• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.827-830
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• 2013

To evaluate the effects of feeding four different levels of starter in male Holstein dairy calves, a completely randomized study was conducted, using 28 calves with initial body weight of $40.5{\pm}2.4$ kg. The animals were fed iso-nitrogenous starter and were weaned when they consumed 350, 500, 650 and 800 g/d of starter for 3 d consecutively. Starter and water were available ad-libitum throughout the experiment. Body weight at pre-weaning (less than 5 wk) and post-weaning (8 wk) was lower in calves that received 350 g/d of starter than in the other treatments (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was the highest among all treatments in pre-weaning period (p<0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) at weaning and total DMI was higher in that calves received 800 g/d of starter compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter were weaned earlier (p<0.05) and showed lower milk consumption (kg, DM) compared with other treatments whereas no significant difference was observed between calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter (p>0.05). Dry matter, organic matter and crude protein digestibilities were lower in calves that received 350 g/d of starter compared with other treatments (p<0.05). No differences were observed in acid detergent and neutral detergent fiber digestibility among all treatments (p>0.05).Treatments had no significant effect on time of starting rumination, respiratory score, and days of drug administration for pneumonia. There were no meaningful differences in feces, fecal odor scores, body temperature, and days of drug administration for diarrhea among all treatments (p>0.05). Total dry matter intake at the end of experiment showed no significant difference among calves fed 600 and 800 g/d of starter, but calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter showed more dry matter (DM) intake than calves in the 600 and 800 g/d groups (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.252-261
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• 2006

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of organic or inorganic acid supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal measurements and white blood cell counts of weanling pigs. In growth trial (Exp I), a total of 100 crossbred pigs ({$Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$}${\times}$Duroc), weaned at $23{\pm}2$ days of age and $7.25{\pm}0.10kg$ average initial body weight (BW), were allotted to 5 treatments by body weight and sex in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Three different organic acids (fumaric [FUA], formic [FOA] or lactic acid [LAA]) and one inorganic acid (hydrochloric acid [SHA]) were supplemented to each treatment diet. Each treatment had 5 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. During 0-3 wk, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G/F ratio) were not significantly different among treatments. However, pigs fed LAA or SHA diet showed improved ADG by 15 or 13% respectively and 12% greater ADFI in both treatments compared to CON diets. Moreover, compared to organic acid treatments, better ADG (p = 0.07) and ADFI (p = 0.09) were observed in SHA diet compared to pigs that were fed the diet containing organic acids (FUA, FOA or LAA). However, during 4-5 wk, no differences in ADG, ADFI and G/F ratio were observed among treatments. Overall, ADG, ADFI and G/F ratio were not affected by acidifier supplementation. Although it showed no significant difference, pigs fed LAA or SHA diets showed numerically higher ADG and ADFI than pigs fed other treatments. In metabolic trial (Exp II), 15 pigs were used to evaluate the effect of acidifier supplementation on nutrient digestibility. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude ash (CA), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) was not improved by acidifier supplementation. Although the amount of fecal-N excretion was not different among treatments, that of urinary-N excretion was reduced in acidsupplemented treatments compared to CON group (p = 0.12). Subsequently, N retention was improved in acid-supplemented groups (p = 0.17). In anatomical trial (Exp III), the pH and $Cl^-$ concentrations of digesta in gastrointestinal (GI) tracts were not affected by acidifier supplementation. No detrimental effect of intestinal and lingual (taste bud) morphology was observed by acidifier supplementation particularly in inorganic acid treatment. In white blood cell assay (Exp IV), 45 pigs were used for measuring white blood cell (WBC) counts. In all pigs after LPS injection, WBC counts had slightly declined at 2 h and kept elevating at 8 h, then returned to baseline by 24 h after injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, overall WBC counts were not affected by acidifier supplementation. In conclusion, there was no difference between organic and inorganic acidifier supplementation in weanling pigs' diet, however inorganic acidifier might have a beneficial effect on growth performance and N utilization with lower supplementation levels. Furthermore, inorganic acidifier had no negative effect on intestinal measurements and white blood cell counts in weanling pigs. These results suggested that inorganic acidifier might be a good alternative to organic acidifiers in weanling pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1092-1099
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to determine the additivity of apparent or true digestibility of phosphorus (P) in soybean meal (SBM), peas, faba beans, corn, oats, broken rice meal, rough rice meal, buckwheat, and sorghum for growing pigs. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as a digestion marker in both experiments. Each experiment lasted for 12 d, which consisted of a 7-d dietary adaptation period followed by a 5-d fecal collection period. Experiment 1 involved 6 diets: the SBM-based control diet; 4 diets with corn, oats, rough rice meal and broken rice meal substituted for SBM; and an additional diet with a representative mixture of the 5 ingredients. In Experiment 2, 6 diets were prepared similarly, except that the tested ingredients besides SBM were faba beans, peas, buckwheat, and sorghum. In each experiment, six barrows with an initial average individual BW of 20.5 kg were fed one of the six diets according to a $6{\times}6$ Latin square design. The apparent and true P digestibility values for the nine tested ingredients were determined by the substitution method. There were no differences (p>0.05) between the determined and the predicted true P digestibility values for the mixture of ingredients in Experiments 1 and 2. However, the determined and the predicted apparent P digestibility values for the mixture of ingredients differed (p = 0.059) in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. These results indicate that true P digestibility values are additive in ingredients containing low levels of phytate phosphorus and anti-nutritional factors, whereas the apparent P digestibility values are not always additive in single feed ingredients for growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.873-882
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• 2008

Eight ileally cannulated pigs (BW $35.9{\pm}0.9kg$) were randomly allotted according to a $4{\times}3$ Latin square design to determine the effects of cellulose, pectin and starch on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) as well as on the bacterial AA contribution in feces. The pigs were fed the control diet (20.2% CP, % dry matter (DM)) or one of the three experimental diets in which 25% of the control diet was substituted by cellulose, starch or pectin. Due to this substitution, dietary CP levels were lower in the cellulose (15.5% CP, % DM), pectin (15.4% CP, % DM) and starch diet (15.2% CP, % DM). Following a 15-d adaptation period, feces were collected for 5 d and ileal digesta for a total of 24 h. Starch increased SID of CP, while cellulose and pectin had no significant effect on the digestibility of CP. Overall, starch supplementation resulted in higher (p<0.05) SID values of histidine, isoleucine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine and serine compared with cellulose, while pectin decreased (p<0.05) SID of valine and proline compared with the starch and control diet. Both cellulose and pectin reduced (p<0.05) the ATTD of CP and AA, while starch decreased (p<0.05) ATTD of phenylalanine, alanine, proline and serine compared with the control. With regard to bacterial AA composition of the fecal mixed bacterial mass (MBM), cellulose supplementation increased (p<0.05) its content of N and almost all AA, except for valine, while pectin caused higher contents of arginine, histidine and proline compared with the control (p<0.05). The bacterial contribution of arginine in feces was higher (p<0.05) in the cellulose treatment, while pectin reduced (p<0.05) the bacterial contribution of leucine, alanine, glutamic acid and proline in feces compared with the control. In conclusion, the effects of cellulose, starch and pectin on SID were rather small. Bacterial activity in the large intestine can only explain the reduced ATTD values for arginine in the cellulose treatment, but not for the other AA in the cellulose and pectin treatments, suggesting higher endogenous losses of these AA in the large intestine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.847-854
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of graded inclusions of wheat bran (0%, 9.65%, 48.25% wheat bran) and two growth stages (from 32.5 to 47.2 kg and 59.4 to 78.7 kg, respectively) on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and hindgut fermentation of nutrients and energy in growing pigs. Six light pigs (initial body weight [BW] $32.5{\pm}2.1kg$) and six heavy pigs (initial BW $59.4{\pm}3.2kg$) were surgically prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. A difference method was used to calculate the nutrient and energy digestibility of wheat bran by means of comparison with a basal diet consisting of corn-soybean meal (0% wheat bran). Two additional diets were formulated by replacing 9.65% and 48.25% wheat bran by the basal diet, respectively. Each group of pigs was allotted to a $6{\times}3$ Youden square design, and pigs were fed to three experimental diets during three 11-d periods. Hindgut fermentation values were calculated as the differences between ATTD and AID values. For the wheat bran diets, the AID and ATTD of dry matter (DM), ash, organic matter (OM), carbohydrates (CHO), gross energy (GE), and digestible energy (DE) decreased with increasing inclusion levels of wheat bran (p<0.05). While only AID of CHO and ATTD of DM, ash, OM, CHO, GE, and DE content differed (p<0.05) when considering the BW effect. For the wheat bran ingredient, there was a wider variation effect (p<0.01) on the nutrient and energy digestibility of wheat bran in 9.65% inclusion level due to the coefficient of variation (CV) of the nutrient and energy digestibility being higher at 9.65% compared to 48.25% inclusion level of wheat bran. Digestible energy content of wheat bran at 48.25% inclusion level (4.8 and 6.7 MJ/kg of DM, respectively) fermented by hindgut was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in 9.65% wheat bran inclusion level (2.56 and 2.12 MJ/kg of DM, respectively), which was also affected (p<0.05) by two growth stages. This increase in hindgut fermentation caused the difference in ileal DE (p<0.05) to disappear at total tract level. All in all, increasing wheat bran levels in diets negatively influences the digestibility of some nutrients in pigs, while it positively affects the DE fermentation in the hindgut.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.517-527
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• 1994

An attempt was made to isolate a causative viral agents from the fecal specimens of the diseased dogs with the gastroenteritis symptoms. Two coronavirus-like agents were isolated by serial dilution end point method and plaque assay. The isolates were characterized in terms of cytopathology, antigenicity, replication, physicochemical and morphological properties. The results obtained through the experiment were as follows; 1. Among 7 fecal specimens collected from the dogs with enteric disease, 2(28.6%)coronavirus-like agents showing typical cytopathic effects of canine coronavirus were isolated, and designated as CCV D1 and CCV D2, respectively. 2. By the cross-neutralization test and indirect immunofluoresence antibody test, the isolates were antigenically indentified as the standard CCV. The viruses were replicated only in the cytoplasm of A-72 cells. 3. The isolates showed no haemagglutinating activity against the erythrocytes from 11 kinds of animals. 4. The electron microscopic observation for the isolates showed spherical and pleomorphic features, covered with club-shaped projections on the surface. The size of particles was ranged from 70 to 150nm. 5. In one-step growth curve for the isolates in A-72 cells, maximum titers of intracellular vius was $10^{4.6}$ $TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ at 46 hrs postinoculation(pi) of CCV Dl and $10^{4.4}$ $TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ at 34 hrs pi of CCV D2. The maximum titers of extracellular virus was $10^{5.5}$ $TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ at 58 hrs pi of CCV D1 and $10^{5.8}$ $TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ at 46 hrs pi of CCV D2. 6. In physicochemical property test, the isolates were very sensitive to choroform and were found to be RNA virus. The viruses was stable at pH 3.0 for 1 hr and at $22{^{\circ}C}$ for 5 hrs. However, infectivity titers reduced remarkably by treatment with $56{^{\circ}C}$ for 10min.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.861-868
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• 2013

유전적으로 제2형 당뇨병이 유발되는 db/db 생쥐에 OF를 5% 수준으로 4주간 급여한 결과 지방 대사를 개선시켜, 혈장 총콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, VLDL-콜레스테롤과 중성지방을 유의적으로(p<0.05) 감소시켰고, HDL-콜레스테롤은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈장 총콜레스테롤의 감소는 간에서 HMG-CoA-R의 감소에 의한 콜레스테롤의 생성이 줄어든 것이고, 또한 콜레스테롤을 담즙산으로 합성하는 CYP7A1을 증가시켜 콜레스테롤을 담즙산의 형태로 배설시켰기 때문이다. 이 결과 분변 중 담즙산의 함량이 증가하였다. LDL-콜레스테롤의 감소는 LDL-콜레스테롤을 세포로 이동시켜 분해를 촉진하는 LDL-R의 증가로 확인할 수 있었다. db/db mice에서는 비만뿐 아니라 심각한 지방간이 유발되는데 OF의 급여로 AST와 ALT를 낮추어 간세포의 파괴를 완화시켰으며, 간 조직의 H&E 염색 소견에서도 지방간의 완화를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 대조군으로 C57 생쥐에게 5% 수준으로 OF를 급여한 결과 OF를 급여하지 않은 대조군과 OF를 급여한 실험군의 혈장 중성지방, 총 콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, VLDL-콜레스테롤, AST와 ALT 함량의 차이가 없었으며, 간조직 관찰에서도 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때, OF는 당뇨병이 유발되지 않은 정상혈당의 생쥐에서는 지질대사에 아무런 영향을 주지 않았으며, 제2형 당뇨병인 db/db mice의 당뇨병 합병증인 지질대사 이상을 개선하는데 효과가 있는 것으로 사료되며, OF의 어떤 성분이 이와 같은 효과를 나타냈는지 보다 구체적인 성분 분석과 세부적인 연구를 통한 확인이 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2007

The prevalence of liver and intestinal fluke infections was surveyed on residents of Savannakhet Province, Laos. Fecal specimens were collected from a total of 981 residents in 4 Mekong riverside villages and examined by the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. The results revealed that the overall helminth egg positive rate was 84.2%, and the positive rate for small trematode eggs, including Opisthorchis viverrini, heterophyids, or lecithodendriids, was 67.1 %. To obtain adult flukes, 38 small trematode egg positive cases were treated with a 20-30 mg/kg single dose of praziquantel and purged. Diarrheic stools were then collected from 29 people and searched for helminth parasites using stereomicroscopes. Mixed infections with O. viverrini and 6 kinds of intestinal flukes were found, namely, Haplorchis taichui, Haplorchis pumilio, Haplorchis yokogawai, Prosthodendrium molenkampi, Phaneropsolus bonnei, and echinostomes. The total number of flukes collected was 7,693 specimens (av. no. per treated person; 265.3). The most common species was O. viverrini, followed by H. taichui, P. molenkampi, echinostomes, H. pumilio, P. bonnei, and H. yokogawai. The results indicate that foodborne liver and intestinal fluke infections are prevalent among residents of Savannakhet Province, Laos.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1339-1347
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{(R)}$) supplementation in combination with carbohydrases (composed of enzymes targeted to soybean meal (SBM) dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{(R)}$) to corn-soybean meal based diet (CSD) and complex diet (CD) with a partial replacement of SBM with rape seed meal (RSM) and cotton seed meal (CSM) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. A total of 168 growing pigs averaging $13.18{\pm}1.77kg$ of initial body weight was arranged as a $2{\times}2$ factorial design with main effects of diet types (corn-SBM based diet (CSD) and complex diets (CD; 5% of SBM was replaced with 2.5% of RSM and 2.5% of CSM in diet for phase I (0 to 3 weeks) and 6% of SBM was replaced with 3% of RSM and 3% of CSM in diet for phase II (4 to 7 weeks))) and enzyme supplementation (none and 0.1% of phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% of carbohydrases). The diet with enzyme application were formulated to have a 0.18% unit lower aP than diets without enzyme application. Each treatment had three replicates with 14 pigs per replicate. To determine supplementation effect of phytase and carbohydrases on ileal amino acid digestibility of SBM, RSM and CSM, a total of 18 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; $13.52{\pm}1.24kg$) were assigned to six dietary treatments in the present study. Dietary treatments in metabolic trial included 1) SBM diet, 2) SBM diet+with enzymes (phytase (500 FTU/kg) and carbohydrases at 0.1%, respectively), 3) CSM diet, 4) CSM diet+enzymes, 5) RSM diet and 6) RSM diet+enzymes. During whole experimental period (0 to 7 wks), there was no difference in growth performance between diets (CSD and CD). However, dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation significantly improved gain/feed ratio (G:F) of growing pigs. During the phase II (4-7 weeks), dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation significantly improved all fecal nutrient digestibilities (Dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)). Dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation improved significantly overall ileal amino acid digestibilities of SBM, RSM and CSM based diets (p<0.05). The simultaneous inclusion of phytase and carbohydrases in both of CSD and CD reduced feed cost per kg body weight gain (FCG). Also, results suggest that 2.5 to 3% of RSM and CSM, respectively, might be used as a protein source in growing pig diets without having an adverse effect on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility and simultaneous phytase and carbohydrases addition improves nutritional value of SBM, RSM and CSM by improving ileal amino acid digestibilities.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 1984

우리 나라의 인체기생 이형흡충류(요꼬가와흡충, Heterophyes heterophyes nocens, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Heterophyopsis continua, Pygidiopsis summa) 및 간흡충 충란의.비교형태학적 특징을 관찰함으로써 대편검사에 의한 이들의 진단에 도움이 되도록 하고자 이 연구를 실시하였다. 충란은 감염자를 치료하여 얻은 각 충체의 자궁말단으로부터 분리한 것을 사용하였고 전체적인 외형 및 형태는 물론 길이, 폭 및 길이1폭의 비를 구하여 종별로 비교검토하였다. 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 간흡충 충란은 전단부가 오목한 약간 긴 난원형이며, 길이 $25.3-33.2{\mu}m$(평균 $28.3{\mu}m$), 폭 14.2-17.4 (15.9)${\mu}m$, 길이1폭의 비가 1.60~2.00(1.78)이었다. 이들은 난각에 주름(wrinkling)이 뚜렷한 점에서 관찰한 모든 이형흡충류 충란과 구별되었다. 2. P. summa의 충란은 난원형 또는 서양배 모양이며 관찰한 충란중 가장 작은 점이 특징이었고, 길이 $19.8~22.9(21.6){\;}{\mu}m$, 폭 $11.1~13.4(12.1){\mu}m$, 3 비는 1.63~1.99(1.78)이었다. 3. S. falcatus의 충란은 장란소형이며 가장 길쭉한 형태인 것이 특징이었고, 길이 $25.3~29.2(27,2){\;}{\mu}m$, 폭 $11.1~13.4(12.5){\mu}m$, 비는 2.00~2.57(2.17)이었다. 요꼬가와흡충 충란은 유타원형 또는 타원형이며 양단이 둥근 편이었고, 길이 $26.9~31.6(28.5){\mu}m$, 폭 $14.2~18.2(16.8){\mu}m$, 비는 1.48~2.11 (1.70)이 었다. 5. H. continua 충란은 난형이었고 요꼬가와흡충란이나 H. h. nocens 충란과 비슷한 경우도 많으나 충란의 길이에 비해서 폭이 가장 크고 최대폭이 충란 후반부에 있는 점이 특징적이었으며, 길이 $23.7~27.7(25.0){\mu}m$, 폭 $15.8~15.9(16.4){\mu}m$, 비는 1.33~1.75(1.53)이었다. 6. H. h. nocens의 충란은 유타도형 또는 난원형이나 요꼬가와흡충보다는 다소 덜 팽대되어 있고 양단이 다소 뾰족한 감을 주는 것이 특징이며, 길이 $23.7~29.2(25.7){\mu}m$, 폭 $14.2~15.8(15.4)){\mu}m$, 비는 1.50~2.06(1.67)이었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 5종 이형흡충류 및 간흡충 충란은 형태학적으로 서로 감별할 수 있을 것으로 생각되나 많은 수의 충란에 대한 세밀한 관찰과 계측이 요구된다는 것을 알 수 있었다.