• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.169-184
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• 2011

We review the current understanding of modularity in biological motor control and its forms, and then relate this modularity to proposed modular control structures for biomimetic robots. We note the features that are different between the robotic and the biological 'designs' with features which have evolved by natural selection, and note those aspects of biology which may be counter-intuitive or unique to the biological controls as we currently understand them. Biological modularity can be divided into kinematic modularity comprised of strokes and cycles: primitives approximating a range of optimization criteria, and execution modularity comprised of kinetic motor primitives: muscle synergies recruited by premotor drives which are most often pulsatile, and which have the biomechanical effect of instantiating a visco-elastic force-field in the limb. The relations of these identified biological elements to kinematic and force-level motor primitives employed in robot control formulations are discussed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.323-330
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• 2014

Transport of bed load and suspended particle in coastal waters is main factor causing change in shoreline, and effective measurement method and appropriate equipment is required. To measure bed load and suspended particle transport an equipment was designed and manufactured, and it was applied in the field. The equipment consists of four main elements, body supporter, bed load and suspended particle sampler, sampler support and lock. Eight samplers were installed along the circumference of each supporter, and each sample is a 45-degree intervals. The field experiment was done once along Gyeongpo beach in August 2013. This note described the design and function of the equipment and results of field experiments.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.199-204
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• 2009

Three plant growth-promoting yeasts and two rhizobacteria were tested for controlling tomato wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici under green-house and field conditions. Under greenhouse and field conditions, all treatments were significantly reduced disease severity of tomato wilt relative to the infected control. The highest disease reductions in pots (75.0, 67.4%) and field (52.5, 42.4%) were achieved by Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus subtilis compared to infected control. Under field condition all treatments produced the highest tomato yield compared to the control plants inoculated with the pathogen.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.266-267
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• 2006

We present a systematic study of the heating and pre-sintering behavior of porous copper powder metal compacts. We employ a TE102 single mode microwave system to position the samples in the separated electric field (E) or magnetic field (H) anti-node of the cavity. We observe significant differences in the heating, pre-sintering, and microstructure evolution of the samples due to the individual fields. We note that sample history (whether heated first in the E-field or H-field) greatly effects a difference in heating trends and subsequent heating behavior and does not appear to be solely a thermal process.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2015

In the FTA environment, it is necessary to comply with the rules of origin in order to receive duty-free benefits. To do this, they have to precede the Harmonized System(HS) tariff classification of the goods and understand thoroughly the basic principles that constitute the tariff schedule of HS classification. For the correct classification, they should understand exactly the product name of "Heading" about the items, "Legal Note" in the relevant "Section" or "Chapter" as well as provisions of the commentary. Therefore, this paper proposes to develop a HS classification services based on the performance system of knowledge convergence of field terms commonly used in various industries. In result, our services can provide users the conveniences which users first selects one of seven decision elements of the classification and perform the classification easily and accurately.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

When the pumps stopped in the operation by the power failure, the hydraulic transients take place in the sudden change of a velocity of pipe line. Each and every water hammer problem shows the critical stage to be greatly affected the facts of safety and reliability in case of power failure. The field tests of the water hammer executed at Cheong-Yang booster pump station having an air chamber. The effects were studied by both the practical experiments and the CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics : Surge 2008). The result states that the system with water hammering protection equipment was much safer when power failure happens. The following data by a computational fluid dynamic analysis are to be shown below, securing the system stability and integrity. (1) With water hammering protection equipment. (1) Change of pressure : Up to $15.5\;kg/cm^2$ in contrary to estimating $16.88\;kg/cm^2$. (2) Change rate of water level : 52~33% in contrary to estimating 55~27%. (3) Note that the operational pressure of pump runs approx. 145 m, lowering 155 m of the regularity head of pump. (4) Note that the cycle of water hammering delays from 80 second to 100 second, together with easing the function of air value at the pneumatic lines. (2) Change of pressure without water hammering protection equipment : Approximate $22.86\;kg/cm^2$. The comprehensive result says that the computational fluid dynamics analysis would match well with the practical field-test. It was able to predict Max. or Min. water hammering time in a piping system. This study aims effectively to alleviate water hammering in a pipe line to be installed with air chamber at the pumping station and results in making the stability of pump system in the end.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2016

In recent years, some modifications were introduced in the stress-strain relationship of the steel in order to develop a more efficient shear model for reinforced concrete members. The last contribution in this sense corresponding to the Refined Compression Field Theory (RCFT, 2009); this theory proposed a steel constitutive model that has account the tension stiffening area prescribed by technical codes, what simplifies all the design process. However, under certain design conditions supported by such codes, the RCFT model does not provide a real (non-complex) solution for the steel yield strain when the prescribed tension stiffening area is considered; then the load-strain response cannot be computed. In this technical note, the tension stiffening area is fixed in order to guarantee the application of the embedded steel constitutive model for all the standard design range.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.324-329
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• 2008

Recently with the demand of well-being is increased, the demand for indoor thermal environment and air quality is increased. According to this circumstance, many people in Korea note the traditional architecture that is made by natural materials, such as a soil, stone and wood. However, few researches regarding the indoor thermal environmental characteristics of the Korean traditional houses is reported. In this study we analyzed the indoor thermal environment for Han-ok through field measurement. Moreover, based on the field measurement results. indoor thermal comfort in Han-ok is analyzed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.1757-1771
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• 2017

Let K be a field and G be a group of its automorphisms. It follows from Speiser's generalization of Hilbert's Theorem 90, [10] that any K-semilinear representation of the group G is isomorphic to a direct sum of copies of K, if G is finite. In this note three examples of pairs (K, G) are presented such that certain irreducible K-semilinear representations of G admit a simple description: (i) with precompact G, (ii) K is a field of rational functions and G permutes the variables, (iii) K is a universal domain over field of characteristic zero and G its automorphism group. The example (iii) is new and it generalizes the principal result of [7].

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2022

A valued field (K, ν) is called defectless if each of its finite extensions is defectless. In [1], Aghigh and Khanduja posed a question on defectless extensions of henselian valued fields: "if every simple algebraic extension of a henselian valued field (K, ν) is defectless, then is it true that (K, ν) is defectless?" They gave an example to show that the answer is "no" in general. This paper explores when the answer to the mentioned question is affirmative. More precisely, for a henselian valued field (K, ν) such that each of its simple algebraic extensions is defectless, we investigate additional conditions under which (K, ν) is defectless.