• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2015

Objective : Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and prolonged febrile seizures (pFS) are common neurologic problems that occur during childhood. However, there is insufficient evidence from experimental studies to conclude that pFS directly induces hippocampal injury. We studied cognitive function and histological changes in a rat model and investigated which among pFS, HIE, or a dual pathologic effect is most detrimental to the health of children. Methods : A rat model of HIE at postnatal day (PD) 7 and a pFS model at PD10 were used. Behavioral and cognitive functions were investigated by means of weekly open field tests from postnatal week (PW) 3 to PW7, and by daily testing with the Morris water maze test at PW8. Pathological changes in the hippocampus were observed in the control, pFS, HIE, and HIE+pFS groups at PW9. Results : The HIE priming group showed a seizure-prone state. The Morris water maze test revealed a decline in cognitive function in the HIE and HIE+pFS groups compared with the pFS and control groups. Additionally, the HIE and HIE+pFS groups showed significant hippocampal neuronal damage, astrogliosis, and volume loss, after maturation. The pFS alone induced minimal hippocampal neuronal damage without astrogliosis or volume loss. Conclusion : Our findings suggest that pFS alone causes no considerable memory or behavioral impairment, or cellular change. In contrast, HIE results in lasting memory impairment and neuronal damage, gliosis, and tissue loss. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the developing brain concerning conditions caused by HIE or pFS.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.10
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• pp.169-177
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• 2012

A non-decimation second-order spatial moving average (SMA) discrete-time (DT) filter is proposed with reconfigurable null frequencies. The filter coefficients are changeable, and it can be controlled by switching sampling capacitors. So, interferers can be rejected effectively by flexible nulls. Since it operates without decimation, it does not change the sample rate and aliasing problem can be avoided. The filter is designed with variable weight of coefficients as $1:{\alpha}:1$ where ${\alpha}$ varies from 1 to 2. This corresponds to the change of null frequencies within the range of fs/3~fs/2 and fs/2~2fs/3. The proposed filter is implemented in the TSMC 0.18-${\mu}m$ CMOS process. Simulation shows that null frequencies are changeable in the range of 0.38~0.49fs and 0.51~0.62fs.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.451-459
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• 2010

The fluorescence detection of intracellular metal ions are high interest in the fields of organic molecular chemistry and cellular biology. This study was purposed to detection for mercury and zinc in the cell using fluorescent chemosensor (FS). FS exhibits a weak fluorescence, but emits strong fluorescence upon Zn$^{2+}$ complexation. The increased fluorescence of the 2FS/Zn$^{2+}$ can be quenched completely by addition of only 1 equiv of Hg$^{2+}$ with the formation of complex FS-Hg$^{2+}$. Four cell lines (LLC-MK2, Hela, HT29 and AMC-HN3) were used for fluorescence imaging by confocal microscope. The cell viability MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was evaluated after cell treatment of FS, Zn$^{2+}$, FS-Zn$^{2+}$, Hg$^{2+}$ on LLC-MK2 cell line. The cytotoxicity of FS was showed to viability over 80%. This study has shown that FS can be detected for selective imaging of Zn$^{2+}$ and Hg$^{2+}$ in living cells.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1515-1527
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• 2016

With the growth of big data, machine learning, and cloud computing, the importance of storage that can store large amounts of unstructured data is growing recently. So the commodity hardware based distributed file systems such as MAHA-FS, GlusterFS, and Ceph file system have received a lot of attention because of their scale-out and low-cost property. For the data fault tolerance, most of these file systems uses replication in the beginning. But as storage size is growing to tens or hundreds of petabytes, the low space efficiency of the replication has been considered as a problem. This paper applied erasure coding data fault tolerance policy to MAHA-FS for high space efficiency and introduces VDelta technique to solve data consistency problem. In this paper, we compares the performance of two file systems, MAHA-FS and GlusterFS. They have different IO processing architecture, the former is server centric and the latter is client centric architecture. We found the erasure coding performance of MAHA-FS is better than GlusterFS.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.143-146
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• 2004

Background and Object: The role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and frozen section (FS) in management of thyroid neoplasms continues to generate considerable controversy. We reviewed our current experience to determine the clinical utility of FNAC and FS in our surgical management and investigated reliability of FNAC and FS in planning the extent of thyroid resection. Material and Method: 212 patients who had operations for thyroid disease from May 1996 to November 2003 were included our retrospective study. FNAC was undertaken in 175 patients and FS was done in 148 patients. Result: The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC were 72.1% and 100%, respectively, and those of FS were 67.2% and 100%. The results of FNAC were benign (n=72) , malignancy (n=31), indeterminate (n=9), and nondiagnostic (n=63). The results of FS were benign (n=95), and malignancy (n=53). The 9 indeterminate cases on FNAC were benign (n=6) and malignancy (n=3) on final pathology, and benign (n=7) and malignancy (n=2) on FS. The false negative of FNAC were micro papillary carcinoma (n=6) and follicular carcinoma (n=6). The false negative of FS were micropapillary carcinoma (n=10) and follicular carcinoma (n=2). Conclusion: When results of FNAC are interpreted as indeterminate, FS is a valuable tool. FS is helpful in determining the extent of thyroidectomy when results of FNAC were follicular neoplasm. However we always concerned about micropapillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma although FNAC and FS were benign.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.520-533
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• 2000

We analyzed the PCDD/Fs and PCBs in human milk samples from a city and an industrial region by HRGC/HRMS. The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in human milk were 15.13 TEQ pg/g fat and 5.64 TEQ pg/g fat respectively. We discovered two kinds of homologue distributions. We compared congeners of each distributions with those of the commercial PCBs products. The daily intake of infant was predicted to be 60 TEQpg/kg/day according to the mean concentration of PCDD/Fs based on primipara. This value is much higher than the estimated range for background exposure to adult in the USA (1-3 TEQ pg/g fat).

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.61-65
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• 2013

Objectives : Samchulgeonbi-tang (shenzhujianpi-tang) has been prescribed as one of traditional herbal medicine for treatment of stomach diseases since ancient time in Korea. Samchulgeonbi-tang extract was fermented by Lactobacillus spp. for improving the effect. However, the toxicity and safety of fermented Samchulgeonbi-tang (FS) extract were not confirmed. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the acute toxicity and safety of FS extract. Methods : To evaluate the acute toxicity and safety of FS extract, several doses of FS extract, 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, were orally administered to 20 male and 20 female ICR mice, respectively. After treatment with FS extract, we observed mortality, general toxicity, behavior and change of body weight for the 14 days. After 14 days of oral administration, all mice were sacrificed and hematological parameters were analyzed from blood serum. Results : In present study, the toxic signs such as mortality or abnormal behaviors by FS extract were not observed. There are no significant differences between FS-treated group and control group in body weight, organ weights, and hematological parameters. Conclusions : The remarkable adverse effects by FS extract were not observed in ICR mice. Also, any death was not occurred at all treated FS doses, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose (ALD) of FS extract may be more than 2000 mg/kg.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 2023

In this study, the effect of the addition of fluorinated surfactant FS-606 on the solubilization of n-hexane by hydrocarbon surfactant CDP-W was investigated. Oil drop contacting experiments revealed that solubilization rate is independent of initial oil drop size and proportional to the initial surfactant concentration, suggesting that solubilization of n-hexane oil by the surfactant mixture of FS-606 and CDP-W is controlled by an interface-controlled mechanism. In addition, the solubilization rate has been shown to increase with an increase in FS-606 composition, reach a maximum, and then decrease with a further increase in FS-606 composition. On the other hand, the interfacial tension between micellar solution and n-hexane oil has been found to decrease with an increase in FS-606 composition, reach a minimum, and then increase with a further increase in FS-606 composition.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.116-125
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• 2015

Objective: This study was carried out to use pine needles as a passive air sampler (PAS) for atmospheric polychlorinared dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). Methods: PCDD/Fs concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$, $pg/m^3$) and deposited pine needles ($C_p$, pg/g dry) were analyzed simultaneously from June 1 to December 31. Air samples were taken using two low volume PUF active air samplers with an overall average air volume of approximately $1,200Sm^3$. Pine needles were collected the end of December near the air sampler. PCDD/Fs was analyzed by HRGC/HRMs. Results: A good correlation was shown ($R^2=0.6357$, p=0.0001) between $C_a$ and $C_p$, but a better correlation ($R^2=0.7372$, p<0.0001) existed between the logarithm of octanol-air partitioning coefficient ($LogK_{oa}$) and Log($C_p/C_a$). The average PCDD/Fs sampling rates from air to pine needles were 0.045($0.018-0.185m^3/day-g\;dry$). Conclusion: It was found that pine needles can be used as PAS for atmospheric PCDD/Fs, and they are especially suitable for long time PAS compared to PUF disk PAS.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1817-1824
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• 2000

This study is carried out to investigate the discharge characteristics of PCDD/Fs from municipal solid waste(MSW) incinerator, According to the results measured at several air pollution control devices(APCDs), the largest amount of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) are found at selective catalytic reduction (SCR) inlet. Therefore, it concludes that the electrostatic precipitator(EP) provides the appropriate condition for the formation of PCDD/Fs. The concentration of PCDD/Fs shows a large difference with the season. The concentration of PCDD/Fs in winter is higher than that of autumn, which suggests that the formation of PCDD/Fs is affected by the MSW components and the operation condition of municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI).