• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 1984

A study was carried out to determine the nutritive effect of earthworm on rats. Male albino rats weighing 72.3${\pm}$1.7 g and the female rats weighing 71.4${\pm}$1.4 g were divided into 3 groups for each sez, respectively. The diet groups were control diet(group I), a diet of 2% earthworm flour supplemented to the control diet at every 3 days interval(group II) and a chief of 2% earth-worm flour added to the control diet everyday(group III). Comparing with control group, female rats in group III showed higher tendency of food consumption. Body weight gain of male rats in group III was more than that of control group. Food and protein effeciency ratios were not influenced by 2% earthworm flour added diet in both male and female rats. While the weights of heart and lung of male rats in group H were higher than those of control group, there was little difference in the weights of liver, kidney and spleen between control group and experimental groups. Hematocrit values of female rats in experimental groups were higher than those of control group, however there was little difference in male rats between control group and experimental groups. There was little : difference in the content of hemoglobin in blood, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, total cholesterol and glucose in serum between control group and experimental groups.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.74-81
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• 2006

The present study examined the effect of soy isoflavones on lipid metabolism in growing female rats. Rats were randomly assigned to three different groups and provided experimental diets for 9 weeks. The experimental groups were classified into 1) a control group, 2) a soy protein isolate group: soy (+)) group and 3) a soy protein concentration group: soy (-)) group. Diets contained either casein or one of two soy proteins with (soy (+)) or without isoflavones (soy (-)). Serum triglyceride concentration showed no significant differences among the experimental groups. Serum total cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in both the soy (+) and soy (-) groups than in the control group and LDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in the soy (+). Serum HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in the control group than in the soy protein groups but the HDL-cholesterol share rate in total cholesterol tended to be lower in the control group than in the soy protein groups, insignificant as it was. Hepatic IDL receptor mRNA level was significantly increased in the soy (+) group when compared to the other two groups to be 20% higher than the control group. In conclusion, soy protein isolate, soy protein rich with isoflavones reduced serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentration and increased hepatic IDL receptor mRNA expression in growing female rats. Therefore, it is considered that the intake of soy isoflvones during puberty can be advantageous in terms of the long-tenn control of serum lipid.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary calcium supplementation and exercise on bone mineral density and bone mineral content of growing female rats. The exercise and control group were fed a diet containing 0.5% calcium and Ca supplementation group were fed a diet containing 1.0% calcium diet. The exercise group ran on a rodent treadmill (speed of 15m/min for 30 min) three days per week during the 3-week study period. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of spine and femur were determined by using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (FIXI-mus, GE Lunar Radiation Cooperation, Madison, WI, USA). The exercise group had significantly greater (6.25%) spine BMD compared to the nonexercise group and the exercise group had but not significantly greater spine BMC (7.1%) compared to nonexercisers. Femur BMD and BMC divided by the rats final body weight appears to have a higher BMD (7.5%) and BMC (4.5%) in the exercise group, which indicates that exercise had a positive influence on femur bone mineral density and bone mineral content. The supplementation of calcium did not significantly affect spine and femoral BMC and BMD for the 3 weeks experimental period. It can be concluded that when calcium intake meets the recommended, exercise is beneficial for acquisition of spine bone mineral density in young growing female rats. (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 195∼201, 2002)

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.177-180
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• 1967

In order to see whether the mamillary bodies participate in the control of female gonadotrophic function, 12 female rats in which the mamillary bodies were damaged by passing 0.3 ma direct cur-rent through stereotaxically implanted electrodes, 8 rats which received the same treatment except passage of current, and 9 normal rats were prepared. One month after the operation, all animals were sacrificed and their brain lesions checked histologically, their ovaries and uteri examined and weighed. The ovaries and uteri showed neither atrophic changes in any animal, nor significant differences in the weight among the 3 groups. Thus the results do not support the idea that the mamillary bo-dies are implicated in the control of female gonadotrophic function.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.814-821
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of moxibustion at combined acupoints on sex and age in rats. This study measured the effects of moxibustion on small intestinal motility in rats. Cauterizing with moxa was applied 5 times to the acupoints on SI8, LI11 SP9 and ST36 under enflurane anesthesia in the groups divided with sex and age. In single acupoint groups, cauterizing with moxa on ST36 increased in all of sex and age groups. The SP9 group with 5, 6 weeks in female and 5, 8 weeks in male, the SI8 group with 5, 7 weeks in female and only 7 weeks in male, the LI11 group with only 5, 6, 7 weeks in female and only 7 weeks in male showed increasing on small intestinal motility. In combined acupoints groups, the SI8+SP9 group with 7 weeks in female and 5, 6, 8 weeks in male, the SI8+ST36 group with 5, 6 weeks in female and 8 weeks in male, the LI11+SP9 group with 5, 6 weeks in female and 6 weeks in male, the LI11+ST36 group with 5 weeks in female and 5, 6, 7 weeks in male showed increasing respectively. Although these different according to the sex and age in rats do not have a established tendency, the results suggested that the effects of combined acupoints of cauterizing with moxa have relation with individuality.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.435-447
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• 1997

l-Muscone is synthesized for use as substitutive material of musk which is the active ingredient of woohwangchungsimwon. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of l-muscone in rats. In oral acute toxicity test, SPF Sprague-Dawley male and female rats were gayaged with l-muscone of two doses(0, 5.0 g/kg). No dead animal and abnormal autopsy findings were found in control and treated group. Body weights were slightly decreased in both sexes of rats treated with 5.0 g/kg. Therefore, oral $LD_{50}$ of l-muscone was consider to be higher than 5.0 g/kg in male and female rats. In intraperitoneal acute toxicity test, rats were injected intraperitoneally with dosages of 0, 1,000, 1,316, 1,732, 2,279 and 3.000 mg/kg. Decreased body weights and motor activities were observed at high dose group. Intraperitoneal $LD_{50}$ of l-muscone were 1,920 mg/kg in male and female rats. In the subacute study, l-muscone was administrated orally to both sexes of rats for 4 weeks as several doses(0, 10, 100 and 1,000 mg/kg). There were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights during the experimental period. In addition, no differences were found between control and treated groups in clinical signs, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemical analysist and other findings. Above data suggest that no observed adverse effect level of l-muscone in rats might be over 1,000 mg/kg/day in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2011

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of methylcyclohexane (MCH) by a single oral dose in female rats. The test chemical was administered once by gavage to female rats at dose levels 0, 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg. Mortalities, clinical findings, and body weight changes were monitored for the 14-day period following the administration. At the end of 14-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed and complete gross postmortem and histopathological examinations were performed. Treatment-related clinical signs, as evidenced by depression, soft feces, decreased locomotion activity, solid perineal region, crouching position, and anorexia were observed in all treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. At the dose level of 5,000 mg/kg, decreased or suppressed body weight gain was found during the study period. At the scheduled necropsy, one case of congestion of the intestine and an increase in the weights of liver and kidney were observed in the 5,000 mg/kg group. Histopathological examinations exhibited an increased incidence of glomerular atrophy, congestion/hemorrhage, and focal degeneration/necrosis in the liver and an increased incidence of congestion, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the kidney. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that a single oral administration of MCH resulted in some adverse effects on clinical sign, body weight gain, and organ weight and histopathology in the liver and kidney in female rats. In the experimental conditions, the minimal lethal dose ($LD_{10}$) of MCH was greater than 5,000 mg/kg.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.7-15
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• 2014

Objectives: The present study investigated the toxic properties of petroleum ether extract of Wattakaka (W.) volubilis in Wistar female rats. Methods: An in vitro brine shrimp lethality bioassay was studied in A. Salina nauplii, and the lethality concentrations were assessed for petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis. A water soluble portion of the test extract was used in different concentrations from $100-1000{\mu}g/mL$ of 1 mg/mL stock solution. A 24-hours incubation with a 1-mL aliquot in 50 mL of aerated sea water was considered to calculate the percentage rate of dead nauplii with test extract administration against a potassium-dichromate positive control. The acute and the sub-acute toxicities of petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis were evaluated orally by using gavage in female Wistar rats. Food and water intake, body weight, general behavioral changes and mortality of animals were noted. Toxicity or death was evaluated following the administration of petroleum ether extract for 28 consecutive days in the female rats. Serum biochemical parameters, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, glucose, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and ${\alpha}$-amylase levels, were measured in the toxicity evaluations. Pathological changes in isolated organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and pancreas, were also examined using hematoxylin and eosin dye fixation after the end of the test extract's administration. Results: The results of the brine-shrimp assay indicate that the evaluated concentrations of petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis were found to be non-toxic. In the acute and the sub-acute toxicity evaluations, no significant differences were observed between the control animals and the animals treated with extract of W. volubilis. No abnormal histological changes were observed in any of the animal groups treated with petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis. Conclusion: These results suggest that petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis has a non-toxic effect in Wistar female rats.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.509-520
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• 1995

The effect of water extract of antler on serum level of female hormones was investigated in ovariectemized rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized(ox). After a further 40 days the animals were administrated with water extract of antler (625mg/kg daily) for 10, 20 and 30 days, respectively. Serum level of estradiol, progesterone, leutenizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were measured. Significant increase of serum estradiol level was elicited at 20 and 30 days after treatment with water extract of antler, respectively, Associated with the increase of serum estradiol level, there was a concomitant decrease in serum follicle stimulating hormone level. Serum progesterone level was also significantly increased at 30 days after treatment with water extract of antler. Although serum leutenizing hormone level of ox rats treated with water extract of anther was slightly lower than that of untreated ox rats, the decrease was not significant.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 1991

Parathion is widely used in agriculture, but it is highly toxic and now clear that parathion behaves like a cholinergic drug by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase. In order to know acute toxicity and the changes of cholinesterase activity according to time lapsed in Sprague-Dawley rats injected single with half dose to LD$_{50}$ of parathion, cholinesterase activities in serum, spinal cord, whole brain and median lethal dose between sex difference were investigated. The results obtained were summerized as follows ; 1. 4LD_{50}$ values of parathion given intraperitoneally to male and female rats were 10.5mg / kg(95% confidence limits, 6.6-16.8mg/ kg) and 3.3mg/ kg(95% confidence limits, 1.9-5.6mg/ kg). 2. The inhibition rate of cholinesterase activities in serum of parathion-injected rats according to time lapsed were peakly decreased to 35.4%(male) and 32.4%(female) after 1 hour in comparison to control group, but cholinesterase activities were completely recovered after 48 hours. 3. The inhibition rate of cholinesterase activities in spinal cord of parathion-injected rats according to time lapsed were peakly decreased to 31.1% (male) and 36.3% (female) after 30 minutes in comparison to control group, but cholinesterase activities were completely recovered after 48 hours. 4. The inhibition rate of cholinesterase activities in whole brain of parathion -injected rats according to time lapsed were peakly decreased to 32.2%(male) and 42.6%(female) after 1 hour in comparison to control group, but cholinesterase activities were completely recovered after 48 hours.s.