• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.635-641
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of developmental stage and equilibration time on survival of rabbit embryos following freezing by vitrification. Adult New Zealand White female rabbits were superovulated with PMSG and hCG. The 8-cell stage embryos were collected from 40 to 45 hours after hCG injection by flushing oviducts with Dulbecco's phosphated buffered saline and in vitro cultured in TCM-199 containing 10% fetal calf serum(FCS). Each embryos developed in vitro to 16-cell, compact morula and blastocyst was cryopreserved and cultured following thawing to examine their developmental potential to expanded blastocyst stage in vitro. The frozen-thawed-cultured embryos were stained with Hoechst 33342, and their nuclei were counted using a fluorescence microscope. On the toxicity test of EFS solution as cryopreservation, the survival rates of 8-cell stage embryos was decreased in reverse to increasing of exposure time over 5 minutes. The post-thaw survival rates of embryos on equilibration times was significantly(P<0.05) higher for 2 min. than for 5 or 10 minutes. From morula to blastocyst of rabbit embryos was more suitable than 8-cell stage for cryopreservation by vitrification. The higher post-thaw survival rate of embryos can be achieved by keeping the cryoprotectant at $4^{\circ}C$ than at $20^{\circ}C$. The mean number of nuclei per embryo following freezing by vitrification and in vitro culture to expanded blastocyst at compacted morula and blastcyst was not significantly differ from fresh blastocyst.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.361-368
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• 1994

기형발생을 나타내는 수은의 독성에 대하여는 이미 보고된 바 있으나 임신중에 폭로된 수은의 독작용을 완화시키거나 치료할 수 있는 제재들에 대하여는 별로 알려진 바가 없다. 수은에 대한 셀레늄의 치료적인 상호작용에 대하여는 이미 보고된바 있으나 태아에 대한 효과를 평가하기 위하여 이 연구는 임신한 CD-1마우스에 20ppm 농도의 유기수은을 음수를 통하여 투여한후 동시에 sodium selenite(체중 kg당 0.1mg, 0.2mg, 0.3mg, 피하주사) 또는 BAL(체중 kg당 5.0mg, 피하주사)을 임신 6일째부터 15일 사이에 단독 또는 병용 투여한 후 임신 18일째에 제왕절개술을 실시하였다. 수은단독 투여군에서는 태아의 체중 및 두부-둔부의 길이 그리고 태반의 무게가 투여를 하지 않은 대조군에 비하여 유의성있게 감소하였고 태아의 사망/재흡수 발생과 기형발생(특히 구개열)이 현저히 증가하였다. 셀레늄과 BAL의 단독 또는 병용투여는 수은에 의하여 발생된 태아에 대한 독작용을 억제하거나 감소시키고 기형발생 역시 유의성있게 감소시켰으나 투여용량 그리고 투여계획과는 특이한 상관관계가 발견되지 않았다. 모체의 수은중독 결과로 보이는 모체의 음수, 사료섭취량과 모체의 상대적 기관(간장, 신장, 비장) 무게의 감소도 셀레늄과 BAL의 투여로 증가되었다. 이 연구 결과는 세레늄을 단독 또는 BAL과 같은 기존치료제와 함께 투여할 경우 수은에 의한 기형발생이나 모체의 아급성 중독 증세를 감소시키거나 완화시킬수 있는 효과가 있음을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.266-273
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• 2016

Objectives: This study evaluated the virucidal efficacy against avian influenza virus (AIV) of a disinfectant spray containing 0.25% grapefruit seed extract, 0.2% citric acid, 0.0625% malic acid and 0.0125% benzalkonium chloride. Methods: The disinfectant spray was diluted several times with hard water (HW) and organic matter (OM). Two point five mL of each diluent was added into each test tube, and 2.5 mL of AIV suspension was inserted into each test tube. After 30 minutes of virus-disinfectant contact reaction at $4^{\circ}C$, 2.5 mL of 10% inactivated fetal bovine serum was added into each test tube to neutralize the sanitizer efficacy. The neutralized solutions were serial 10-fold dilutions with phosphate buffer solution, and 0.2 mL of the diluents was injected into the allantoic cavity of five ten-day-old-chickens per dilution time. After incubation of the embryos for five days, the viability of the AIV was examined by hemagglutination titer. The valid dilution of the disinfectant spray was estimated according to the dilution time that the virus titer was inactivated more than $10^4$ 50% egg-infective dose (EID50)/mL compared with pathogen control. Results: In HW and OM conditions, the valid dilutions of the disinfectant spray against AIV were seven- and three-fold dilutions, respectively. The AIV titer of the pathogen control was more than 6.1 log10EID50/mL, and there was no embryonic toxicity. Conclusion: The present study showed that this disinfectant spray has effective virucidal activity against AIV.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.263-267
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine toxic effect of sucrose and trehalose prior to cryopreservation on nuclear maturation and embryonic development in immature bovine oocytes. All cryoprotectant was prepared in tissue culture medium 199-HEPES (TCM 199-HEPES) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Immature oocytes were exposed to 1.2M ethylene glycol (EG) and 0.1M sucrose or 1.2M EG and 0.1M trehalose for 3 min and then were exposed to 3.2 M EG and 0.25 M sucrose or 3.2 M EG and 0.25 M trehalose for 1 min. Oocytes treated with cryoprotectants were exposed to 0.25 M sucrose or 0.25 M trehalose for 5 min and then 0.1 M sucrose or 0.1 M trehalose for 5 min. Depending on type of sugar added to cryopreservation solution, oocytes were allocated to sucrose group and trehalose group, respectively. Oocytes exposed to TCM 199-HEPES with 10% FBS were considered as control. Oocytes were cultured in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% FBS, 5 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 0.01 IU/ml luteinizing hormone, and $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ estradiol for 24 h in $39^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$. Nuclear maturation was assessed by staining oocytes with 1% aceto-orcein. Oocytes were fertilized in vitro and were cultured in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% FBS, 5 mM sodium pyruvate, and antibiotics in $39^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$. The rates of cleavage and blastocyst, and cell number in blastocyst were assessed. Metaphase II rates were not different among experimental groups regardless of type of sugar. The cleavage rate of trehalose group (73.3%) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of sucrose group (62.8%) and control group (60.8%). The blastocyst rate was significantly higher in trehalose group (p<0.05). Mean cell number in blastocyst were not different among experimental groups, although cell number of blastocyst in trehalose group was significantly higher on day 7 (p<0.05). In conclusion, sucrose and trehalose were not toxic to immature bovine oocytes prior to cryopreservation. In particular, trehalose was more effective on embryonic development.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.306-316
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• 2007

This study have a object to found out the effects of oriental herb medicine, Antaeeum, to dams of rats and their offsprings. The Antaeeum was savaged to female Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks during gestation periods. Dams of rat were sacrificed at 20th day of gestation, and were observed major internal and reproductive organs. Approximately live fetuses in the 20th days of gestation were selected randomly and examined with stereo microscopes. Others offsprings were fixed with 95% ethanol for skeletal examinations. The fixed fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S to observe skeletal variations or malformations. Maternal body weight of Antaeeum treated dams have a tendency of increasing compared with control dams. There were no significant difference in internal and reproductive organs of weight or findings. The spleenic organ relative weight of treated dams were decreased compared with the control significaltly (p<0.05). There were no significant changes between two groups in blood chemistry and hematological values. There were no significant changes in number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetuses and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate and sex ratio. But in the Antaeeum treated group showed lower early resorption rate than that of the control dams. Fetal body weight and number of fetus a dam at Antaeeum treated group were higher than that of control group. The fetuses of dams treated with Antaeeum didn't induced external malformations. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Antaeeum group, but compared with the control, those variations were not significant. The ossification numbers of rib, cervical, thoracic, and lumber were normal. Fetuses treated with Antaeeum to the dams showed no significant difference in the number of caudal vertebra (P>0.01). From these results, it can be concluded that Antaeeum showed no toxicity effects on maternal side especially on body weight, early resorption rate, and number of live fetuses. Also there were no significant changes on maternal organ weights except spleen, hematological data, reproductive organs. Although skeletal variations were examined at vertebra and sternum, this Antaeeum could not induced significant choses in bone malformation.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2012

Objectives: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are man-made, persistent global pollutants widely diffused throughout the environment. They have been even found in the cord blood and breast milk of humans. Furthermore evidence of developmental toxicity in animals exists. To assess the distribution of maternal and fetal exposure to PFOS and PFOA, we analyzed paired maternal blood, cord blood and breast milk samples. Methods: Maternal blood, cord blood and breast milk were collected from 150 volunteers from the general population (aged 20-40, mean $30.5{\pm}2.9$) of the city of Busan in 2009-2010. The samples were extracted using the weak anion exchange and solid-phase extraction methods and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC, Agilent 1200 Series) coupled with an Triple Quad LC-MS/MS system (Agilent 6410). Results: Median PFOA and PFOS concentrations in maternal blood were 2.18 and 3.32 ng/ml, in cord blood were 0.83 and 0.58 ng/ml, and in breast milk were 0.13 and 0.11 ng/ml, respectively. PFOS and PFOA concentrations were significantly correlated among matrices (Spearson's ${\rho}=0.226$, p = 0.05 for maternal blood; ${\rho}=0.736$, p < 0.01 for cord blood; ${\rho}=0.493$ p < 0.01 for breast milk). The ratio of cord blood/maternal blood was 0.39 for PFOA and 0.19 for PFOS. The ratio of breast milk/maternal blood was 0.07 for PFOA and 0.06 for PFOS. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that PFOA and PFOS exposure through the placenta was more prominent than through breast milk among Korean neonates born in Busan. The transfer efficiency of maternal blood to breast milk was similar between PFOA and PFOS, but that of maternal blood to cord blood was higher in PFOA than PFOS.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.457-466
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• 2005

Industrial plasticizers such as phthalates can induce peroxisome proliferation. A growing concern among environmental and health groups has arisen because phthalates such as di-2-ethy1hexy1 phthalate (DEHP) and DBP may cause hormonal disorders, reproductive toxicity, hepatocellular tumors, genital disorders owing to a capacity to bind estrogen receptors, and a low-dose toxic action during certain periods of fetal development. Phthalate esters are used extensively as a plasticizer for plastic manufacture such as PVC bags and medical devices. This study investigated the effects of leached components from spring water container's cap and seal film. Phthalates, e.g. dimethy1 phthalate (DMP), diethy1 phthalate (DEP), di-n-buty1 phthalate (DBP), benzy1buty1 phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethy1hexy1) phthalate (DEHP), and bisphenol A (BPA) were measured in the spring water. The bisphenol A was not detected or below the detection limit on the leaching from cap, sealing or spring water. DEHP were detected 90-116 ppb on the leaching from seal after 2 weeks, and 0.48-0.51 ppb from the spring water after I week. BBP were measured from seal within 1 week 25.4-66 ppb and below 0.12 ppb from spring water within 2 days. DMP were detected from seal within 2 weeks 51-68.5 ppb and 0.12 ppb after 2 weeks. DEP were measured from seal within 2 weeks 48.1-141 ppb and the concentrations were increased by the time from 0.10 to 0.31 ppb at spring water. DBP were detected from the seal within 2 weeks 92.3-5100 ppb and the concentration were decreased by the time from 0.24 to 0.10 ppb at spring water. These results indicate that some phthalate esters contaminated with spring water using the intact cap and seal film. It is concluded that the measured levels of phthalates leaching from these materials might in vivo only be slightly less than 1/10 of the LOAEL.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.165-172
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• 1994

DA-125는 새로운 안트라사이클린계 항암성 항생제로서 아드리아마이신의 유도체이다. Sprague-Dawley 랫트를 이용하여 DA-125의 배아 및 태자독성발현능력을 조사하였다. 교미확인(정충확인일=0일)된 120마리의 랫트를 4개군으로 나눈후 0, 0.1, 0.3 및 1.0mg/kg의 용량으로 임신 7일 부터 임신 17일까지 1일 1회 연속 정맥투여 하였으며 임신 20일째에 제왕절개를 하여 태자를 적출하였다. 1mg/kg 투여군에서는 모동물의 사료섭취량의 감소, 체중감소 및 비장중량의 감소와 배아 흡수율의 증가 및 태자체중의 감소가 관찰되었다. 또한 여러가지 종류의 외표, 내부장기 및 골격기형들이 각각 11.9, 41.8 및 14.5%의 빈도로 출현했다. 그중 특이 기형소견으로는 뇌탈출증, 복벽파열, 외측 및 제3뇌실의 확장, 늑골유착 등을 들 수 있다. 0.1 및 0.3mg/kg 투여군에서는 어떠한 배아 및 태자 독성증상도 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 DA-125는 랫트에 있어서 경미한 모독성 용량에서 배아 및 태자독성효과를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2012

어류는 두뇌발달에 중요한 영양소이기도 하지만 신경독인 메틸수은을 함유하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 메틸수은은 임산부가 임신 중에 태아의 두뇌에 치명적인 손상을 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 연구자들은 생선소비와 임산부 제대혈 중의 메틸수은 함량을 확인하기 위하여 통영지역 임산부 159명을 대상으로 2010년 10월부터 2011년 3월 사이에 임산부의 생선소비와 제대혈의 수은농도의 관계를 조사하였다. 어류소비 관련자료는 설문조사를 통하여 수집하였고 통계처리는 one way ANOVA 를 이용하였다. 조사에 참여한 임산부의 평균나이는 30.1세이었고 임산부 제대혈의 수은 함량은 0.01-14.80 ppb 범위에 평균 $2.69{\pm}2.50ppb$이었다. 제대혈의 평균 수은함량은 WHO 기준인 5.0 ppb를 초과하지는 않았지만 159명 중 17명(10.7%)이 WHO 기준을 초과하였다. 연령별로는 30세 이상이 0.01-14.8 ppb 범위, 평균 $3.18{\pm}2.74ppb$로 29세 이하에서 0-8.00 ppb 범위, 평균 $2.04{\pm}2.00ppb$ 보다 1.6배 높았으며 유의적 차이가 있었다. 이 연구에서 생선섭취가 제대혈의 수은농도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 1주일에 3회 이상 섭취군이 평균 $4.15{\pm}4.02ppb$로 주 1-2회 섭취군의 $2.63{\pm}2.22ppb$, 먹지 않는 군의 $1.60{\pm}1.44ppb$ 보다 2.6배와 1.6배 각각 높게 나타났으며 적게 먹는 군과 먹지 않는 군과의 사이에는 유의적 차이가 없었고, 많이 섭취하는 군과는 유의적 차이 (p < 0.05)가 있었다. 이상의 결과에서 제대혈의 수은 농도는 생선섭취량과 관련이 있는 것으로 판단되며 가임기 여성이나 임산부에게 생선섭취를 제한하는 것이 제대혈의 수은 농도를 낮출 수 있고 향후 있을지도 모를 신생아의 신경발달 장애나 뇌 신경학적 손상을 줄일 수 있는 방법이라고 생각되었다.