Journal of Environmental Health Sciences (한국환경보건학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Health (한국환경보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Distribution of PFOA and PFOS in Maternal Blood, Cord Blood and Breast Milk in Busan

부산 지역 임산부의 모체혈, 제대혈, 모유에서 PFOA, PFOS의 농도

  • Suh, Chun-Hui (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Lee, Chae-Kwan (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Kim, Kun-Hyung (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Son, Byung-Chul (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Lee, Jong-Tae (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University)
  • 서춘희 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 이채관 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 김건형 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 손병철 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소) ;
  • 이종태 (인제대학교 의과대학 직업환경의학교실 & 환경.산업의학연구소)
  • Received : 2011.12.02
  • Accepted : 2012.01.19
  • Published : 2012.02.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are man-made, persistent global pollutants widely diffused throughout the environment. They have been even found in the cord blood and breast milk of humans. Furthermore evidence of developmental toxicity in animals exists. To assess the distribution of maternal and fetal exposure to PFOS and PFOA, we analyzed paired maternal blood, cord blood and breast milk samples. Methods: Maternal blood, cord blood and breast milk were collected from 150 volunteers from the general population (aged 20-40, mean $30.5{\pm}2.9$) of the city of Busan in 2009-2010. The samples were extracted using the weak anion exchange and solid-phase extraction methods and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC, Agilent 1200 Series) coupled with an Triple Quad LC-MS/MS system (Agilent 6410). Results: Median PFOA and PFOS concentrations in maternal blood were 2.18 and 3.32 ng/ml, in cord blood were 0.83 and 0.58 ng/ml, and in breast milk were 0.13 and 0.11 ng/ml, respectively. PFOS and PFOA concentrations were significantly correlated among matrices (Spearson's ${\rho}=0.226$, p = 0.05 for maternal blood; ${\rho}=0.736$, p < 0.01 for cord blood; ${\rho}=0.493$ p < 0.01 for breast milk). The ratio of cord blood/maternal blood was 0.39 for PFOA and 0.19 for PFOS. The ratio of breast milk/maternal blood was 0.07 for PFOA and 0.06 for PFOS. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that PFOA and PFOS exposure through the placenta was more prominent than through breast milk among Korean neonates born in Busan. The transfer efficiency of maternal blood to breast milk was similar between PFOA and PFOS, but that of maternal blood to cord blood was higher in PFOA than PFOS.

Keywords

References

  1. Hekster FM, Laane RW, de Voogt P. Environmental and toxicity effects of perfluoroalkylated substances. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003; 179: 99-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21731-2_4
  2. Environmental Protection Agency. SAB Review of EPA's Draft Risk Assessment of Potential Human Health Effects Associated with PFOA and Its Salts. Available:http://yosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.ns f/0/A3C83648E77252828525717F004B9099/$File/
  3. Fromme H, Tittlemier SA, Volkel W, Wilhelm M, Twardella D. Perfluorinated comounds - Exposure assessment for the general population in western countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2009; 212(3): 239-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.007
  4. Lau C, Thibodeaux JR, Hanson RG, Narotsky MG, Rogers JM, Lindstrom AB et al. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure during pregnancy in the mouse. Toxicol Sci. 2006; 90: 510-518. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj105
  5. Suh CH, Cho NK, Lee CK, Lee CH, Kim DH, Kim JH et al. Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced inhibition of placental prolactin-family hormone and fetal growth retardation in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011; 337(1-2): 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2011.01.009
  6. White SS, Calafat AM, Kuklenyik Z, Villanueva L, Zehr RD, Helfant L, et al. Gestational PFOA exposure of mice is associated with altered mammary gland development in dams and female offspring. Toxicol Sci. 2007; 96: 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfl177
  7. Wang F, Liu W, Jin Y, Dai J, Yu W, Liu X, et al. Transcriptional effects of prenatal and neonatal exposure to PFOS in developing rat brain. Environ Sci Technol. 2010; 44(5): 1847-1853. https://doi.org/10.1021/es902799f
  8. Bjork JA, Butenhoff JL, Wallace KB. Multiplicity of nuclear receptor activation by PFOA and PFOS in primary human and rodent hepatocytes. Toxicology. 2011; 288(1-3): 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.06.012
  9. Fei C, McLaughlin JK, Tarone RE, Olsen J. Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: A study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2007; 115(11): 1677-1682. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10506
  10. Monroy R, Morrison K, Teo K, Atkinson S, Kubwabo C, Steward B, et al. Serum levels of perfluoroalkyl compounds in human maternal and umbilical cord blood samples. Environ Res. 2008; 108(1), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.06.001
  11. Fromme H, Mosch C, Morovitz M, Alba-Alejandre I, Boehmer S, Kiranoglu M, et al. Pre- and postnatal exposure to perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Environ Sci Technol. 2010; 44(18): 7123-7129. https://doi.org/10.1021/es101184f
  12. Karrman A, Ericson I, van Bavel B, Darnerud PO, Aune M, Glynn A, et al. Exposure of perfluorinated chemicals through lactation: levels of matched human milk and serum and a temporal trend, 1996- 2004, in Sweden. Environ Health Perspect. 2007; 115(2): 226-230. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9491
  13. Volkel W, Genzel-Boroviczény O, Demmelmair H, Gebauer C, Koletzko B, Twardella D, et al. Perfluorooctane sulphonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in human breast milk: Results of a pilot study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2008; 211(3-4): 440-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.07.024
  14. Kim SM, Choi KH, Ji KH, Seo JH, Kho YL, Park JI. Trans-Placental Transfer of Thirteen Perfluorinated Compounds and Relations with Fetal Thyroid Hormones. Environ Sci Technol. 2011; 45(17): 7465-7472. https://doi.org/10.1021/es202408a
  15. Kim SK, Lee KT, Kang CS, Tao L, Kannan K, Kim KR, et al. Distribution of perfluorochemicals between sera and milk from the same mothers and implications for prenatal and postnatal exposures. Environ Pollut. 2011; 159(1): 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.008
  16. Zhang T, Wu Q, Sun HW, Zhang XZ, Yun SH, Kannan K. Perfluorinated compounds in whole blood samples from infants, children, and adults in China. Environ Sci Technol. 2010; 44(11): 4341- 4347. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1002132
  17. Emmett EA, Shofer FS, Zhang H, Freeman D, Desai C, Shaw LM. Community exposure to perfluorooctanoate: Relationships between serum concentrations and exposure sources. JOEM. 2006; 48: 759-770.
  18. Ehresman DJ, Froehlich JW, Olsen GW, Chang SC, Butenhoff JL. Comparison of human whole blood, plasma, and serum matrices for the determination of pefluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorooctanoate and other fluorochernicals. Environ Res. 2007; 103(2): 176-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2006.06.008
  19. Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA). Exposure Assessment of Major Perfluorinated Compounds Among Koreans, Report #08182-HAZARD-499. Available: http://rnd.kfda.go.kr/documentReport/ document ReportResult.do [accessed 30 November 2011].
  20. Washino N, Saijo Y, Sasaki S, Kato S, Ban S, Konishi K, et al. Correlations between prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and reduced fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117(4): 660-667. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11681
  21. Needham LL, Grandjean P, Heinzow B, Jørgensen PJ, Nielsen F, Patterson Jr. DG, et al. Partition of environmental chemicals between maternal and fetal blood and tissues. Environ Sci Technol. 2011; 45(3): 1121-1126. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1019614
  22. Apelberg B, Goldman LR, Calafat AM, Herbstman JB, Kuklenyik Z, Heidler J, et al. Determinants of fetal exposure to polyfluoroalkyl compounds in Baltimore, Maryland. Environ Sci Technol. 2007; 41(11): 3891-3897. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0700911
  23. Han X, Snow TA, Kemper RA, Jepson GW. Binding of perfluorooctanoic acid to rat and human plasma proteins. Chem Res Toxicol. 2003; 16(6): 775-781. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx034005w
  24. Lonnerdal B. Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(6): 1537-1543. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1537S
  25. Tao L, Ma J, Kunisue T, Libelo EL, Tanabe S, Kannan K. Perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk from several Asian countries, and in infant formula and dairy milk from the United States. Environ Sci Technol. 2008; 42(22): 8597-8602. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801875v
  26. Olsen GW, Church TR, Miller JP, Burris JM, Hansen KJ, Lundberg JK, et al. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and other fluorochemicals in the serum of American Red Cross adult blood donors. Environ Health Perspect. 2003; 111(16): 1892-1901. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6316
  27. Tomy GT, Tittlemier SA, Palace VP, Budakowski WR, Braekevelt E, Brinkworth L, et al. Biotransformation of N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamide by rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) liver microsomes. Environ Sci Technol. 2004; 38(3): 758-762. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034550j
  28. Kannan K, Corsolini S, Falandysz J, Fillman G, Kumar KS, Loganathan BG, et al. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and Related Fluorochemicals in Human Blood from Several Countries. Environ Sci Techno. 2004; 38(17): 4489-4495. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0493446
  29. Midasch O, Drexler H, Hart N, Beckmann MW, Angerer J. Transplacental exposure of neonates to perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate: a pilot study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2007; 80(7): 643-648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-006-0165-9
  30. Seol MY, Kim ES, Keum HK. A longitudinal study on human milk intake in exclusively breast-fed infants. Korean Journal of Nutrition. 1993; 26(4): 414-422.
  31. Tao L, Kannan K, Wong CM, Arcaro KF, Butenhoff JL. Perfluorinated compounds in human milk from Massachusetts, U.S.A. Environ Sci Technol. 2008; 42(8): 3096-3101. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702789k
  32. Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. COT statement on the tolerable daily intake for perfluorooctane sulfonate. Available: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/ pdfs/cotstatementpfos200609.pdf. [accessed 30 November 2011].
  33. Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. Update statement on the tolerable daily intake for perfluorooctanoic acid. Available: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/ pdfs/cotstatementpfoa200610.pdf. [accessed 30 November 2011].
  34. Bartell SM, Calafat AM, Lyu C, Kato K, Ryan PB, Steenland K. Rate of decline in serum PFOA concentrations after granular activated carbon filtration at two public water systems in Ohio and West Virginia. Environ Health Perspect. 2010; 118(2): 222- 228. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901252

Cited by

  1. Elevated levels of short carbon-chain PFCAs in breast milk among Korean women: Current status and potential challenges vol.148, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.017