• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.387-391
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• 2007

Recently, much attention has been paid to developing various kinds of fermented herbal extracts, a new type of traditional herbal medicine, in the field of Korean traditional medicine. The fermentation of medicinal herbs is intended to exert a favorable influence on digestability, bioavailavility and pharmacological activity of herbal extract in the gastrointestinal tract. It also produces a number of fermentation products that intensify the nutritional and pharmacological aspects of the medicinal herbs. In order to develop a functional beverage of alleviating the aftereffects of the previous drinks, the extracts (HP-1) of fermented herbal mixture, including Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Lonicera japonica Thunberg, and Hovenia dulcis Thunb., were prepared and the medicinal effect as a hangover cure was evaluated in ethanol-loaded rats. The enzyme activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) were analyzed by measuring the concentration of blood ethanol and acetaldehyde. The mRNA expression of ADH and ALDH2 was also investigated through RT-PCR analysis. In the HP-1-treated group, the concentration of blood ethanol was significantly reduced at one hour after loading of ethanol, as compared to that in the saline-treated group. The reduced ethanol was converted to acetaldehyde, which resulted in rapid increase in acetaldehyde concentration in an hour. Acetaldehyde was started to decrease at 5 hours after ethanol loading. It implies that HP-1 is highly effective to stimulate the activities of ADH and ALDH2. The HP-1 treatment also activated the mRNA expression of ADH and ALDH. This study suggests that fermented herbal extract, HP-1 can be used as a functional beverage of alleviating the alcohol-induced hangover symptoms by stimulating the activities and gene expression of hepatic alcohol metabolizing enzymes.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.58-61
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• 2010

Medicinal plant Rehmanniae Radix has long been used as traditional herbal medicine in Korea. In this study, we investigated quantitative changes of marker substance 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF) in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata fermented with Ganoderma lucidum, Paecilomyces japonica, honey, and Nuruk, using HPLC according to the Korean Pharmacopoeia. As a result, 5-HMF was decreased in SDT and SYT, and increased in SST and SNT, comparing with control group. Quantitative increasing of 5-HMF is not exactly in direct proportion with fermentation, and it is need further studies to elucidate mechanism of quantitative changes by converted and newly produced substances with fermentation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1272-1280
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• 2005

The study was performed by examining the effects of fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus on the lipid profile improvement in rats fed high fat diets. Sprague-Dawley rats of weighting $180.0{\pm}30g$ were randomly divided into five groups : basal diet (Normal control group, NCG), only high fat diet (High fat control group, HFC), high fat diet and supplemented with 1.69 mg/100 g body weight, 3.38 mg/100 g body weight, 6.76 mg/100 g body weight by fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus - HFL, HFM, HFH group). These experimental diets were fed for 6 weeks. The fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus fed groups had more significantly decreased in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index than the high fat control group, while the HDL-cholesterol was higher when compared to the normal control group. Total lipid, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol contents in liver were decreased in high fat experimental groups. But the degree of increment was reduced by administration of fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus. while the fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus fed group had ore significantly increased in the level of HDL-cholesterol than the high fat control group. The singularity of the unsaturated fatty acid contents attracted our attention. Especially, the polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions were 36.36%, 34.70%, 20.31%in serum, liver and fecal of fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus fed groups, respectively. These results imply that the fermented liquid of Crataegi Fructus can be used as possible food resources and medicinal food materials.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.446-455
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• 2011

Galgeun-tang (GGT) is a traditional medicinal formula that is widely prescribed to treat cold, asthma, and hives in Korea. Fermented herbal medicines can be made more effective than normal herbal medicines by increasing the absorption and bioavailability of the active compounds. In this study, we fermented Galgeun-tang to produce bioconversion constituents using Lactobacillus plantarum (GGT144), and found that four peaks were decreased, three peaks were increased and two new peaks appeared in the HPLC-DAD chromatogram. After HPLC-DAD-guided fractionation of the newly-appearing compounds (1 and 5) and the increased (6, 7, and 9) compounds, the structure of the compounds was determined using NMR and MS. Using this approach the compounds were identified to be pyrogallol (1), daidzein (5), liquiritigenin (6), cinnamyl alcohol (7), and formononetin (9), respectively. In addition, the decreased compounds were identified to be daidzin (2), liquiritin (3), ononin (4), and cinnam aldehyde (8) using HPLC-DAD analysis with standard compounds. The high performance liquid chromatography method was used to quantify the nine constituents in GGT and GGT144. All calibration curves of the standard compounds displayed excellent linearity with a $R^2$ > 0.9968.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 2013

Samchulgeonbi-tang (SC) is well-known traditional herbal medicine which is composed of fourteen medicine herbs. SC has been used for the treatment of the chronic gastritis, indigestion, gastric ulcers, gastroptosis and diarrhea disease. The variation in the amount of bioactive components of SC and its fermentation SC with ten Lactobacillus strains were investigated via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of seven bioactive compounds; paeoniflorin, liquiritin, hesperidin, liquiritigenin, kaempferol, atractylenolide III, magnolol were achieved by comparing their retention times ($t_R$) and UV spectra with those of the standard compounds. In the results, the amount of paeoniflorin and hesperidin were 7.967 mg/g, 7.251 mg/g that were the main compounds in SC. The amounts of liquiritigenin was increased by all ten Lactobacillus strains, except strain 128. Especially, the liquiritigenin amount was highest in SC fermented with strain 145 (0.201 mg/g), which was increased by 158.39% compared to SC (0.081 mg/g). In the fermented SC using strains 344, almost components were increased than non-fermented SC, except paeoniflorin and kaempferol. Thus, these results considered that the strains 145 and 344 are most excellent fermentation strains among the 10 species of fermentation strains.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.67-83
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the single dose toxicity with oral administration and genotoxicities of Ssanghwa-tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus. Materials and Methods: Clinical signs, weight changes, lethal doses$(LD_{50})$, and postmortem evaluation were determined by Globally Harmonized Classification System(GHCS) in a single-dose oral toxicity study. In vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test was conducted with Ames test by cell proliferation suppression assessment using the cultivated CHO-K1(Chinese hamster ovary fibroblast) origins. Bacterial reversion assay was performed using Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA). In vivo micronucleus test was performed using ICR mouse bone marrow. Results: No clinical sign was observed and none of the groups with doses up to 2000 mg/kg showed significant acute oral toxicity in the single dose oral administration. None of the sample doses taken during the 6 to 18 hour groups showed significant aberrant metaphases comparing to the negative control group in the in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test. No evidence of mutagenicity was seen for Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) or Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537). No significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei was seen in the micronucleus test. Conclusion: These results indicate that the $LD_{50}$ value of Ssanghwa-Tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus may be over 2000 mg/kg and it have no acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2013

Ten major residual biogenic amines including toxic histamine and tyramine were investigated in the plant-based minor Korean fermented food. From the analyses of pickled vegetables, fermented vegetable extracts, fermented tea, black garlic and herbal rice wines, more than 100 mg/kg of histamine were found in pickled soy leaf and pickled mulberry leaf, and also over 1,000 mg/kg of total biogenic amines were found in pickled soy leaf. No sample was found over in black garlic, fermented tea, fermented vegetable extracts and herbal rice wine, less than 100 mg/kg of histamine and/or 1,000 mg/kg of total biogenic amines were observed. Interestingly, all the tested rice wines were found to be over 100 mg/kg of agmatine residue.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.7-10
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the nodakenin and decursin contents in each fermented Angelicae gigantis Radix by 4 species of ferment strains. Methods : The strains of fermented Angelicae gigantis Radix were Lactobacillus plantarum(SE1), L. acidophilus(AC), Bacillus subtilis(B2) and B. licheniformis(BL2). The fermentative changes of nodakenin and decursin were analyzed using HPLC. Results : All of 4 species strains reduced nodakenin and decursin concentration in Angelicae gigantis Radix by fermentation. But fermentability were difference between strains. The nodakenin concentration of AC was lower than B2. The decursin concentrations of SE1 and AC were lower than B2 and BL2. Conclusions : 4 species of fermental strain were difference decomposable rate with nodakenin and decursin in fermented Angelicae gigantis Radix.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2010

The Chongmyung-tang (CMT) has been used as an oriental herbal medicine for the purpose of enhanced learning and memory. Recently, since fermentation may give a positive effect on pharmacological actions of herbal medicine, many studies are focused to find fermented medicinal herbs with improved bioactivity. In the present study, memory enhancing, antioxidant and reducing power activity of CMT and fermented CMT with Aspergillus oryzae (FCMT-A) or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (FCMT-S) were determined. To evaluate the memory enhancing activities of CMT, FCMT-A and FCMT-S, we performed passive avoidance test using scopolamine induced amnesia model. Administration of CMT, FCMT-A and FCMT-S showed a significant memory enhancing effect about 72.5, 78.3, 71.8% of the normal group respectively. CMT, FCMT-A and FCMT-S also exhibited strong $DPPH{\bullet}$, ${\bullet}{O_2}^-$, $NO^{\codt}$, $ABTS^{{\cdot}+}$ scavenging activities and reducing ower. It was also found that fermented CMT has slightly higher scavenging activities on $DPPH{\bullet}$, $ABTS^{{\cdot}+}$ radicals compared to CMT. These results revealed that CMT, FCMT-A and FCMT-S had memory enhancing and radical scavenging activities. In addition, the fermentation of CMT was more or less important for elevated memory enhancing and antioxidant activities of CMT.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: This study aimed at investigating the effects of sulfur-containing compounds widely used as environment-friendly organic fungicides against ginseng anthracnose, and determining the appropriate application concentration for lowering chemical injury to ginseng leaves. Ginseng anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a destructive disease that significantly reduces the yield of ginseng. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ginseng anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a destructive disease that significantly reduces the yield of ginseng. In a 2-year-old ginseng grown in a pot, treatment with loess-sulfur complex containing 0.06% sulfur and fermented loess-sulfur complex containing 0.13% sulfur did not show any chemical injuries. In order to measure the therapeutic effectiveness, various sulfur-containing compounds were applied to the plants after they were infected with ginseng anthracnose. Treatment with lime sulfur complex (400 dilution) showed the highest ginseng anthracnose control value, followed by fermented loess-sulfur complex (20 dilution), fermented loess-sulfur complex (40 dilution), and loess-sulfur complex (400 dilution) treatments. These compounds were applied before the outbreak of anthracnose disease in order to measure the preventive effectiveness, and in this case, treatment with fermented loess-sulfur complex (40 dilution) showed the highest control value and it was comparable to the value of the pesticide treatment used as the control in this experiment. CONCLUSION: Fermented loess-sulfur complex could be recommended as an environment-friendly organic material to control the occurrence of ginseng anthracnose.