• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.367-378
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyse craniofacial shape by 3D scanner for female adults with age groups. In this study, heads of 452 female adults were measured by 3D scanner. The obtained 25 measurements were analyzed by statistical methods. The results can be summarized as follows; 1. From the basic statistical data analysis, vertex-tragion and the length between the pupils were the longest in their twenties, and grew shorter in elderly groups. The length of nasion-subnasale and the width of mouth increased with an increased in age. 2. According to the analysis of the craniofacial proportions, the head type of female aduls was short-headed. The size of lower face increased with an increase in age. 3. The statistically noticeable differences were found in the measurement of the left and the right sides of face in the age groups of 20, 30, and 40. 4. High correlations were found in two perpendicular lengths, two horizontal lengths and two widths. 5. The order of factor analysis was as follows; the horizontal length, the perpendicular length and the width from highest.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.50-63
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• 1999

This study was conducted with 20 female gymnasts and 23 age-matched controls to examine the relationship of diet, menstrual function and bone mineral density (BMD). The results obtained are summarized as follows : Energy intake of gymnasts was 968.9$\pm$421.4kcal, and energy expenditure was 2091.4$\pm$361kcal showing negative energy balance(-1,122.5$\pm$534.6kcal). The average intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances for their age groups. Mean age at menarche in gymnasts is 15.8$\pm$1.2 years compared with 11.8$\pm$2.8 years in age-matched controls. The profile of estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone was lower than age-matched controls but not significant. Athletic amenorrheic gymnasts(n=12) have the menstrual irregularity(n=10) and amenorrhea(n=2). A number of variables as such nutritional deficiency in diet, negative energy blasnce and hypogonadotropic hormonal status were included. The bone mineral density (BMD) of female gymnasts were significantly higher than controls for the lumbar neck(p<0.001), trochanter(p<0.01), and Ward's triangle(p<0.001), but there were no significant differences for the lumbar spine and forearm. The lumbar spine BMD had a positive correlation with age and lean body weight. The femoral neck BMD was significantly associated with age, group and lean body mass. The trochanter BMD had significant relationship with group, body mass index, energy expenditure and follicular stimulating hormone. Ward's triangle BMD were related to body mass index and follicular stimulating hormone. The significant association was deterced between forearm BMD and age and lean body weight. The major finding of this investigation is that the BMD of gymnasts were higher than age-matched controls despite the fact that gymnasts as a group had inadequate dietary calcium and a higher propensity to have an interruption of their menstrual cycle. These data indicate that grymnsts involved in sports producing significant impact loading on the skeleton had greater femoral neck, trochanter and Ward's triangle bone density than age-matched controls.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 1990

The purpose of this study were to investigate the patterns of prosthetic restorations according to sex and age. We had surveyed the out-patents of dental clinics it Jeon-Ju, Iri and Gun roan area. The abtained result were as follow ; 1. The patterns of prosthetic restoration in female was higher than male and 20$\sim$30 age groups was higher than others. 2. The crown was higher in prosthetic restoration. 3. The procelain appliance area was high in male and female on 20$\sim$29 age. 4. The partial denture was higher than full denture in both sex. 5. The crown appliance area was not different in both sex. 6. The 3 unit bridge was higher than other bridge in both sex. 7. The porcelain appliance area was high in male and female on upper anterior. 8. The inlay appliance area of lower posterior was higher than upper posterior. 9. The upper posterior was high in male, and the lower posterior was high in female in partial denture. 10. The full dentur was high in old age group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 1984

The aim of this study was to investigate the thickness of angular cortex and bone density of mandible in normal person. Age changes and sex differences of those were comprised in this study. Material included 456 pantomographic views and 309 intraoral films taken by paralleling technic. 1. Conclusions from this study were as follows. The thickness of mandibular angular cortex increased with age in both sexes before 15 to 19-year-old group. And those were relatively constant in the age range from 20 to 49 years in male and in the age range from 20 to 39 years in female, but decreased after that age. 2. The thickness of mandibular angular cortex were larger in male than in female. And no significant differences between sexes were noted before 40 to 49-year-old group. 3. Changes of bone density with age were analogous to changes of thickness of mandibular angular cortex. Correlation coefficients between changes of bone density and age were arranged, and male group underwent comparatively low correlation while insignificant statistically in female gruop. And no significant differences between sexes were found in all age groups except 50 to 59-year-old group.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 1989

This investigation was conducted on 249 Jindo dogs aging from 2 to 12 months to determine body type and external appearance of the dogs. The results of this investigation were as follows. 1. The withers height of male dogs growed rapidly during the period between 2 months and 7 months of age, and was 22.94cm and 49.77cm, respectively. Afterward the growth rate slowed down up to 12 months, 53.33cm. The growth rate of female was similar to male, and the withers height was 22.91cm, 46.81cm, 48.70cm at 2, 6 and 12 months of age. 2. For male and female the body length was 27.21, 27.23cm at 2 months, 51.40cm, 51.62cm at 6 months, 58.33, 52.15cm at 12 months, respectively. Growth rate of the body length was very rapid from 2 to 6 months of age, but afterwards the growth rate was slow and somewhat retarded. 3. For male and female, the withers height to body length ratio was 100 : 109.4 and 100 : 107.1 in 12 months old group. 4. Cross over between the sexes in growth rate occurred between 5.3 to 6.5 months of age for wither height, between 6.0 to 7.2 months for hody length, respectively. 5. The average chest girths of male and female were 31.46, 30.46cm at 2 months, 54.92, 52.20cm at 7months, 60.25, 57.90cm at 12months, respectively. The growth rate of chest girth was rapid between 2 to 7 months of age and gradual between 7 to 12 months. 6. The average skull lengths of male and female were 11.76, 11.32cm at 2 months, 21.83, 19.60cm at 12 months, respectively. The average head widths of male and female were 8.37, 7.94cm at 2 months, 15.47, 12.46cm at 12 months. 7. Erected type of ear was completed from oblique type at 6 months in male and 7 months in female. On our detailed examinations, we concluded that Jindo dogs completed their growth at 6 to 7 months of age.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.243-247
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• 1998

This study was researched the external ocular structure on the korean young age. The results was as follows; 1. On the distance of innercanthus, the average length was 38-40 mm. In the twenties age, the male was longer then the female. 2. On the length of palpebral fissure, the average length was 35-37 mm and right and left eye was similar results. But, the male was longer than the female. 3. On the width of palpebral fissure, the average width was 7-8mm and the male and female was similar results. 4. At the near distance, the average PD was 29-33 mm, but in the twenty age, the left eye of male was longer than the right eye. On the other hand, In the female, the results was reverse. 5. At the distance, the average PD was 31-32 mm, But, In the teens, the male and female was similar results. On the other hand, In the twenties age, the male was longer than the female.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.127-142
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• 1983

This thesis was to investigate sex defferencd by employing the methodes of Bernadskij's and it's modification by means of the evaluation of pH of dentin in 162 extracted teeth. The obtained were as follows: 1. In 72% of all experinments, pH of human dentin substance was higher in female than in male. Mean pH was 13.175±0.031 in male and 13.245±0.030 in female. 2. After comparative studies on each pH in anatomical region of tooth arrangement, the sex difference of pH was most obviously showed in molars. 3. In pH change according to ages, the 30's was the highest in male and the 20's in female, also pH showed decresing tendency by the increasing of age in both male and female. 4. There was no pH difference in anatomical regions of tooth arrangment. 5. Mean pH was 13.282±0.013 in under 50 years of age and 13.282±0.022 over 50. It proved that pH was higher in under 50 years of age than in over 50.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 2002

Mulberry leaf roller, Diaphania pulverulentalis (Hampson), is a major pest of mulberry, Morus alba. The life table construction from present investigation reveals the age specific survival $(1_{x)}$ and the age specific fecundity $(m_{x})$ of the pest. The female contributed the highest egg production $(m_{x} ＝ 12.75)4 in the life cycle on the $27^{th}$ day and the lowest $(m_{x} = 0.8)$ on the 37$^{th}$ day of the pivotal age. The female progeny production was observed to be intensive for the first six days after the preoviposition period, beyond which it declines steadily, The fecundity of D. pulverulentalis varies between 60-140. The first female mortality within the cohort occurred 4 days after the adult emergence and mortality increased thereafter, One generation is completed in 33.08 days. The female dominated sex ratio (1: 7.18 days) was recorded.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.187-191
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• 1984

Vital pulpotomies by conventional method were done in 120 male and female cases between the ages of 20 and 60 who visited to SNUDH. The pulpotomized surfaces were covered by FR paste and clinical symptoms were carefully examined 1 week and 4 weeks later. The results were as follows; 1. There was no distinct difference between male and female as a whole, and pain to cold and hot or percussion was increased by aging. 2. Incidence of pain to cold and hot or percussion in group examined 4 weeks later was slightly increased than in group examined 1 week later. 3. There was no case of pain to cold and hot or percussion over all ages after 1 week, but were 5 cases (male 2, female 3) in 40 age, and were 3 cases (male 1, female 2) in 50 age after 4 weeks. 4. In 20 and 30 age, there was no case of pain to cold and hot or percussion after 4 weeks, also.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2008

Objectives : We investigated the correlation of the skin color to blood circulation on the face of Korean female by noninvasive-skin measuring devices. Methods : Korean female(37.47${\pm}$3.66 years, n=36) aged 30-45 years were participated in this study. We measured the skin color of the face with Spectrophotometer CM2600d (Minolta, Japan) and the skin blood flow with Laser Doppler Imaging-Periscan PIM II (Perimed AB, Sweden). The skin color and blood circulation of three groups (30-35 years, 36-40 years, 41-45 years) divided on age were analyzed by paired-t test and regression analysis. Results : The L* values of the skin were decreased and the a* values were increased significantly with age. This means that the more age increase, the more the skin is dark and red. But the skin blood flow was not significantly different with age and skin color. Conclusions : In the oriental medicine, It was reported that the face of the female over 35 years is changed gradually haggard and the blood circulation is decreased. In our study, the blood circulation was not changed and the skin color was dark and red with increasing the age. We think this symptom resulted from the better nutrition than the past, the change of the blood-quality and this changes were too sensitive to be measured by Laser Doppler Imaging system.