• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.161-171
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• 2010

As embedded systems adopt monolithic kernels, NAND flash memory is used for swap space of virtual memory systems. While flash memory has the advantages of low-power consumption, shock-resistance and non-volatility, it requires garbage collections due to its erase-before-write characteristic. The efficiency of garbage collection scheme largely affects the performance of flash memory. This paper proposes a novel garbage collection technique which exploits data redundancy between the main memory and flash memory in flash memory-based virtual memory systems. The proposed scheme takes the locality of data into consideration to minimize the garbage collection overhead. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed garbage collection scheme improves performance by 37% on average compared to previous schemes.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 1996

In order to clarify the interspecific variation of Astiphrom jezoense, a morphometric analysis was performed for seven populations using PCA (principle component analysis) and discriminant analysis. As a result of PCA, 25 quantitative characters are grouped into four factors. The characteristics on legs are especially important components both in male and in female. Morphometric analysis indicate that considerable morphological gap is correlated with geographical habitat. Important discriminant characters are MOD (maximum ocellar distance), Fn (first tergite length) in female and MSL (malar space length) in male.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.710-716
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• 2008

This paper covers the performance evaluation of two flash memory-based file storages, NAND and NOR, which are the major flash types. To evaluate their performances, we set up separate file storages for the two types of flash memories on a PocketPC-based experimental platform. Using the platform, we measured and compared the I/O throughputs in terms of buffer size, amount of used space, and kernel-level write caching. According to the results from our experiments, the overall performance of the NAND-based storage is higher than that of NOR by up to 4.8 and 5.7 times in write and read throughputs, respectively. The experimental results show the relative strengths and weaknesses of the two schemes and provide insights which we believe assist in the design of flash memory-based file storages.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.685-689
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• 2009

Flash memory has several features such as low~power consumption and fast access so that there has been various research on using flash memory as new storage. Especially the Solid State Disk which is composed of flash memory chips has recently replaced the hard disk. At present, SSD adopts the multi-channel and multi-way architecture to exploit advantages of parallel access. In this architecture, data are written on SSD in a unit of a superblock which is composed of multiple blocks in which some blocks are put together. This paper proposes two schemes of selecting, segmenting and re-composing victim superblocks to optimize concurrent processing when a buffer flush occurs. The experimental results show that 35% of superblock- based write operations is reduced by selecting victims and additional 9% by composition of superblock.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.263-272
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• 2011

The complexity of flash memory based storage systems is high due to diverse host interfaces and other design choices such as mapping granularity, flash memory controller execution models and so on. Thus, it is possible that the actual performance after implementation is not consistent with the target performance. This paper demonstrates that the performance prediction of flash memory based storage systems is possible through performance modeling that takes into account various design parameters. In the performance modeling, the FTL, which is the core element of flash memory based storage systems, is modeled as a set of (copy-on-write) logs and their interactions. Also, the flash memory controller is modeled based on the classification proposed in the design of the Ozone flash controller. In this study, the performance model has been implemented using Simulink and experimental results are presented and analyzed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.755-758
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• 2007

플래시 메모리는 휴대폰, MP3 플레이어, 개인휴대정보단말기(PDA), 휴대용 멀티미디어 플레이어(PMP), 디지털 카메라 및 캠코더와 같은 이동성이 강한 소형기기에서 가장 많이 사용되는 저장 매체이다. 최근 대용량의 값싼 플래시 메모리가 등장하면서 랩톱이나 데스크톱과 같은 일반적인 컴퓨팅 환경을 지닌 기기들에서도 그 사용이 확대되고 있는 추세이다. 플래시 메모리가 보다 범용적인 저장 장치로 사용되기 위해서는 일반 컴퓨팅 환경에서의 복잡한 작업 부하에서도 우수한 성능을 제공할 수 있는 플래시 변환 계층(Flash Translation Layer)이 반드시 필요하다. 아쉽게도 현재까지 연구된 FTL 기법들은 소형기기의 단순한 작업 부하에 알맞도록 설계되어 있으며, 일반 컴퓨팅 환경과 같이 복잡한 작업 부하를 지닌 환경에서는 우수한 성능을 제공하지 못한다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 일반 컴퓨팅 환경의 복잡한 작업 부하에 대해서도 우수한 가비지 수집 성능을 제공하는 새로운 로그 블록 교체 기법을 제안하였다. 실험을 통한 평가 결과, 제안한 기법은 기존 기법 대비 평균 35% 정도의 가비지 수집 부하를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

Hard disks, which have long been used as secondary storage in computing systems, are increasingly being replaced by solid state drives (SSDs), due to their relatively fast data input / output speeds and small, light weight. SSDs that use NAND flash memory as a storage medium are significantly different from hard disks in terms of physical operation and internal operation. In particular, there is a feature that data overwrite can not be performed, which causes erase operation before writing. In order to solve this problem, a hot data for frequently updating a data for a specific page is distinguished from a cold data for a relatively non-hot data. Hot data identification helps to improve overall performance by identifying and managing hot data separately. Among the various hot data identification methods known so far, there is a technique of recording consecutive write requests by using a Bloom filter and judging the values by hot data. However, the Bloom filter technique has a problem that a new bit array must be generated every time a set of items is changed. In addition, since it is judged based on a continuous write request, it is possible to make a wrong judgment. In this paper, we propose a method using a counting filter for accurate hot data verification. The proposed method examines consecutive write requests. It also records the number of times consecutive write requests occur. The proposed method enables more accurate hot data verification.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose to solve the problem of increasing system memory usage due to an increase in the number of mapping information management when using a NAND flash memory-based storage device in an existing sector-based file system. The proposed technique is to store only mapping information in page units based on index blocks and manage them in block units. To this end, the proposed technique uses a sequential offset for storing and managing a plurality of mapping information in one page in a small block, and a reverse offset for a spare page corresponding to a change in mapping information in the block. Through this, the proposed technique has the advantage that the number of block-unit deletions is less than that of the existing technique, and the system memory usage required for mapping information management is low. Reduced by about 32%.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2009

Lately, NAND flash cards have been used to store massive amounts of multimedia data. However, these nand flash cells itself has a slow operation time and by that, the nand flash cards are not appropriate for high performance massive data transfer. Indeed, most flash card products have a disadvantage in that they require plenty of time to transfer massive amounts of data. Therefore, we propose a new architectural design for the hardware and software of the NAND flash cards by improving their data transfer rate. Our design is based on a multiprocessing which is different from the conventional serial processing method. We simulated our design under the VIP (Virtual IP) environment, and verified our work using FPGA test platforms. As a result, the downloading performances was approximately 160MB/s on VIP and 85.3MB/s on FPGA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.05b
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• pp.70-73
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• 2002

Thin films of vanadium oxide($VO_{x}$) have been deposited by r.f. magnetron sputtering from $V_{2}O_{5}$ target in gas mixture of argon and oxygen. The oxygen/(oxygen+argon) partial pressure ratio of 0% and 8% is adopted. Crystal structure, chemical composition, molecular structure and optical properties of films sputter-deposited under different oxygen gas pressures and in-situ annealed in vacuum at $400^{\circ}C$ for 1h and 4h are characterized through XRD. RBS, FTlR and optical absorption measurements. The films as-deposited are amorphous and those annealed for time longer than 4h are polycrystalline. $V_{2}O_{5}$ and lower oxides co-exist in sputter-deposited films and as the oxygen partial pressure is increased the films become more stoichiometric $V_{2}O_{5}$. When annealed at $400^{\circ}C$, the as-deposited films are reduced to a lower oxide. It is observed that the oxygen atoms located on the V-O plane of $V_{2}O_{5}$ layer participate more readily in the oxidation and reduction process. The optical transmission of the films annealed in vacuum decreases considerably than the as-deposited films and the optical absorption of all the films increases rapidly between 400 and 550nm.