Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2009.42.7.622

Association between Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, Dietary Carbohydrates and Diabetes from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005  

Kim, Eun-Kyung (Department of Food Service Management and Nutrition, Sangmyung University)
Lee, Jung-Sug (Department of Food Service Management and Nutrition, Sangmyung University)
Hong, Hee-Ok (Department of Food Service Management and Nutrition, Sangmyung University)
Yu, Choon-Hie (Department of Food Service Management and Nutrition, Sangmyung University)
Publication Information
Journal of Nutrition and Health / v.42, no.7, 2009 , pp. 622-630 More about this Journal
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish an association between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), dietary carbohydrates and diabetes with the context of the current population dietary practice in Korea. The subjects of 3,389 adults (male 1,430, female 1,959) were divided into normal (serum fasting glucose < 100 mg/dL), impaired glucose tolerance (100 ${\leq}$ serum fasting glucose < 126 mg/dL), diabetes (serum fasting glucose > 126 mg/dL) by serum fasting glucose. Anthropometric and hematologic factors, and nutrient intakes, dietary glycemic index (DGI), dietary glycemic load (DGL) were assessed. Multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for relationship of DGI, DGL, carbohydrates intakes, and diabetes. DGI and DGL were not significantly correlated with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. However, the risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes showed a tendency to increase as increase of DGI after multivariate adjustment (age, education, income, region area, diabetes family history, smoking, drinking, exercise, energy intake) in male. The risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes showed a tendency to increase in the DGI 71.1-74.8 after multivariate adjustment in female. DGL was inversely related to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in male. In female, however, DGL was positively related to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. In particular, the risk of diabetes increased positively in level of DGL 260.5, and remained after multivariate adjustment (Q5 vs Q1：2.38, 0.87-6.48). When percent energy intakes from carbohydrates were more than 70%, the risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes increased in both male and female. In particular, when percent energy intakes from carbohydrates were more than 69.9%, the risk of diabetes increased positively in male (Q4 vs Q1：2.34, 1.16-4.17). In conclusion, above 70% energy intakes from carbohydrates appeared to be a risk factor of diabetes. It seemed that the meal with high GI and GL value must be avoided it. And also, the macronutrients of the meal must be properly balanced. In particular, it may be said that it is a preventive way for treatment of the diabetes to avoid eating carbohydrates of much quantity.
Keywords
KNHANES; diabetes; glycemic index; glycemic load; carbohydrate intake;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs. National health & nutrition examination survey (KNHANES 4), Nutrition survey, Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs; 2007
2 Kim CS, Jeong EK, Park JN, Cho MH, Nam JS, Kim HJ, Kong JH, Park JS, Nam JY, Kim DM, Ahn CW, Cha BS, Lim SK, Kim KR, Lee HC, Nam CM. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus (fasting plasma glucose by the ADA criteria) and impaired fasting glucose according to anthropometric characteristics and dietary habits- 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Korean Diabetes J 2005; 29(2): 151-166
3 Feskens EJ, Bowles CH, Kromhout D. Carbohydrate intake and body mass index in relation to the risk of glucose intolerance in an elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54: 136-140   DOI   PUBMED
4 Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR Jr, Slavin J, Sellers TA, Folsom AR. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 921-930   DOI   PUBMED
5 www.gitest.co.kr
6 Yang EJ. A study on dietary factors related to the incidence of diabetes mellitus in Korea. Department of food and nutrition [dissertation]. Seoul: Ewha Womans University; 1997
7 Du H, van der A DL, van Bakel MM, van der Kallen CJ, Blaak EE, van Greevenbroek MM, Jansen EH, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CD, Dekker JM, Feskens EJ. Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to food and nutrient intake and metabolic risk factors in a Dutch population. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 655-661   DOI   PUBMED
8 Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load value. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 5-56   DOI
9 Bennett PH, Knowler WC, Baird HR, Bulter WJ, Pettitt DJ. Diet and development of NIDDM: an epidemiological perspective. In: Diet, Diabetes and atherosclerosis. New York: Raven Press; 1984. p.109-119
10 Barclay AW, Petocz P, McMillan-Price J, Flood VM, Prvan T, Mitchell P, Brand-Miller JC. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk-a meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87(3): 627-637   DOI   PUBMED
11 Montonen J, Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Aromaa A, Reunanen A. Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 622-629   DOI
12 Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(5): 1047-1053   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Korea National Statistical Office 2005: http://www.nso.go.kr
14 Asp NG. Classification and methodology of food carbohydrates as related to nutritional effects. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61(suppl): 930S-937S   DOI   PUBMED
15 Kim WY, Cho MS, Jang YA, Won HS, Lee HS, Yang EJ. Clinical Nutrition. Seoul: Shinkwang; 2004
16 Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Marchie A, Jenkins AL, Augustin LS, Ludwig DS, Barnard ND, Anderson JW. Type 2 diabetes and the vegetarian diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78(suppl): 610S-616S   DOI   PUBMED
17 Murakami K, Sasaki S, Takahashi Y, Okubo H, Hosoi Y, Horiguchi H, Oguma E, Kayama F. Dietary glycemic index and load in relation to metabolic risk factors in Japanese female farmers with traditional dietary habits. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 1161-1169   DOI
18 Schulze MB, Liu S, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 348-359   DOI   PUBMED
19 Hodge AM, English DR, O'Dea K, Giles GG. Glycemic index and dietary fiber and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(11): 2701-2706   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Chai HJ, Hong HO, Kim HS, Lee JS, Yu CH. Relationship between food intakes, glycemic index, glycemic load, and body weight among high school boys in Seoul. Korean J Nutr 2008; 41(7): 645-657   과학기술학회마을
21 Jenkins DA, Thomad MS, Alexandra LJ. Starchy foods and glycemic index. Diabetes Care 1988; 11: 149-159   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Yang EJ, Kim WY. The Anthropometric characteristics of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus in Korea. Korean J Nutr 1999; 32(4): 401-406   과학기술학회마을
23 Franz MJ, Horton ES Sr, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, Brunzell JD, Coulston AM, Henry RR, Hoogwerf BJ, Stacpoole PW. Nutrition principles for the management of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care 1994; 17(5): 490-518   DOI   PUBMED
24 www.glycemicindex.com
25 Sahyoun NR, Anderson AL, Tylavsky FA, Lee JS, Sellmeyer DE, Harris TB: Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87(1): 126-131   DOI   PUBMED
26 Sung YA, Oh JY, Kim DJ, Kim SH, Kim SK, Moon SD, Lee EJ, Jung CH, Hong YS. Standard of diagnosis and classification of diabetes. Korean Diabetes J 2007; 8(1): 23-24
27 Cho NH. Epidemic characteristic and risk factor analysis of diabetes- Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998. Korean Society of Lipidology and Atherosclerosis; 2000. p.11-16
28 Ryu JS, Kim SD, Park JS, Lee JS. Risk factors of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus -using datamining. Korean J Epidemiol 2006; 28(2): 138-151
29 Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Giacco R. Role of glycemic index and glycemic load in the healthy state, in prediabetes, and in diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87(suppl): 269S-274S   DOI   PUBMED