• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.581-588
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of visual discrimination of soft fat pork carcasses when subjecting carcasses to quality grade evaluations. In addition, the quality of the longissimus dorsi muscle from soft fat carcasses was investigated. Iodine values of back fat from soft fat carcasses evaluated by visual discrimination were significantly higher than those from firm fat carcass (p < 0.05). However, those values were lower than the standard for soft fat (iodine value = 70). There were no significant differences in linoleic acid content, b-values, and L-values (p < 0.05) of back fat between firm and soft fat carcasses evaluated by visual discrimination. Color of longissimus dorsi muscle from soft fat carcasses (iodine value higher than 70) was not different from that of firm fat carcass (iodine value lower than 70). Except for linoleic acid, there were no significant differences in any fatty acid contents between longissimus dorsi muscles from firm fat and soft fat carcasses. Monounsaturated fatty acid content of longissimus dorsi muscles from soft fat carcasses was significantly lower than those of firm fat carcass (p < 0.05). However polyunsaturated fatty acid content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in longissimus dorsi muscles from soft fat carcasses. In conclusion, visual discrimination results for soft fat pork carcass were inaccurate. Therefore, other indicators should be required to evaluate soft fat pork carcasses. In contrast, the quality of longissimus dorsi muscle from soft fat carcasses was superior in terms of fatty acid composition compared with that of firm fat carcasses.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권10호
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• pp.1438-1446
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• 2011

팜 스테아린을 아세톤을 이용한 분별을 하여 POO와 POP가 많이 함유된 분별유지(PSL)를 얻었다. 분별을 위한 조건으로는 분별온도 $29.3^{\circ}C$, 아세톤과의 비율 1:5.7(w/v), 분별시간은 24시간이었다. 이후 천연 식물고체지들(sal fat, illipe fat, kokum fat, shea stearin fat, shea butter)과 PSL을 다양한 비율(50:50, 60:40, 65:35, 70:30)로 혼합하여 상용화되고 있는 CBE와 SFI를 비교하였으며, 총 지방산 조성 및 위치별 지방산 조성 분석과 TAG 분자들의 조성과 함량을 알아보았다. GC에 의한 지방산 조성 분석 결과, PSL의 경우 palmitic, oleic 그리고 linoleic acid 순으로 함량이 높았으며, 천연 식물고체지의 경우 대부분 stearic, oleic 그리고 palmitic acid의 순으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 또한, sal fat, illipe fat 및 kokum fat의 경우 sn-2 위치에 불포화지방산인 oleic acid가 90% 이상 존재하는 것을 알 수 있었다. TAG 분자들의 PN값은 46~54 사이에 존재하였다. PSL의 경우 PN 48에서 86.53 area%로 가장 높게 나타났으나, 천연 식물고체지들의 경우 대부분 PN 50과 52에서 주로 TAG 분자들이 존재하였다. 천연 식물고체지와 PSL을 다양한 비율로 혼합하였을 때, 대부분의 경우 PSL의 함량이 감소할수록 SFI는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 특히, sal fat과 혼합하였을 때, CBE와 유사한 SFI를 나타내었다. Sal fat과 PSL의 blending 혼합물의 경우 oleic acid의 함량이 가장 많았고, PSL의 함량이 낮아질수록 palmitic acid의 함량은 감소하였고, stearic acid는 점차 높아지는 경향을 보였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2003

Increasing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in dairy products has been a research Interest due to the potential health benefits resulted from consuming CLA. Attempts were made to obtain high level natural CLA containing fatty acid fractions from milk fat through bovine feeding of sunflower oil (SO) and urea fractionation. SO feeding changed the fatty acid profile of milk fat. increasing the CLA content five-fold at eight weeks of trial. Milk fat obtained from S0-fed cows was hydrolyzed to free fatty acids, which were then fractionated with urea at various ratios. The profiles of fatty acids were also greatly influenced by urea fractionation. Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, Including CLA, were concentrated in milk fat after the fractionation, whereas saturated long-chain counterparts were eliminated. The highest level of CLA was achieved by the fractionation at 2:1 urea/fatty acid ratio (UFR2). CLA level was elevated 2.5-fold, and the Cl8:1/C18:0 fatty acid ratio was increased 120 times after the fractionation. The level of CLA in high CLA-milk fat (24mg/g fat) obtained from the feeding study was further increased through urea fractionation up to 52mg/g fat, 10 folds as high as CLA in the control milk fat (5mg/g fat).

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2020

말지방(horse fat)은 아시아에서 효능 있는 원료로 알려져 있어, 말지방에 첨가제 수준에서 다른 성분을 혼합한 거의 말지방 자체를 완제품으로 판매하는 경우가 상당수 있다. 이런 경우 말지방 원료의 물성이 중요한데, 국내에서 정제된 말지방의 경우 온도 안정성이 낮아 저온에 보관하지 않으면 분리가 발생하는 불편한 점이 발생하기도 한다. 일본산 말지방의 경우 부분적으로 수소 첨가하거나 액체상과 고체상을 분리시켜 고체상을 말지방으로 사용하고 있어 제주산 말지방보다 더 단단하고 안정된 성상을 나타내고 있다. 본 연구에서는 제주산 말지방을 부분적으로 수소 첨가하는 공정 없이도 안정한 물성으로 향상시키기 위한 물성향상 실험을 진행하였다. 실험은 다양한 오일겔화제(oil gelling agent)를 사용하였으며 여러 차례 실험을 진행한 결과 hydroxystearic acid를 첨가한 제주산 말지방에서 가장 물성이 향상된 것을 확인하였다. 또한 hydroxystearic acid를 첨가시켜 개선된 제주산 말지방과 100% 제주산 말지방, 100% 일본산　말지방에 대해 실온(25 ℃), 항온(40 ℃, 45 ℃)에서 안정성 평가를 진행하였고, 각 말지방에 대해 온도별 유동거동을 평가한 결과 hydroxystearic acid를 첨가시켜 개선한 제주산 말지방이 일본산 말지방과 유사한 유동거동을 나타냈다. 또한 현미경으로 결정입자를 관찰한 경우, hydroxystearic acid 첨가에 따라 침상결정의 크기를 작게 함으로써 좀 더 열안정성을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 hydroxystearic acid를 첨가시켜 개선된 제주산 말지방은 실온에서 장시간 보관하여도 물성에 이상이 없음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.347-353
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• 2007

Fleshing scrap is a kind of wastes produced during leather making process and used in the test of manufacturing biodiesel. The early step of manufacturing biodiesel is fat recovery from fleshing scrap. Hence, we investigated the influence of the way of fat recovery on the fatty acid composition. We used three different recovery ways, that is chemical method by protein decomposition with acid/fat recovering, physical method by protein denaturalization with heat and vacuum/fat pressing, and biodiesel method by protein decomposition/fat recovering. The biological method yielded the best results in terms of appearance transparency. It was most effective to lower acid value. Also the recovered fat by biological method would be favorable methyl-ester reaction raw material for biodiesel because it contains more than 5% of oleic acid among unsaturated fatty acid.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.184-189
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• 2002

The effects of dietary Int levels on lipid metabolism under fixed P/S (1.3) and n-6/n-3 (5.1) fatty acid ratios were examined in rats using palm oil, soybean oil and perilla oil. These ratios correspond to the recommended composition of dietary fat for humans. The range of dietary fat levels was 5-20% by weight (11.8-39.3% of total energy). The levels of dietary fat did not influence the concentrations of serum and liver cholesterol, whereas the level of triglycerides was gradually elevated with increasing levels of dietary fat, especially in the liver. The fatty acid composition of tissue phosphatidylcholine seemed to vary with the different levels of fat. The ratio of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid was increased more significantly in the heart than in the liver. In adipose tissue total lipids, the percentages of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids decreased, whereas the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid increased, with increasing dietary Int levels. In addition, though the level of aortic prostacyclin was not uniformly affected by increasing dietary fat levels, thromboxane A2 production by platelets tended to increase with higher levels of dietary fat, suggesting an increased risk of thrombosis in this situation. Thus, even though dietary fat may have desirable compositions of fatty acids, these excessive consumption can produce unfavorable metabolic responses.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.566-577
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• 1993

The study was to compare the effect of dietary fatty acids on fatty acid profile in tissue and the status of tocopherol and lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities at two fat levels. Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing average 350g(17 weeks) were fed either low fat(LF, 4.3% w/w, 10% kcal) or high fat(HF, 20.8%, w/w, 40% kcal)diet for 6 weeks. The fats used were beef tallow as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil for n-6 linoleic acid, perilla oil for n-3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid and fish oil for n-3 eiocosapentatenoic acid(EPA) and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). Palsma tocopherol was significantly reduced by fish oil compared to beef tallow at body fat level. However, there was no significant effect on the levels of plasma MDA, RBC MDA and tocopherol, and RBC hempolysis by the type and amount of dietary fat. The peroxidizibility index of fatty acid profile in plasma and liver was increased and liver MDA level was significantly increased by fish oil when dietary fat level was increased. The activities of SOD and GSHPx tended to be increased by perilla oil and fish oil at both fat oil significantly reduced the incorpration of c20:4 and increased the incorporation of c20:5 into liver compared to corn oil. The incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into tissue by perilla oil rich in $\alpha$-linolenic acid was significantly higher tan corn oil and its effect was improved with higher amount of perilla oil in diet by high fat diet. Overall, the lipid peroxidation of tissue could be prevented by tocopherol supplementation when dietary fat level was low in diet. However, at high fat diet, tocopherol supplementation might not be enough to prevent the lipid peroxidation in tissue since the potential for lipid peroxidation was tended to be increased with higher incorporation of higher unsaturated n-3 fatty acids into tissue. Therefore, it could not be recommended to consume large amount of fish oil even with excess amount of tocopherol supplemented to the high fat diet.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2012

We investigated the role of fatty acid availability on skeletal muscle AMPK activity and adenine nucleotide content. To investigate the chronic effects of elevated fatty acid in vivo Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a chow diet (15% fat) or a diet high in saturated (SAFA, 52% fat) or polyunsaturated (PUFA, 52% fat) fat for eight weeks. High fat diets increased (P < 0.05) plasma FFA levels by 25%. AMPK activity was increased in SAFA and PUFA rats and occurred in the absence of changes in ATP, AMP, phosphocreatine and glycogen content. These results suggest that increasing fatty acid availability increases AMPK activity independent of changes in the cellular energy charge, and implicate the regulation of AMPK by a covalent mechanism. These data also support the contention that increasing fatty acid availability can increase subsequent fatty acid oxidation by an AMPK-mediated process.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.267-272
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the antiobesity effects of lactic acid bacteria-fermented Dioscoreae Rhizoma powder (LDR) in Sprague-Dawley rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Rats were divided into 5 groups: normal diet group, control (high fat diet-vehicle) group, 0.4 g/kg LDR (high fat diet + 0.4 g/kg lactic acid bacteria-fermented Dioscoreae Rhizoma powder) group, 1 g/kg LDR (high fat diet + lactic acid bacteria-fermented Dioscoreae Rhizoma powder) group, 2.5g/kg LDR (high fat diet + lactic acid bacteria-fermented Dioscoreae Rhizoma powder) group. Our results indicate that LDR administration has effects on decreasing of body weight, fat weight, blood parameters and adipocyte size in the obesity animals. In addition, verified that fat degeneration and ballooning degeneration were alleviated in the experimental group fed on a high fat diet combined with LDR groups. These results indicate that lactic acid bacteria-fermented Dioscoreae Rhizoma powder may reduce elevating body weight and lipid accumulation in rat fed a high fat diet, suggesting its usefulness as a functional food for reducing body fat and obesity.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 2001

The effect of topical application with 200,400 and 600 $\mu$g/ml 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) and Naphthoxyacetic Acid (NOA) to the fifth stadium larvae of the silkworm, B. mori on fat body glycogen, protein, total lipids, phospholipids, neutral lipids and haemolymph trehalose and protein has been studied. The fat body glycogen significantly increased in all the groups treated with 2,4-D whereas there is no significantly change in fat body glycogen in all the groups treated with NDA. However, the haemolymph trehalose was significantly increased in all 274-D and NOA treated groups except in the groups treated with 400 and 600 $\mu$g/ml 2,4-D where the increase was not significant.The fat body protein did not show any significant change in all groups treated with 2,4-D and NOA except in the groups treated with 200 $\mu$g/ml 2,4-D where the fat body protein was significantly increased. The total lipids, phospholipids and neutral lipids of the fat body increased significantly in all the groups treated with 2,4-D and NOA when compared with those of the corresponding parameters of the carrier control.