• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.119-134
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand a variety of intervention studies to prevent smoking by adolescents in U.S. and find out implications for Korea. Methods: This study reviewed articles found in the internet and analysed the data of US DHHS and CDC. Results: The School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS) is a national survey periodically conducted to assess school health policies and programs of U.S. The main components of SHPPS are health education and physical education, health services, mental health and social services, school policies, and school environments. The CDC guidelines for school health programs to prevent tobacco use and addiction are composed of policy, instruction, curriculum, training, family involvement, tobacco-use cessation efforts, and evaluation. School-based interventions to prevent smoking can be classified into the categories of information-giving curricula, social competence curricula, social influence approaches, combined methods draw on social competence and social influence approaches and multi-modal programmes and Youth Empowerment study. The key programs for adolescent smoking prevention are ALERT Project, HSPP, TNT Project, MPP, NC YES. Conclusions: As smoking is often the first step of unhealthy behaviour such as alcohol drinking, illegal drugs, and violence, smoking prevention programmes for adolescents in U.S. have been comprehensive school-based health programs. In smoking prevention programs for adolescents, CDC plays a critical role by supporting survey, research, policy, and funds. The effectiveness of the programs was high when it was based on school and involved parents, community, and mass media. As the effect of each programme is not expected to last for a long time, consistent repetition of these interventions is essential. Current smoking prevention programs for adolescents are exploring the empowerment approach focused on the active involvement of participants rather than traditional approaches using order and discipline.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1590-1598
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• 2008

Cell proliferation and differentiation are critical processes in a developing fetal rat brain, during which programmed cell death (PCD) also plays an important role. One of the decisive factors for PCD is Bcl-2 family proteins, where Bax induces cell death, whereas Bcl-2 acts as an inhibitor of PCD. As maternal drinking is known to cause fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or malformation of the fetal brain during pregnancy, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether maternal ethanol exposure alters the PCD-related Bax and Bcl-2 protein expression during fetal brain development. Pregnant female rats were orally treated with 10% ethanol and the subsequent expressions of the Bax and Bcl-2 proteins examined in the fetal brain, including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, from gestational day (GD) 15.5 to GD 19.5, using Western blots, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. With regard to the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax proteins (Bcl-2/Bax), the Bax protein was dominant in the forebrain and midbrain of the control GD 15.5 fetuses, except for the hindbrain, when compared with the respective ethanol-treated groups. Moreover, Bcl-2 became dominant in the midbrain of the control GD 17.5 fetuses when compared with the ethanol-treated group, representing an alternation of the natural PCD process by ethanol. Furthermore, a differential expression of the Bcl-2 and Bax proteins was found in the differentiating and migrating zones of the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum. Thus, when taken together, the present results suggest that ethanol affects PCD in the cell differentiation and migration zones of the prenatal rat brain by modulating Bax and Bcl-2 expression in an age- and area-dependent manner. Therefore, this is the first evidence that ethanol may alter FAS-associated embryonic brain development through the alteration of Bax and Bc1-2 expression.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.372-386
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to explore the degree of stress in caregivers caring for CVA patients and the level of daily living performance of CVA patients. The subjects for the study were caregivers of 112 CVA patients who enter a hospital or out-patient-department (OPD) at two Oriental medical hospital in Jeonbuk province. The survey instruments used in this study were Kang's ADL check list for daily living performance of patients and Choi's 4 sore scale for stress of caregivers. The survey was conducted from July 4th to August 30th in 1999. The survey results were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Science(SPSS) program and can be summarized as follows: 1. The level of daily living performance for the CVA patients was: 1) complete dependence (M=14.9, 13.1%), 2) complete independence (M=23.6, 20.9%), 3) incomplete independence (M=23.9, 21.0%), 4) incomplete dependence (M=26.6, 25%), 5) dependence and independence (M=23.0, 20.0%). The items for with there was a high level daily living performance were: 1) drinking (M=3.62), 2) eating(M=3.25). 3) position returning (M=3.18) : and the items for which there was a low level of daily living performance were: 1) ascending and descending stairs (M=2.08), 2) walking (M=2.47), 3) dressing and undressing trousers (M=2.55). 2. Degree of caregiver stress was: Mean=2.39 at 40 score. The items for which was a high level caregiver stress were: 1) medical fee (M=3.25), 2) being handicapped or recurrence (M=3.02) : and the items for which there was a low level of caregiver stress were: 1) discontinuity of patient's treatment (M = 1.98). 2) change of home atmosphere caused by patient's disease (M = 1.98), 3) desire of patient's knowing about disease (M= 1.99). 3. There was statistically significant difference in the degree of caregiver stress according to the following caregiver's demographic characteristics: education level (F=3.52, P=0.03). change of caregiver (F=5.41. P=0.02). 4. There was a statistically signifiant difference in the level of daily living performance according to the CVA patients demographic characteristics: patient's paralytic status (F=4.48, P=0.01), duration of disease (t=2.76, P=0.03). 5. There was significant difference in degree of caregiver stress according to the CVA patient's demographic characteristics: CVA status (F=4.75, P=0.01). 6. There was statistically significant difference in the degree of caregiver stress according to the level of daily living performance in CVA patients(r=-0.482, P<0.00).

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.303-311
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• 2011

본 연구는 청소년의 6개월간의 금연성공률을 미치는 영향요인을 확인하기 위하여 시도되었다. 연구대상자는 인천광역시 보건소 금연클리닉에 등록한 925명의 청소년이었다. 수집한 자료는 로지스틱회귀분석을 이용하여 영향요인을 분석하였다. 청소년의 6개월 금연성공의 주요요인은 금연시도를 한 적이 있는 것 보다 금연시도를 한 적이 없는 것이었고(OR=9.48), 음주를 안 하는 것보다 음주(OR=4.61)를 하는 것이, 가족이나 친구의 권유(OR=3.93), 금연방법(인지-행동요법과 니코틴 대체요법의 병행(OR=2.45), 여학생보다는 남학생(OR=1.78)이, 중학생 보다는 고등학생(OR=1.65)이, 호기 CO농도가 낮을수록(OR= 0.95), 니코틴 의존도가 낮을수록(OR=0.76)이었다. 청소년을 위한 금연정책은 금연 뿐 아니라 청소년기 이전부터 흡연예방을 강조해야 한다. 가족, 금연상담사 및 건강관리자들은 금연을 시도하는 청소년이 첫 시도에 금연에 성공하도록 도와주어야 하며, 특히 여학생과 중학생의 경우에는 금연을 위한 동기를 부여하고 금연상담을 더 많이 해야 한다. 청소년 흡연자의 호기 CO 농도가 높거나 니코틴 의존도가 높다면, 이들에게는 인지-행동 요법과 함께 니코틴 대체요법도 효과적이라고 생각한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7595-7600
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• 2013

Cervical cancer is a serious public health problem in developing countries. We investigated possible risk factors for cervical cancer in rural areas of Wuhan China using a matched case-control study with 33 women diagnosed with cervical cancer and 132 healthy women selected from the same area as matched controls. A questionnaire, which included questions about general demography conditions, environmental and genetic factors, the first sexual intercourse, first marriage age, age at first pregnancy, pregnancy first child's age, female personal health history, social psychological factors, dietary habits, smoking and alcohol status and other living habits was presented to all participants. At the same time, HPV infection of every participant was examined in laboratory testing. Results showed HPV infection (P<0.000, OR=23.4) and pregnancy first child's age (P<0.000, OR=13.1) to be risk factors for cervical cancer. Menopause (P=0.003, OR=0.073) was a protective factor against cervical cancer. However, there was no indication of associations of environmental (drinking water, insecticide, disinfectant) genetic (cancer family history), or life-style factors (smoking status, alcohol status, physical training, sleep quality), including dietary habits (intake of fruit and vegetable, meat, fried food, bean products and pickled food) or social psychological factors with cervical cancer. The results suggest that the risk of cervical cancer in Chinese rural women may be associated with HPV infection, menopause and the pregnancy first child's age.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.392-402
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the eating habit, food intake frequency and preferred food and taste of juvenile delinquents (100 numbers) and male high school students (100 numbers), using questionnaires from August to October 2004. 1) It was shown that the juvenile delinquents took more unbalanced diet (p<0.05), smoking (p<0.001) and drinking (p<0.001) than general students, while general students had more eating between meals (p<0.01). 2) The intake of food was a significant difference in white rices (p<0.01), bibimbab (p<0.001), kimbab (p<0.001), fried rice (p<0.001), ramen (p<0.001), jajangmyun (p<0.001), jambong (p<0.001), hamburger (p<0.001), pizza (p<0.001) and breads (p<0.05). The juvenile delinquents took more major food than that of general students in all the items except for white rice. It was observed, then, that the juvenile delinquents showed more intake of such subsidiary foods as bulgoki (p<0.001), roasted thin pork chops (p<0.001), grilled pork belly (p<0.001), pork cutlet (p<0.01), sweet and sour pork (p<0.001), chicken with ginseng (p<0.001), fried chicken (p<0.001), kimchi pot stew (p<0.01) and zucchini (p<0.05) than general students, with general students taking more kimchi (p<0.01) and fried or boiled soybean curd (p<0.01). The intake of dessert was a significant difference in yogurt (p<0.01), orange juice (p<0.001), cola (p<0.001), soft drinks (p<0.001), ion drinks (p<0.001), coffee (p<0.001), apple (p<0.01), banana (p<0.001), orange (p<0.001), cake (p<0.001), hot dog (p<0.001), ddokbokgi (p<0.01), mandu (p<0.001), fried fish paste (p<0.05), steamed korean sausage (p<0.001), fried foods (p<0.05), hem & sausage (p<0.001), cheese (p<0.001), ice-cream (p<0.001), candy (p<0.01), chocolate (p<0.001), mayonnaise (p<0.05), jam (p<0.01) and butter & margarine (p<0.01). Then, the juvenile delinquents were shown to entirely have more intake of all the desserts than those of general students. 3) Regarding preference of foods, it was shown that the juvenile delinquents preferred cereals (p<0.05), grilled pork belly (p<0.001), chicken with ginseng (p<0.01), anchovies and small fish (p<0.05), chicken with ginseng (p<0.05), seasoned spinach (p<0.001), seasoned zucchini (p<0.001), milk (p<0.05), coffee (p<0.001) and butter & margarine (p<0.05) while general students did egg (p<0.01), soybean sprout soup (p<0.001), boiled or fried potato (p<0.05), seasoned soybean sprout (p<0.05), boiled or fried soybean curd (p<0.01), fried foods (p<0.01) and snack (p<0.05). For their preference of tastes, hot taste (p<0.01) was higher in the juvenile delinquents. 4) Under general environments there was a change of the difference in their behaviour of pork cutlet (p<0.01) intake in accordance with other family and of milk (p<0.001) and butter & margarine (p<0.05) preference in accordance with growth in a big city between the two groups.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.121-139
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• 2011

본 연구는 초등학생들의 학교우유급식 실태를 조사하기 위하여 서울특별시에 거주하는 518명의 남여 어린이들을 대상으로 설문지 조사법으로 실시하였다. 조사 대상자의 88.2%가 학교우유급식에 참여하였으며, 남학생이 여학생에 비하여 학교우유급식 참여율이 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높았다. 학교우유급식에 참여하는 어린이들 중 81.8%가 급식으로 제공되는 우유를 매일 마셨으며, 제공된 우유에 대하여 47.9%의 어 린이들이 만족하였다. 학교우유급식에 참여하지 않는 이유로는 '우유의 맛이 없어서'와 '우유를 마시면 배가 아파서'가 주요 장애 요인으로 나타났다. 초등학생들의 30.7%만이 학교우유급식을 반드시 해야 한다고 생각하고 있었으며, 남학생이 여학생보다 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높았다. 학교우유급식에 대한 요구 사항은 흰우유 대신 가공우유와 요구르트가 제공되기를 원하였다. 따라서 우유 소비를 촉진시키고 학교우유급식의 참여도를 높이기 위해서는 어린이들의 요구에 맞는 다양한 종류의 우유와 유제품을 급식에 제공하고, 어린이들이 원하는 세심한 사항을 고려하여 개선해 나가야 할 것이다. 또한 어린이들을 위한 적절한 식품 가이드와 우유 교육 프로그램을 개발하여야 지속적으로 확대 실시해야 할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.895-908
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine female baby boomers' dietary habits and their attitudes together with their needs for future perspectives of dietary life. Our aim is to use these findings as a basic data when forecasting for food-related industries or policy making. A survey is being carried out for a total of 358 female baby boomers and analyzed by SPSS 12.0. The following is a summary of this study. The average age is 52.6 years old, most of them graduated from highschool (63.1%) and had a nuclear type of family (76.1%). Only 39.0% is composed of housewives, others had either full-time or part-time jobs. Self-assessment of stress is not so high and only 8.1% are dissatisfied with their lives. 38.2% are either overweight or obese in terms of BMI, and most of them are non-smokers (97.2%) or non-drinkers (63.0%). Their mean dietary habit scores are $70.6{\pm}11.8$, and the scores show significant relations with their education levels (p<0.01), monthly income (p<0.01), life satisfaction rates (p<0.001), stress levels (p<0.001), smoking habits (p<0.05), drinking habits (p<0.05), regular exercises (p<0.001) and regular health check-ups (p<0.05). The rate of skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner are 18.2%, 1.1%, 5.2% respectively. The main reason for skipping breakfast is the 'lack of time'. With regards to the frequency of grocery shopping, almost half of the subjects (55.7%) said '1~2 times per week' and bought mainly raw food sources such as vegetables, fruits, and meats. The majority of the subjects (91.3%) report that they cooked meals at homes, and took about 1 hour of time. The subjects also point out that cooking was a bothering task, and only 46.4% would prepare meals at home, while others would rather eat out or eat convenience foods. The main reasons for not wanting meal services in the elderly welfare facility are because they didn't want to live such places (48.4%) and the meals are tasteless (31.3%). As for delivery meal services, 60.1% are aware of it, and 39.9% would consider using it in the future. Factors to be considered when using the delivery meal service are sanitation (43.7%), nutrition (28.7%), taste (18.4%), price (6.3%), and brand name (2.9%). This study is expected to be used as useful information when developing food-related strategies for baby boomers in the future.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.57-72
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• 2012

본 연구는 청소년들의 학업스트레스가 건강관련 생활습관 및 정신건강에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 서울 및 경기도 소재 8개 지역 중학교에 재학 중인 중학생 842명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 본 조사결과 여학생이 남학생들에 비해 학업스트레스 점수가 높았으며 특히, 하위 요인 중 교사 및 수업시간, 친구와의 경쟁 관련 학업스트레스 점수가 유의하게 높았다. 남학생들의 경우 학업스트레스 수준이 높은 학생들이 낮은 학생들에 비해 흡연 및 음주 경험 과 흡입제 사용 경험이 유의적으로 많았으며 학업스트레스 수준이 높은 학생들은 컴퓨터나 온라인 게임 등의 놀이오락 위주로 여가활동 시간을 보내는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 정신건강상태 조사 결과, 남녀학생 모두 학업스트레스 수준이 높은 학생들이 낮은 학생들에 비해 정신건강진단 점수가 유의하게 높아 정신건강 위험도가 높음을 알 수 있었다. 특히, 우을증상의 점수가 유의적으로 높았다. 따라서 청소년들이 학업 스트레스에 적절히 대응하고 관리할 수 있도록 학교교육과정에서 지속적인 교육이 이루어져야 한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권7호
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• pp.622-630
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to establish an association between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), dietary carbohydrates and diabetes with the context of the current population dietary practice in Korea. The subjects of 3,389 adults (male 1,430, female 1,959) were divided into normal (serum fasting glucose < 100 mg/dL), impaired glucose tolerance (100 ${\leq}$ serum fasting glucose < 126 mg/dL), diabetes (serum fasting glucose > 126 mg/dL) by serum fasting glucose. Anthropometric and hematologic factors, and nutrient intakes, dietary glycemic index (DGI), dietary glycemic load (DGL) were assessed. Multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for relationship of DGI, DGL, carbohydrates intakes, and diabetes. DGI and DGL were not significantly correlated with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. However, the risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes showed a tendency to increase as increase of DGI after multivariate adjustment (age, education, income, region area, diabetes family history, smoking, drinking, exercise, energy intake) in male. The risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes showed a tendency to increase in the DGI 71.1-74.8 after multivariate adjustment in female. DGL was inversely related to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in male. In female, however, DGL was positively related to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. In particular, the risk of diabetes increased positively in level of DGL 260.5, and remained after multivariate adjustment (Q5 vs Q1：2.38, 0.87-6.48). When percent energy intakes from carbohydrates were more than 70%, the risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes increased in both male and female. In particular, when percent energy intakes from carbohydrates were more than 69.9%, the risk of diabetes increased positively in male (Q4 vs Q1：2.34, 1.16-4.17). In conclusion, above 70% energy intakes from carbohydrates appeared to be a risk factor of diabetes. It seemed that the meal with high GI and GL value must be avoided it. And also, the macronutrients of the meal must be properly balanced. In particular, it may be said that it is a preventive way for treatment of the diabetes to avoid eating carbohydrates of much quantity.