• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1651-1659
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• 2017

Objective: Lao PDR's recent accession to the World Trade Organization necessitates a greater understanding of the patterns and risk of livestock production in order to better align national policy with the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. This eco-health study was conducted to improve understanding of the interrelations between market chains and zoonotic infection risks at two strategic cross border points between Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam. Methods: Information gained from smallholder farmer/trader interviews was integrated with serological surveys for pig-associated zoonoses-including hepatitis E virus (HEV), Taenia solium (T. solium) and trichinella-to identify potential linkages between disease risk and pig production and slaughter in low input systems common across the country. Results: Trichinella and HEV exposure was high in both humans and pigs in both study areas, significantly associated with pig slaughter and the subsequent consumption and handling of raw pork products. T. solium demonstrated a strong geographical and ethnic association with the northern study area bordering Vietnam. With the right knowledge and accessible, affordable inputs, the majority of smallholder farmers indicated a willingness to invest more in pig production, which could simultaneously improve livelihoods and decrease exposure to HEV, Trichinella, and T. solium through increased access to formal markets and an improved slaughter processes. Conclusion: The linkages identified when assessing disease risk in the context of potential economic and cultural drivers of transmission highlight the importance of a systems-based approach for the detection and control of zoonotic disease, and contributes to an improved understanding of the Lao PDR livestock sector.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2020

Objective: Minerals are one of the important nutrients for supporting the growth of sheep grazing in the highland, northwest of China. The experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship of both macro and micro minerals in sheep grazing in the highlands of six districts located in the Qilian Mountain of China. Methods: Samples of herbage (n = 240) and soil (n = 240) were collected at random in a "W" shape across the area designated for harvesting from 24 farms, where the sheep commonly graze in October (winter) for mineral analyses. In addition, serum samples were taken via jugular vein from 20 sheep per farm from 24 farms (n = 480 samples in total) for serum minerals analyses. Mean values of macro and micro minerals were statistically compared among districts and the correlations among soil-plant-animal were statistically analyzed and correlations were regressed, as well. Results: The results revealed that there were variations for both macro and micro minerals among districts. Statistical analysis of the correlation coefficients between herbage and sheep were significantly different for most of the minerals but not for P, Cu, and Se. Many correlation regression coefficients were found significantly different among minerals of herbage, soil, and sheep serum especially those of K, Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn (between herbage and sheep serum), and Fe and Mn (between herbage and soil), Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn (between soil and sheep serum), respectively. The regression coefficient equations derived under this experiment for prediction of Ca (R² = 0.618), K (R² = 0.803), Mg (R² = 0.767), Na (R² = 0.670), Fe (R² = 0.865),Zn (R² = 0.950), Mn (R² = 0.936), and Se (R² = 0.630), resulted in significant R² values. Conclusion: It is inferred that the winter herbage minerals in all the districts were below the recommended levels for macro minerals which indicated there would be some mineral deficiencies in sheep grazing the herbage in these regions. Supplemental minerals may therefore play an important role in balancing the minerals available from the herbage in winter and would lead to increased productivity in sheep on the highland areas of China. These findings could be potentially applied to the other regions for improving the livestock productivity.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.5 s.121
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• pp.435-445
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• 2007

Ship structures are thin-walled structures and lots of cutouts, for example, of inner bottom structure, girder, upper deck hatch, floor and dia-frame etc. In the case where a plate has cutout it experiences reduced buckling and ultimate strength and at the same time the in-plane stress under compressive load produced by hull girder bending will be redistributed. In the present paper, we investigated several kinds of perforated stiffened model from actual ship structure and series of elasto-plastic large deflection analyses were performed to investigate into the influence of perforation on the buckling and ultimate strength of the perforated stiffened plate varying the cutout ratio, web height, thickness and type of cross-section by commercial FEA program(ANSYS). Closed-form formulas for predicting the ultimate strength of the perforated stiffened plate are empirically derived by curve fitting based on the Finite Element Analysis results. These formulas are used to evaluate the ultimate strength, which showed good correlation with FEM results. These results will be useful for evaluating the ultimate strength of the perforated stiffened plate in the preliminary design.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.4
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• pp.429-437
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• 1999

Heavy metals(Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in tree rings of P. thunbergii growing at Onsan Industrial Complex of air polluted area were analyzed to study the condition of heavy metal pollution. The tree ring width began to decrease after operation of factories and decreased abruptly at Onsan Industrial Complex after 1991. Cd contents in tree rings showed 119.4ppb to 867.0ppb level and suddenly increased after 1991. Cu contents showed 309.5ppb to 3686.8ppb, and Pb contents 911.33ppb to 7997.1ppb and fluctuations of those were high after operation of factories. Zn contents showed the highest level of 3528.7ppb to 23826.7ppb and largely ascended after 1960, and increased suddenly after 1992, as compared to former tendency. On the other hand, heavy metal contents in tree rings of P. thunbergii at Gosung of non-air polluted area were far lower than Onsan I. C., and there was a wide difference between both areas after 1990. On the heavy metal contents accumulated in bark of P. thunbergii of both areas, it was higher to 10 times in Cd, 1,000 times in Cu, 285 times in Pb and 133 times in Zn contents at Onsan than at Gosung. In the heavy metal analysis for circle plate and cores, heavy metal contents in cores were generally higher than those in disk and Pb contents showed specially high difference, but pattern of variation by tree age showed a similar tendency.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.130-138
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• 2018

This study was a descriptive study, analyzing the clinical judgment process that occurs in a simulation of practice education for nursing students applying to LCJR. Subjects were two nursing college students in S city. Fever scenario and apnea scenario, including mock patient, were implemented. Data collection was conducted between September, 2013 and December, 2014. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and Pearson's correlation of PASW statistics 18.0 program. The result of this study revealed that the clinical judgment scores of nursing college students were 30.50 for males and 29.32 for females. Nursing Clinical judgment score for the apnea scenario was higher than the score for the febrile scenario, and nursing students' self-evaluation and professors' evaluation showed a significant correlation with respect to the responding domain. In comparison the student and faculty ratings, domain of interpreting and domain of reflecting were significant This study will provide educators with foundational knowledge of program development to enhance nursing students' clinical judgment abilities. We suggest more discussion on their nursing practice and judgment during debriefing session may be beneficial for students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1471-1476
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• 2005

The optimization of ethanol treatment was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM) which was expressed through change of ${\Delta}$E value for improvement of color of dried large anchovy. The optimum condition was shown as treatment with 7 volumes (v/m) of ethanol at $50^{\circ}C$ for 9 hrs. At this condition, the removal rates of trimethylamine (TMA) and fat considered as fishy odor-causing materials were 81.1 and $77.4\%$, respectively, when analyzed by solid phase microextraction (SPME)/gas chromatography and soxhlet method, respectively The effect of citric acid on the removal rate of TMA was the highest one among organic acid treatments. The removal rate of TMA was affected greatly by the concentration of organic acid rather than the temperature and time of treatment. $73\%$ of TMA was removed by treatment of $1\%$ of citric acid at $20^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. Specially, above $90\%$ of TMA could be removed by the combination of alcohol and citric acid treatment. In vitro absorption rate of calcium was also increased to $12.3\%$ by the combination of alcohol and citric acid treatment compared with $2.9\%$ of control.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.51-58
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• 2020

This study redesigned the Korean speaking classes to foreign undergraduate students as flipped learning classes and verified their effect on speaking-related emotional variables. In addition, international students' perceptions of what experiences are needed to improve speaking efficacy in Korean were examined. For this purpose, the 'Creative speaking' subject for freshmen was redesigned to flipped learning class and operated for one semester. To analyze the effect of speech-related emotions, a paired t-test was conducted on 26 foreign students' pre-post scores of speech efficacy and anxiety. Also awareness of experiences needed to improve speech efficacy was surveyed and content analysis was conducted. As the result, the speaking efficacy of students after flipped-learning has been significantly improved. This means that flipped learning classes for the Korean speaking are effective for the positive emotions of foreign students speaking Korean. In addition, international students perceived that Korean speaking efficacy can be improved by practicing speaking in Korean, learning with Korean colleagues. Based on these results, several discussions and suggestions were presented.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.25.1-25.9
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• 2019

Background: Due to the continuous demand for fish coupled with decline in capture fisheries, there is the need to increase aquaculture production to meet the demand. Aquaculture is faced with high cost of feeding since fish oil and fish meal are expensive. In view of this, there are calls to explore alternatives that are cheap and reliable. Objectives: This study on Oreochromis niloticus was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish oil (FO) with palm oil (PO) at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% on muscle fatty acid and proximate composition as well as growthrelated enzyme activities and mRNA expression. Methods: Oreochromis niloticus were fed five experimental diets (33% crude protein and 10% crude lipid) for 8 weeks. Feed had variation in fish oil and palm oil contents. After the 8 weeks feeding trial, five fish were sampled from each tank (15 from each treatment) and euthanized using an excess dose of tricaine methane sulfonate (MS-222 at 200 mg/L). Fatty acid and enzyme activities were analyzed using standard protocols. Also, RT-qPCR was used to quantify the expression levels of selected growth-related genes. Results: Fish fed 25% PO recorded the least muscle protein content and was significantly lower than the group fed 100% PO. Paired box protein 7 (Pax-7) enzyme activity was significantly higher in the group fed 50% PO compared to the groups fed 25% PO and 100% PO, while caplain-3 (Capn-3) was significantly lower in the group fed 0% PO compared to all other groups. There was a significant difference among treatments with respect to mRNA expression of Pax-7 and Capn-3. Group fed 25% PO had significantly lower mRNA expression of Pax-7, while the group fed 75% PO recorded significantly higher mRNA expression of Capn-3 compared to groups fed 0% PO, 25% PO, and 100% PO. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that Igf-I and Igf-II mRNA expression have significant correlation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content in muscle. Conclusion: The results suggest muscle protein content could be modified if FO is replaced with PO. Also, mRNA expression of Pax-7 and Capn-3 is affected by replacing FO with PO.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 2015

Academic integrity guarantees the professional integrity and validity of the education and qualifications offered by the veterinary schools. In this study, we analyzed the responses of 528 veterinary students of two veterinary schools in Seoul regarding their awareness about, knowledge of, and frequency of engaging in academic misconduct. A total of 88.4 percent of the participants agreed that cheating and plagiarism by undergraduates would influence their future academic misconduct. The most common form of academic misconduct was plagiarism (71.7% in the A school, 69.5% in the B school), with falsification (40.2% in the A school, 31.7% in the B school) also reported at a high rate. Students indicated the lack of a culture of academic integrity as the main reason for academic misconduct. According to the regression analysis students' awareness and knowledge of academic integrity and their perception of peers' academic misconduct predicted a significant amount of variance of the frequency of academic misconduct. The findings of this study support that academic integrity should be learned in a flexible format from an early stage of professional development in veterinary curriculum. In parallel with the efforts of faculty, a community approach may be likely to improve the academic environment in terms of integrity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.415-421
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• 2008

Pro-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin $E_2$ (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2), play pivotal roles in normal as well as transformed cells. Previous studies have shown that Euphorbiae humifusae Wind exhibits anti-proliferative and antioxidant activities. However, the it's anti-inflammatory properties are unclear. In this study, we examine the effects of water extract of E. humifusae (WEEH) on the expression of COX-2 and the production of $PGE_2$ in human lymphatic U937 cells. Treatment of phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) significantly induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ production in U937 cells. However, pretreatment WEEH markedly inhibited the PMA-induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ production in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, WEEH prevented the elevated early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) expression and nuclear factor-kappaB ($NF{-\kappa}B\; p65$) nuclear translocation stimulated by PMA treatment. Taken together, the present data indicate that WEEH exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes through the $NF{-\kappa}B$ and Egr-1 signaling pathway.