• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.963-968
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• 1997

Cereals and legumes were ground, blended and extruded with a twin-screw extruder to form a reconstituted grain. The basic formula was as follows: brown rice 30%, barley 30%, wheat 20%, millet 5%, sorghum 5%, soybean 7%, and red bean 3%. Extrusion conditions were properly set for feed moisture content of $24{\sim}30%$, barrel temperature of $50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$, and screw speed at 250 rpm. The extruded grain was air-dried and evaluated for quality characteristics, compared with milled rice. Size and shape of the reconstituted grain were similar to short-grain milled rice. Stacking volume of the reconstituted grain was a little higher than that of milled rice, and its water absorption was more rapid. From the texture measurements, hardness of cooked reconstituted grain was slightly lower and adhesiveness was appeared to be higher.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1703-1718
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• 2014

An eco-friendly integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) farming technique was developed with the goal of resolving eutrophication by excess feed and feces as fish-farming by-products. A variety of seaweed species were tried to remove inorganic nutrients produced by fish farming. However, there have been few trials to use Sargassum fulvellum in an IMTA system, a species with a relatively wide distribution across regions with various habitat conditions, great nutrient removal efficiency and importance for human food source and industrial purposes. In this regard, our study tried to examine feasibility of using S. fulvellum in an IMTA system by analyzing growth characteristics of the species in an IMTA system comprising of rockfish (Sebastes shlegeli), sea cucumber (Stichopus japonocus) and the tried S. fulvellum (October 2011 - November 2012). We also monitored environment conditions around the system including current speed, water temperature and inorganic nutrient level as they may affect growth of S. fulvellum. S. fulvellum in the IMTA system, which were $15.72{\pm}5.67mm$ long at the start of the experiment in October 2011, grew to a maximum of $1093{\pm}271.13mm$ by May 2012. In September, seaweed growth was reduced to a minimum of $280{\pm}70.43mm$ in length. Then, S. fulvellum began to grow again reaching $325{\pm}196.19mm$ by November 2012. Wet weight of the seaweed was $4.01{\pm}1.89g$ at the start of the experiment and reached a maximum of $109.26{\pm}34.23g$ in May. The weight gradually declined to a low of $15.12{\pm}8.40g$ in September 2012. Weight began to increase once more, rising to $39.27{\pm}21.69g$ by November. During the experiment, the average velocity at the surface and the bottom was 6.5 cm/s and 3.4 cm/s, respectively. The water temperature ranged $5.0-23.5^{\circ}C$, which was considered suitable for growing S. fulvellum. Results of the study indicated no significant differences in inorganic nutrients between pre- and post-IMTA installation. It was thus concluded that S. fulvellum can be a suitable seaweed species to be used in an IMTA system.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.185-188
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• 2008

A possible rapid biodegradation of abandoned livestock was tested by using the dead pig and chicken. The dead pig (36kg) was completely decomposed after 23 days of placement in the open field during June 2007. When the door of a cage in which a dead chicken (3.4kg) was placed was opened, a lot of flies were attracted to the chicken and layed eggs on the chicken. As the result the chicken was decomposed down to 0.6kg after 6 days of placement in the open field, On the other hand when the door was closed, the decomposition was very slow. The chicken weighed 3.0kg even after 6 days. An experiment conducted during October 2007 showed that decomposition speed depended on the number of inoculated flies. When 50 pairs of Lucilia sericata flies were inoculated to 3.2kg chicken, it was decomposed down to 1.0kg after 22 days in the field. However, when 200 female and 100 male flies were inoculated, the 3.4kg chicken was decomposed to 0.8kg after 11 days in the field. A 10,858 pupae (371.2g) was produced from the latter chicken. These pupae may possibly be used as a feed for fish and fowl. From these results it is considered that further research is needed to commercialize the blow flies for the rapid decomposition of an abandoned livestock of diverse size under diverse environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.380-385
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• 2016

This study analyzed changes in ${\beta}$-glucan content in Agaricus blazei Murill concentrates according to extrusion and extraction conditions. Screw speed and feed rate were fixed to 250 rpm, and 100 g/min, respectively. Moisture contents (20 and 30%) and barrel temperature (130 and $140^{\circ}C$) were adjusted. ${\beta}$-Glucan content of the extruded sample at a moisture content of 20% and barrel temperature of $130^{\circ}C$ was higher compared to other extrusion conditions. ${\beta}$-Glucan content of the extruded sample at a moisture content of 20% and barrel temperature of $130^{\circ}C$ treated with Rohament CL enzyme was higher compared to Viscozyme L, and Plantase TL enzyme treatments under the same extrusion conditions. In conclusion, extrusion and pretreatment with Rohament CL enzyme enhanced yield of ${\beta}$-glucan extract.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.23-33
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• 2020

Marine algae(Macro algae) are easily bio-degradable, and by-products are available as feed and fertilizer. The biomass of marine algae has higher CO2 absorption capacity than the wood system, and is highly valuable in use due to its fast growth speed and wide cultivation area without special cost for raw material production. In 2018, Marine algae production was 1,722,486ton, such as Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifida and Porphyra tenera, the large amounts of by-products have been generated in the food processing facilities for commercialization. In this study, Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifida were collected in the south coast region and Porphyra tenera was collected in the west coast region. The theoretical methane potential and biochemical methane potential(BMP) were analyzed, and Modified Gompertz model and Parallel first order kinetics model were adopted for the interpretation of the cumulative methane production curves. The theoretical methane potential of Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifida and Porphyra tenera were 0.393, 0.373 and 0.435 N㎥/kg-VS, respectively. BMP obtained by the Modified gompertz model 0.226, 0.227, and 0.241 N㎥/kg-VS for Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifida and Porphyra tenera, respectively. And BMP obtained by the Parallel first order kinetics model were 0.220, 0.243, and 0.240 N㎥/kg-VS for Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifida and Porphyra tenera, respectively.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2019

This study was performed to determine the effect of psyllium husk addition on the physical properties of rice extrudates. Rice-based formulations mixed with psyllium husk (0, 7, 14 and 21%) were extruded at a die temperature of 140℃, screw speed of 200 rpm, and moisture content of 20%. As the content of psyllium husk increased, expansion ratio decreased, while piece density and specific length increased. Apparent elastic modulus, breaking strength, adhesiveness, and hardness augmented with an elevation in psyllium husk content. Lightness declined as psyllium husk content furthered, while redness, yellowness, and color difference intensified. Water soluble index and water absorption index increased with an increased amount of psyllium husk. In conclusion, the addition of psyllium affected the expansion of extruded rice snack possessing hard texture, small cells, and sticky texture due to higher water absorption during hydration.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.105-114
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• 2022

As the national income level is improving, housing urbanization and economic speed are progressing rapidly, household waste and food waste are rapidly increasing. The "Waste Management Act" (founded in 1991) introduced the volume-based household waste system in 1995, and even after implementation, the odor of food waste and the prompt disposal process continue to be a social problem.For this reason, the food waste recycling business is attracting attention. In this paper, regarding the role of resource recycling such as feed, compost, and other resources of food waste, this thesis aims to reduce the inefficiency of the recycling process. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) of the relationship between inputs and outputs of 33 facilities nationwide, excluding facility data (insufficient) among 394, (238 public, and 156 private ones), as of the end of 2020, which is running a domestic resource recycling project This study was conducted to investigate the important role in the relative management performance of food waste recycling facilities.It was hypothesized that the influence of business history, facility capacity, capital, and machinery of a company running a food waste recycling business on sales was tested.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to efficiently produce forage crop seed of spring oat (Avena sativa L., cultivar High Speed) in Gyeongbuk area. Forage crop oats (130 kg/ha) were sown with a randomized block design. They were sown in triplicates in 2015 and 2016 using basal fertilizer of 70 kg N, 74 kg P, and 39 kg K/ha. Agronomic traits and seed production of oats were investigated to determine the influence of seeding dates (February 28/29th, March 10th, and March 20th). Heading, flowering, and maturing dates of these oats sown on February 28/29th and March 10th were almost close to each other with 1-2 days of difference for all test plots. For oats sown on the last day (28/29) of Feb., plant heights (111.6-122.6 cm) were significantly longer than those sown in March each year. In addition, panicle number ($416.7per\;m^2$) and panicle length (17.3 cm) of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats sown in March in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to sow these oats on the last day of February to have better agronomic traits in terms of plant height, stem length, panicle length, and panicle number $per\;m^2$. Grain numbers (56.3 and 63.3) and kernel weights (1.72 and 2.00 g) per spike in plots of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats in other plots in 2016 and in the average of 2015~2016, respectively. The highest grain yield (6,243 kg/ha) was obtained when oats were sown on the last day of February. Feed value of harvested oats was good in terms of proximate compositions including fiber contents and TDN contents. In conclusion, sowing on the last day of February is the most effective way to increase seed production of spring oats in Gyeongbuk area of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.95-104
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• 1976

This study was conducted to test the harvesting operation of two kinds of rice varieties such as Milyang #15 and Tong-il with a imported two furrow Japanese combine and was performed to find out the operational accuracy of it, the adaptability of this machine, and the feasibility of supplying this machine to rural area in Korea. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows; 1. The harvesting test of the Milyang #15 was carried out 5 times from the optimum harvesting operation was good regardless of its maturity. The field grain loss ratio and the rate of unthreshed paddy were all about 1 percent. 2. The field grain loss of Tong-il harvested was increased from 5.13% to 10.34% along its maturity as shown in Fig 1. In considering this, it was needed that the combine mechanism should be improved mechanically for harvesting of Tong-il rice variety. 3. The rate of unthreshed paddy of Tong-il rice variety of which stem was short was average 1.6 percent, because the sample combine used in this study was developed on basisof the long stem variety in Japan, therefore some ears owing to the uneven stem of Tong-il rice could nat reach the teeth of the threshing drum. 4. The cracking rates of brown rice depending mostly upon the revolution speed of the threshing drum(240-350 rpm) in harvesting of Tong-il and Milyang #15 were all below 1 percent, and there was no significance between two varieties. 5. Since the ears of Tong-il rice variety covered with its leaves, a lots of trashes was produced, especially when threshed in raw materials, and the cleaning and the trashout mechanisms were clogged with those trashes very often, and so these two mechanisms were needed for being improved. 6. The sample combine of which track pressure was $0.19kg/cm^2$ could drive on the soft ground of which sinking was even 25cm as shown in Fig 3. But in considering the reaping height adjustment, 5cm sinking may be afford to drive the combine on the irregular sinking level ground without any readjustment of the resaping height. 7. The harvesting expenses per ha. by the sample combine of which annual coverage area is 4.7 ha. under conditions that the yearly workable days is 40, percentage of days being good for harvesting operation is 60%, field efficiency is 56%, working speed is 0.273m/sec, and daily workable hours is 8 hrs is reasonable to spread this combine to rural area in Korea, comparing to the expenses by the conventional harvesting expenses, if mechanical improvement is supplemented so as to harvest Tong-il rice. 8. In order to harvest Tong-il rice, the two furrow combine should be needed some mechanical improvements that divider can control not to touch ears of paddy, the space between the feeding chain and the thrshing drum is reduced, trash treatment apparatus must be improved, fore and rear adjust-interval is enlarged, and width of track must be enlarged so as to drive on the soft ground.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2018

In planktonic ecosystems, the microplastics are considered as a potential food source for the zooplankton. To study a relationship between the zooplankton and the neustonic microplastics, a research experiment was carried out during May in the surface layers of the Yeosu coastal areas including Yeoja Bay, Gamak Bay, Yeosuhae Bay, and Botdol Sea. A neustonic zooplankton net (mesh size $300{\mu}m$; mouth area $30cm{\times}18cm$) was towed from the side of the ship in the event that it would not be affected by waves crashing by the ship at a speed of ca. 2.5 knots. All of the microplastic particles were separated from the zooplankton. The zooplankton and microplastics were appearing in a range of 61 to $763indiv.m^{-3}$ and 0.0047 to $0.3471particle\;m^{-2}$, respectively. It was noted that the Acartia omorii, Paracalanus parvus s. l., Labidocera euchaeta, A. hongi, decapod larvae, and cirriped larvae were predominantly seen in the experiment. For verifying relationships between zooplankton and environmental factors in addition to microplastics, a model redundancy analysis (RDA) was performed. The zooplankton were divided into two groups on the basis of feeding types (i.e. particle feeders, and carnivores), and the associated zooplankton larvae were also separately considered. A review of the additional environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, turbidity, chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ concentration, diatom density, and dinoflagellate density were also contained in the analysis. The results showed that a noted zooplankton abundance had no close relation with the occurring number of microplastic particles, but rather was significantly related with other noted environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, turbidity, and chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ concentration. This fact implies that most zooplankton can feed themselves as a unit, by selecting the most likely available nutritious foods, rather than microplastics under the circumstance of food-richness areas, such what food resources are available as in the location of coastal waters.