereby attain enlarged tensile elongation, and to prevent the precipitation of ${\beta}-Zr$, which is known to deteriorate the corrosion resistance.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제19_20호
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• pp.58-87
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• 1990

According to Government Phonology, at 1 phonological positions save the domain's head must be licensed in order to appear in the syllable structure. A non-nuclear head is licensed by the following nucleus, and the nuclei with phonetic content are licensed through government by the nuclear head of the domain at the level of the nuclear projection. Therefore, in the theory of Government Phonology it is claimed that words always end with a nucleus. With regard to the licensing of empty nuclei, Kaye(1990a) proposes the 'Empty Category Principle' and its sub-theory of 'Projection Government'. Government Phonology claims that a nucleus which dominates a vowel that regularly undergoes elision in certain contexts is underlyingly empty. This underlying empty nucleus is not manifested phonetically when it is properly governed by an unlicensed(i, e, a nucleus filled with a full vowel). It is when proper government fails to apply, that the empty nucleus is phonetically Interpreted. The purpose of this paper is to present a principled account of the process of $[i]{\Leftrightarrow}{\emptyset}$ alternation in Korean. Following Kaye's proposal, we assume that [i] of Korean is underlyingly empty. This position is pronounced as [i] if it is unlicensed, and is not phonetically realized if is licensed. Empty nuclei ape devided into two categories: domain-internal and domain-final. Firstly, we consider the question why Korean has little word ending with [i]. As for this, ECP states that domain-final empty nuclei are not pronounced if the language licenses domain-final empty nuclei. Whether a final empty nucleus may occur in the structure is parametric variation. This property is seen from the fact that words may appear to end in consonants in this language. Since Korean abounds with words ending in a consonant, it licenses domain-final empty nuclei. Therefore, it is quite natural that Korean has little word ending with [i]. Secondly, word-internal empty nuclei of Korean respect proper government and inter-onset government. That is, an empty nucleus in word-internal position will be pronounced with the vowel [i] if either proper government or inter-onset government fail to apply. Inter-onset government refers to the government established between two onsets across an empty nucleus. Thirdly, we consider words ending with [i], which seems to be exceptional to the final licensing. Host of them are. either mono-syllabic verbs(for instance, [s'i-] 'to write') or derived adjectives ending with [p'i] (for instance, [kip'i-] 'be happy'). As for the former, the 'inaccessibility for proper government' is applied because the empty nucleus appears in the first syllable. In latter case, domain-final empty nuclei are pronounced as [i] because of government-licensing. That is, final empty nucleus is pronounced to license the preceding onset dominating negatively charmed segments which empty nucleus of Korean cannot license.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권11호
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• pp.493-502
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• 2012

본 연구는 진료비 삭감율에 영향을 미치는 의료기관의 운영요인과 환경요인이 무엇인지 알아보기 위한 연구로 삭감율을 최초 삭감율과 최종 삭감율로 구분하고, 진료비는 입원과 외래로 구분하여 조사 연구 하였다. 연구의 자료는 전국 병원급 이상 독립된 보험심사부서의 부서장을 대상으로 직접 설문조사를 통해 얻어진 205부의 설문지를 최종 분석 자료로 이용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 진료비 최초 삭감율과 최종 삭감율에 대한 집단 간의 차이를 분석한 결과 입원의 의료기관 운영요인은 보유 병상, 총 진료과, 보험심사 인력, 총 직원수에 유의한 결과를 보였으며, 외래는 의무기록 운영형태, 보유병상, 총 진료과, 보험심사인력, 총 직원수에 유의한 결과를 보였다. 진료비 삭감율에 영향을 미치는 의료기관의 운영요인은 최초 삭감과 최종 삭감이 동일하게 입원은 병상수가 높을수록, 외래는 전자의무기록을 시행할수록 유의한 결과를 보였다. 진료비 삭감율에 영향을 미치는 의료기관의 환경요인은 최초 삭감과 최종 삭감이 동일하게 입원은 업무협조가 잘 될수록, 지표관리를 시행할수록, 시간외 수당이 지급될수록 유의한 결과를 보였다. 외래의 경우 진료비 최초 삭감은 지표관리를 시행할수록, 진료비 관련 위원회를 구성하여 운영할수록 유의한 결과를 보였으며, 최종 삭감은 업무협조가 잘 될수록, 지표관리를 시행할수록, 시간외수당이 지급될수록 유의한 결과를 보였다.