• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.425-430
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• 2009

Objective : The present study analyzed the risk factors, prevalence and clinical results following revision surgery for adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) in patients who had undergone lumbar fusion. Methods : Over an 8-year period, we performed posterior lumbar fusion in 81 patients. Patients were followed a minimum of 2 years (mean 5.5 years). During that time, 9 patients required revision surgery due to ASD development. Four patients underwent autogenous posterolateral arthrodesis and extended transpedicle screw fixation, 4 patients underwent decompressive laminectomy and interspinous device implantation, and 1 patient underwent simple decompression. Results : Of the 9 of patients with clinical ASD, 33.3% (3 of 9) of patients did not have radiographic ASD on plain radiographs. Following revision surgery, the clinical results were excellent or good in 8 patients (88.9%). Age > 50 years at primary surgery was a significant risk factor for ASD development, while number of fusion levels, initial diagnosis and type of fusion were not. Conclusion : The incidence of ASD development after lumbar surgery was 11.1% (9 of 81) in this study. Age greater than 50 was the statistically significant risk factor for ASD development. Similar successful clinical outcomes were observed after extended fusion with wide decompression or after interspinous device implantation. Given the latter procedure is less invasive, the findings suggest it may be considered a treatment alternative in selected cases but it needs further study.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.22 no.1 s.63
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• pp.67-74
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to provide the necessarily basic data of the ideal growth of the students by investigating the effect of the student's stress due to the parent's achievement pressure. The sample of this study are In students consisting of 51 boys and 49 girls in the 3rd grade classes of "J" middle school located in Siheung city, Kyungki-do. The observed materials are used to investigate the parent's achievement pressure and the level of stress. Based on the observed data, the frequency, correlation, and t-test have been gained. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The perception of the parent's achievement pressure is shown more by the boy's achievement pressure($44.2{\pm}9.9$) than the girl's achievement pressure($39.939{\pm}11.089$), among the high level students. 2. The perception of the parent's achievement pressure is shown more the high($43.0{\pm}10.7$) and middle($42.9{\pm}11.8$) level students than the low($39.7{\pm}8.00$) level students. 3. The stress of male students was high in the Solving Problem stress factor with by the mean of $15.1{\pm}3.7$, and the stress of female students was high in the Self-Control stress factor with the mean of $13.3{\pm}3.9$. 4. The stress of high, middle, low level student was high in the Solution of Matter stress factor with the mean of $14.2{\pm}3.9$. 5. The results were the main cause of the stress than the parent's achievement pressure.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.91-103
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• 2021

Purpose : This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cognitive enhancement brain yoga program on short-term memory and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels according to the cognitive state in men aged 20-29 years. Methods : Thirty healthy volunteers aged 20-29 years were divided into four groups: brain yoga group, yoga group, combined exercise group, and control group. Seven people were assigned randomly per group. A single-session intervention was conducted over 50 min and consisted of three parts: warm-up, main exercise (brain yoga, yoga, combined exercise, or non-exercise), and cool-down. Serum BDNF levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and short-term memory was evaluated using the forward number span test before and after the intervention. Results : BDNF levels significantly increased within the brain yoga group after the intervention (from 28874.37±5185.57 to 34074.80±7321.12, p=.003), whereas there were no significant differences pre-and post-intervention in the other groups. The inter-group comparison showed a significant interaction between the brain yoga group and the combined exercise group (p=.036) but no significant interaction between any of the other groups. Forward number span scores were significantly increased in the brain yoga group (from 9.43±9.83 to 23±7.92, p=.012) and theyoga group after the intervention (from 13.43±9.41 to 24.14±8.45, p=.011), whereas there were no significant changes after the intervention in any other groups. Conclusion : Our findings showed that a single-session, 50-minute brain yoga exercise improved short-term memory and increased serum BDNF levels in healthy men aged 20-29 years and that yoga improved only short-term memory in healthy men of this age group.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to provide a fundamental data of earthquake resistant design through the estimation of the response modification factor and nonlinear displacement for moment resisting reinforced concrete frames by linear and nonlinear static analysis. The analysis models are designed in accordance with AIK code and then, estimated the response modification factor and nonlinear displacement of the buildings. The parameters such as story numbers(10, 20, 30), plan ratios(1:1, 1:2) and analysis types(2D, 3D) of building structure are chosen for use in this study. After comparing the results of linear and nonlinear static analysis, the response modification factor is obtained as the product of four factors: ductility factor, strength factor, damping factor and redundancy factor. The response modification factor are close to 3.5 in case of 2 span, 4.3 in case of 3 span and 5.0 in case 4 or more span models regardless number of stories and plan ratios. The nonlinear displacement is evaluated from the ratio of story drift angle(nonlinear drift/linear drift). The ratio of story drift angle increases as story numbers increase and the value varies from 5.85 to 9.34.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.341-347
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• 1998

This study was conducted to determine changes in circulating progesterone and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1(IGF-1) concentrations according to daily gain of 0.5 and 0.7 kg ; from 33 weeks of age until the onset of regular oestrus cycles in the heifer of Hanwoo. In all animals, progesterone concentrations was undetectable until just before first oestrus. A small progesterone elevation of approximately 6 days duration(based upon the mean progesterone profile) preceded the first oestrus in 13 heifers. The mean age at first oestrus of the daily gain 0.7 kg(331.0$\pm$ 15.0 days) group was earlier than those of the daily gain 0.5 kg(358.9$\pm$7.9 days) group, and the mean weight at first oestrus of the daily gain 0.7 kg(236.0$\pm$4.7 kg) group was heavier than those of the daily gain 0.5 kg(224.8$\pm$9.7 kg) group. IGF-1 concentrations from day 3 to 15 of first oestrus were higher than those of the earlier luteal stage(Day 0~1) and the luteal regression stage (Day 18~20). IGF-1 concentrations according to the growth stage (from 33 weeks to 57 weeks) increased gradually. On the basis of these results, we suggest that the onset of first oestrus in Hanwoo heifer is about 345 day of age, and progesterone concentrations are closely related to the IGF-1 concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2004

In this research, characteristics of air core rectangular spiral type inductors of ㎓ band are numerical analyzed. The basic structure of inductors is a rectangular spiral having 390${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$${\times}$390${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ size, 5.5 turns, line width of 10 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and line space of 10 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. Frequency characteristics were simulated up to 10 ㎓. The substrate was modeled as Si, Sapphire, glass and GaAs and the conductor as Cu. The thickness of the conductor was fixed at 2. The number of turns was n.5 to make the input and output terminals to be on the opposite sides. The initial inductance of the basic inductor structure was 13.0 nH, maximum inductance 60.0 nH and resonance frequency 4.25 ㎓. As the dielectric constant of the substrate was increased, the initial inductance varied only slightly, but the resonance frequency decreased considerably. As the number of turns was varied from 1.5 to 9.5, the initial inductance was increased linearly from 2.9 nH to 15.9 nH and, then, saturated at 16.9 nH. The Q factor increased only slightly. The line width and line space of inductors were varied from 5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ to 20 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, which resulted in the decrease of the initial and maximum inductances. But the resonance frequency was increased. Q factor displayed an increase and a decrease, respectively, when the line width and line space were increased.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2903-2908
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• 2012

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is associated with disruption of basement membranes of blood vessels and promotion of metastasis through the lymphatics. However, its prognostic value for survival in patients with gastric cancer remains controversial. Method: We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of the published literature in order to clarify the impact of MMP-9. Clinical studies were selected for further analysis if they provided an independent assessment of MMP-9 in gastric cancer and reported analysis of survival data according to MMP-9 expression. Results: A total of 11 studies, covering 1700 patients, were included for meta-analysis. A summary hazard ratio (HR) of all studies and sub-group hazard ratios were calculated. The combined HR suggested that a positive MMP-9 expression had an impact on overall survival: 1.25 (95% confidence interval 1.11-1.40) in all eligible studies; 1.13 (1.06-1.20) in 8 studies detecting MMP-9 by immunohistochemistry; 1.36 (1.12-1.65) in 7 studies from Asia. Only one study for DFS showed a significant impact on disease free survival (HR 1.73, 95%CI 1.27-2.34). Conclusions: Our findings suggested that MMP-9 protein expression might be a factor for a poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. However, the association was rather weak, so that more prospective studies should further explore the prognostic impact of MMP-9 mRNA and correlations between MMP-9 and clinicopathological characteristics.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.2285-2294
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• 2014

Stoltz's AQP is a tool to estimate the level of adversity. The purpose of study is to test the reliability and validity of AQP. The participants were 297 nurses of tertiary hospital in Korea. Data were collected from Aug. to Oct. 2013. Resilience Scale was used as criterion of AQP. Cronbach's alpha test, item total correlation, exploratory factor, correlation analysis, and ANOVA test were used. In result, factor analysis was accounted for four factors explaining 56.256% of total variance and corresponding factors were factor 1 (Control, 10.7%), factor 2 (Ownership, 13.7%), factor 3(Reach, 17.4%), factor 4 (Endurance, 14.9%). The internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha=.84). Four factors were positively correlated with RS. AQP is a reliable and valid instrument to measure for adversity quotient in Korean nurse.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.996-1006
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• 2002

A total of 321 salaried employees were surveyed by questionnaires during September and October 2001 in order to investigate the bases for their choices between 26 popular menu items in JinJu restaurants. The subjects were aged 20 to 61 years, and were classified into 3 age groups (ages 20-29, 30-39, and over 40) and 2 gender groups. The data were analyzed using the SAS program for factor analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The 26 popular menu items were classified into 6 factors by the 20-29 age group, into 5 factors by the 30-39 age group, and into 3 factors by the over 40 age group. The younger age group had the more numbers of factor which act as choice criteria of restaurant foods according to the purpose of eating out. 2) Because subjects classified steak and fast food into the same factor named 'new generation's food', we found that steak was an unfamiliar food for most of them, 3) The 20-29 age group had an aversion to Boshintang(dog soup), while the 30-39 age group and the over 40 age group liked Boshintang as a stamina food. 4) The over 40 age group, and men in all age groups, didn't choose Buffet and Shabushabu as a dinner food because they had negative attitudes toward novel or unfamiliar foods. 5) Women distinguished between a factor called 'social drink and party food' from a facor called 'dinner food', while men integrated the factor of 'dinner food' into the factor of 'social drink and party food' 6) Men preferred Samgyetang (chicken stew with ginseng) and Yangnyeumtongdak (spicy fried chicken) as a 'social drink and party food', while women preferred Dwaejibossam (boiled pork and kimchi) and Beef Bulgogi. In conclusion, most of subjects did not recognize fast food and steak as a meal, which were introduced recently in JinJu. The choice criteria and preferences of restaurant foods were different from the age and gender groups. The over 40 age group, and men in all age groups, had more negative attitudes toward novel or unfamiliar foods than the younger age and women groups.(Korean J. Nutrition 35(9) : 996~1006, 2002)

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.28-38
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• 2009

Login process uses both ID and password information to authenticate someone and to permit its access privilege on system. However, an attacker can get those ID and password information by using existing packet sniffing or key logger programs. It cause privacy problem as those information can be used as a hacking and network attack on web server and web e-mail system. Therefore, a more secure and advanced authentication mechanism should be required to enhance the authentication process on existing system. In this paper, we propose a multi-factor authentication process by using software form of secure card system combined with existing ID/Password based login system. Proposed mechanism uses a random number generated from the his/her own handset with biometric information. Therefore, we can provide a one-time password function on web login system to authenticate the user using multi-factor form. Proposed scheme provide enhanced authentication function and security because it is a 'multi-factor authentication mechanism' combined with handset and biometric information on web login system.