• 한국가금학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.139-147
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• 1989

본시험은 산란계사료의 에너지수준이 산란계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하며 대사에너지 수준(2,900, 2,600kcal/kg)과 산란초기, 중기 및 말기의 단백질공결체계(17-17-15%, 17-15-13%, 15-15-15%, 15-15-13 %, 15-13-13%)를 달리하는 10개 처리에 백색 레그흔종 산란계 960수를 공시하며 1987년 6월 50일부터 1988년 8월 22일까지 60주간에 걸쳐 시험을 실시하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 대사에너지수준이 증가함에 따라 산란초기 및 중기의 산란율은 차이가 없었으나 산란말기의 산란율은 감소하였고 난중은 차이가 없었으며, 사료섭취양은 감소하였고, 사료요구율은 초기와 중기에는 개선되었으나 말기에는 차이가 없었으며 산란kg당 사료비는 초기와 중기에는 차이가 없었으나 말기에는 증가하였고. 성계생존율은 감소하는 경향이었다. 2. 단백질수준이 증가함에 따라 산란율과 난중이 증가하였으며, 사료섭취양에는 차이가 없었고, 사료요구율은 개선되었으며 산란kg당 사료비는 증가하였으나 성계생존율은 차이가 없었다. 3. 산란전기간의 생산성을 고러해 볼 때 대기에너지수준은 2,600kcal/kg, 단백질수준은 초기, 중기 및 말기에 각각 17, 15 및 13%가 적당하였다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.257-266
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• 1994

Three protein feeding systems for egg-type pullets involving conventional step-down protein 18-15-12%), step-up protein(12-15-18%) and single-stage low protein (13-13-13%) with an iso-energy level of 2,900 ME kcal /kg were compared to examine the effect on pullet growth and subsequent laying performance. During the growing period, pullets subjected to the step-up and single-stage low protein feeding systems were lighter in body weight and consumed less feed and netabolizable energy than those on the conventional step-down protein feeding system(P<0.05). 3ut the pullets on the step-up protein diet consumed more protein, and those on the single-stage low protein diet consumed less protein than those on the step-down protein diet(P<0.05). Also, he feed cost was less in pullets on the single-stage low protein diet than in those on the other systems(P<0.05). During the laying period, sexual maturity was later in hens reared on the step-up and single-stage low protein diets than in those on the step-down protein diet(P<0.05), however, average hen-day egg production and egg weight were not significantly affected by the protein feeding systems in the growing period. Daily feed intake and feed required per egg were significantly reduced in hens on the single-stage low protein diet compared to those on conventional protein feeding system(P<0.05). It was concluded that the 13% single-stage low protein feeding system produced smaller pullets with less feed, energy, protein, and feed cost during the growing period, and hens reared on that system consumed less feed during the laying period without any impairment of production compared to the conventional rearing system.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.395-400
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• 1983

본시험(本試驗)은 브로일러의 에너지와 단백질요구량(蛋白質要求量)결정을 위(爲)한 시험(試驗)의 일부(一部)로시 에너지수준은 변화(變化)시키지 않고 단백질(蛋白質)수준을 점진적으로 증가(增加)시켰을 때 단백질(蛋白質) 수준에 따른 증체량(增體量), 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量), 사료요구율(飼料要求率), 에너지 및 단백질효율(蛋白質效率)을 조사하였다. 기초사료(基礎飼料)(A)의 에너지수준은 전기와 후기에 각각(各各) 3200kcal와 3265kcal로 하였고 단백질(蛋白質)수준은 전기와 후기에 22.85%와 18.58%로하여 전기 후기 각각 어분(魚粉)을 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%를 동량(同量)의 기초사료(基礎飼料)로 대치하여 단백질(蛋白質)수준을 점진적으로 증가(增加)시켰다. 여기에 사용(使用)된 시험동물은 Abor Acre(♂) 병아리였고 전기4주(週) 후기4주(週) 8주간(週間)을 사양시험(飼養試驗)하였는데 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 브로일러 주(週) 평균증체(平均增體)에 있어서 전기는 diet C구가 후기에 있어서는 diet A구가 전기의 diet A, E구에 비(比)하여 그리고 후기의 diet E구에 비(比)하여 유의적으로 증체량이 높았다(P<0.05). 2. 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)에 있어서 단백질수준(蛋白質水準)이 전기에는 영향을 미치지 않았으며 후기에 있어서 diet C, D, E는 diet A에 비(比)하여 유의적으로 섭취량(攝取量)이 감소하였다(P<0.05). 3. 사료요구율(飼料要求率)에 있어 주당(週當) 평균(平均)은 브로일러전기에 있어서 diet C구는 1.43으로서 diet A구 1.58에 비(比)하여 유의적으로 사료요구율(飼料要求率)의 향상(向上)을 보였다(P<0.05). 4. 에너지와 단백질효율(蛋白質效率)은 전후기를 통(通)하여 단백질(蛋白質)수준이 높을수록 에너지효율은 증가(增加)되었고 단백질효율(蛋白質效率)은 감소하여 반대(反對)현상을 보였다. 이상(以上)에서 본시험(本試驗)의 2단계 사육조건하(飼育條件下)에서는 단백질(蛋白質)은 전기와 후기가 23%와 20% 에너지수준은 전기와 후기가 각각(各各) 3200kcal/kg와 3250kcal/kg 일때 브로일러의 능력(能力)이 최고에 도달된 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.58-60
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• 2001

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of nutrient level and feeding method of split diets for a.m. and p.m. on laying hen performance. In both studies, ISA Brown layers were kept in laying hen cages and treatments were represented by three or four replicates each containing 25 or 34 birds. In Experiment 1, the control group(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet groups(T1, T2 and T3) were offered high energy/protein - low Ca diet and low energy/protein - high Ca diets in a.m. and p.m., respectively. In split diet groups, ME and CP consumption, and feed cost required per day and per kg egg mass were significantly reduced(P＜0.05) compared to C group, while the hen-day egg production, average egg weight and daily feed intake were not different among treatments. In the second study, C and T1 groups were fed the diets same to the C and T2 groups in Experiment 1, respectively. And T2 group was fed the diet mixed with the split diets for a.m. in mash and p.m. in pellet used in T1 group. In T1 and T2 groups, daily feed intake and average egg weight were significantly reduced(P＜0.05), while the hen-day egg production was not influenced by the feeding system. Daily ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were reduced(P＜0.05) in T1 and T2, while the ME, CP and feed cost required per kg egg mass were not different to the C group. In both study, eggshell qualities were improved(P＜0.05) by split diet feeding. It was concluded the feed and nutrients consumption, feed cost per day or per kg egg mass could be spared by introducing split diets for a.m. and p.m., and the feeding method of mixed diet of split diets was also convenient and effective for sparing feed cost and improvement of eggshell quality.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.7.1-7.6
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• 2017

A feeding trial was designed to assess the effects of dietary protein and lipid content on growth, feed utilization efficiency, and muscle proximate composition of juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri. Six experimental diets were formulated with a combination of three protein (35, 45, and 55%) and two dietary lipid levels (7 and 14%). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish ($8.3{\pm}0.1g$) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that growth performance in terms of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased with increasing dietary protein level from 35 to 55% at the same dietary lipid level. At the same dietary lipid content, WG and SGR obtained with diets containing 55% protein was significantly higher than those obtained with diets containing 45 and 35% protein. No significant effect on growth rate was found when the dietary level of lipid was increased from 7 to 14%. While the levels of protein and lipid in the diets had no significant effect on feed intake, other nutrient utilization efficiency parameters including daily protein intake (DPI), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) showed a similar trend to that of growth rates, with the highest values obtained with diets containing 55% protein. Muscle chemical composition was not significantly affected by the different dietary treatments for each dietary lipid or protein level tested. These findings may suggest that a practical diet containing 55% protein and 7% lipid provides sufficient nutrient and energy to support the acceptable growth rates and nutrient utilization of mandarin fish juveniles.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 1992

참돔 치어에 있어서의 식물성단백질원의 이용성의 검토와 유효이용을 꾀하기 위하여, 대두박 및 콘글루텐 밀을 배합한 여러 종류의 실험사료를 제작하여 성장, 사료효율 및 어체성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과 사료중의 조단백질 및 조지폐함량이 각각 $47{\%}\;,20{\%}$ 구에서 뛰어난 성장 및 사료효율을 나타내었으며, 어분의 $20{\%}$를 대두박으로 대체하여도 성장 및 사료효율에는 아무튼 간제가 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고, 원료대두박의 Ex 처리유무 및 사료의 제조법의 차이에 의한 영양가개선을 인정할 수 없었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1400-1410
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• 2004

Eight crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian) cows in mid-lactation were randomly assigned to a switchback design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement to evaluate two nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) sources (corn meal and cassava chips) with different rumen degradability and used at two levels of NSC (55 vs. 75%) with protein source (supplied by urea in the concentrate mix). The treatments were 1) Low degradable low level of corn (55%) 2) Low degradable high level of corn (75%) 3) High degradable low level of cassava (55%) and 4) High degradable high level of cassava (75%). The cows were offered the treatment concentrate at a ratio to milk yield at 1:2. Urea-treated rice straw was offered ad libitum as the roughage and supplement with 1 kg/hd/d cassava hay. The results revealed that total DM intake, BW and digestion coefficients of DM were not affected by either level or source of energy. Rumen fermentation parameters; NH3-N, blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were unaffected by source of energy, but were dramatically increased by level of NSC. Rumen microorganism populations were not affected (p>0.05) by source of energy, but fungal zoospores were greater for cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate. Milk production and milk composition were not affected significantly by diets containing either source or level of NSC, however concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (4.4 and 4.2, respectively). Likewise, income over feed, as estimated from 3.5% FCM, was higher on cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (54.0 and 51.4 US$/mo, respectively). These results indicate that feeding diets containing either cassava-based diets and/or a higher of oncentrates up to 75% of DM with NPN (supplied by urea up to 4.5% of DM) can be used in dairy rations without altering rumen ecology or animal performance compared with corn-based concentrate.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.373-381
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• 1994

호밀을 답리작으로 재배시 수량, 일반사료성분과 에너지 함량 및 수량을 질소시비량 및 예취시기에 따른 반응을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 호밀은 질소시비량이 30kg/10a까지 많을수록 청예 및 건물수량이 증가하고 건물률은 감소하였으며 식물체의 엽신과 엽초의 비율은 증가하는 반면 줄기와 이삭의 비율은 감소하였다. 2. 호밀은 질소시비량이 많을수록 단백질, 총가소화양분(TDN), 무기물 및 에너지 함량과 수량이 모두 증가하였으며 ADF(acid detergent fiber) 와 NDF(neutral detergent fiber)의 함량은 감소하고 상대적사료가치가 높아졌다. 3. 질소시비량이 많아지면 예취시기가 늦더라도 전체 조단백질 함량 중에서 가급태 단백질이 차지하는 비율이 크게 낮아지지 않았다. 4. 호밀의 수확적기는 관행사료가치의 관점에서 는 대체로 유숙기 무렵으로 판단되었으나 사료의 에너지 관점에서는 이와 다소 차이가 있었다. 증체에너지(NEG)와 유지에너지(NEM) 면에서 본 수확적기는 개화후기에 높고 관행사료가치보다 10일정도 빨랐으며 에너지추정값(ENE)과 필유에너지(NEL)는 유숙기 무렵으로 같았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1481-1490
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to determine the net energy (NE) content of full-fat rice bran (FFRB), corn germ meal (CGM), corn gluten feed (CGF), solvent-extracted peanut meal (PNM), and dehulled sunflower meal (SFM) fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry or published prediction equations. Methods: Twelve growing barrows with an average initial body weight (BW) of $32.4{\pm}3.3kg$ were allotted to a replicated $3{\times}6$ Youden square design with 3 successive periods and 6 diets. During each period, pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 d, which included 7 days for adaptation. On d 8, the pigs were transferred to the respiration chambers and fed one of the 6 diets at 2.0 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/$kg\;BW^{0.6}/d$. Total feces and urine were collected and daily heat production was measured from d 9 to d 13. On d 14 and d15, pigs were fed at their maintenance energy requirement level. On the last day pigs were fasted and fasting heat production was measured. Results: The NE of FFRB, CGM, CGF, PNM, and SFM measured by indirect calorimetry method was 12.33, 8.75, 7.51, 10.79, and 6.49 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. The NE/ME ratios ranged from 67.2% (SFM) to 78.5% (CGF). The NE values for the 5 ingredients calculated according to the prediction equations were 12.22, 8.55, 6.79, 10.51, and 6.17 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Conclusion: The NE values were the highest for FFRB and PNM and the lowest in the corn co-products and SFM. The average NE of the 5 ingredients measured by indirect calorimetry method in the current study was greater than values predicted from NE prediction equations (0.32 MJ/kg DM).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.1397-1406
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• 2019

Objective: Feed energy required for pigs is first prioritized to meet maintenance costs. Additional energy intake in excess of the energy requirement for maintenance is retained as protein and fat in the body, leading to weight gain. The objective of this study was to estimate the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance ($ME_m$) by regressing body weight (BW) gain against metabolizable energy intake (MEI) in growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six growing pigs ($26.3{\pm}1.7kg$) were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were 6 feeding levels which were calculated as 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of the estimated ad libitum MEI ($2,400kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d$). All pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 30 d and weighed every 5 d. Moreover, each pig from each treatment was placed in the open-circuit respiration chambers to measure heat production (HP) and energy retained as protein ($RE_p$) and fat ($RE_f$) every 5 d. Serum biochemical parameters of pigs were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Results: The average daily gain (ADG) and HP as well as the $RE_p$ and $RE_f$ linearly increased with increasing feed intake (p<0.010). ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate concentration of serum tended to increase with increasing feed intake (p = 0.080). The regression equations of MEI on ADG were MEI, $kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d=1.88{\times}ADG$, g/d+782 ($R^2=0.86$) and $ME_m$ was estimated at $782kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d$. Protein retention of growing pigs would be positive while REf would be negative at this feeding level via regression equations of $RE_p$ and $RE_f$ on MEI. Conclusion: The $ME_m$ was estimated at $782kJ/kg\;BW^{0.60}\;d$ in current experiment. Furthermore, growing pigs will deposit protein and oxidize fat if provided feed at the estimated maintenance level.