• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.2026-2033
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of mechanical properties of the FREI using horizontal stiffness and vertical stiffness by experiments. Two kinds of FREI are designed and fabricated. The steel plates of SREI are replaced with fibers in order to reduce the cost of fabrication and installation. At first, the Nylon fiber is adopted as feasibility study of FREI. The experimental results of Nylon FREI and SREI show that the vertical stiffness of Nylon FREI is lower than SREI, and effective damping is two times higher than SREI. Carbon is adopted, by these rusults, as strong reinforcement than Nylon and full scale of carbon FREI was designed and fabricated. By the experimental test results, it is shown that the vertical stiffness of carbon FREI is three times higher than SREI, and two times higher in effective damping. As a result, the proposed FREI can replace the SREI as a seismic isolator.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.5 s.58
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• pp.68-76
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• 2006

Frei Otto, who is called to be the father of the ecological architecture, has shaped a peculiar architectural form style. In distance from the formalistic persistence to the modernist form canon and the postmodern tendencies to the self-representation of architects, Frei Otto has taken a more fundamentalistic position. Through the interdisciplinary researches on the self-organizing processes in the nature and the technical world Frei Otto could reason with architects, engineers, biologists, historians and philosophers the principle and structure of the natural construction that is applicable to the morphological research and the architectural construction research. In the middle of his architectural and scientific works is the idea of 'the natural construction' situated, and the basic principle and instrument of this 'Die Prinzip der Selbstbildung, The Principle of Self-making'. Founding himself on this principle, Frei Otto seeks after the new architectural form that is light, natural, flexible and variable by reasoning the typical formation process which refers to the common denominator of the self-making processes in the nature, the technique and the architecture. Despite his architecture is to be called to the anonymous, his architectural vision is headed toward the rationalistic form in accord with the natural laws. This study is purposed to elucidate the constellation to which his scientific attempts belong and the theoretical and methodological foundations of his architecture of 'the natural construction'.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2002

Precipitation variability around King Sejong Station related with E1 $Ni\~{n}o$/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is evaluated using the gauge-based monthly data of its neighboring stations. Though three Ant-arctic Stations of King Sejong (Korea), Frei (Chile), and Artigas (Uruguay) are all closely located within 10 km, their precipitation data show mostly insignificant positive or rather negative correlations among them in the annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation. This result indicates that there are locally large variations in the distribution of precipitation around King Sejong Station. The monthly data of Frei Station for 31 years (1970-2000) are analyzed for examining the ENSO signal in precipitation because of its longer precipitation record compared to other two stations. From the analysis of seasonal precipitation, it is seen that there is a tendency of less precipitation than the average during E1 $Ni\~{n}o$ events. This dryness is more distinct in fall to spring seasons, in which the precipitation decreases down to about 30% of seasonal mean precipitation. However, the precipitation signal related with La $Ni\~{n}a$ events is not significant. From the analysis of monthly precipitation, it is found that there is a strong negative correlation during 1980s and in the late 1990s, and a weak positive correlation in the early 1990s between normalized monthly precipitation at Frei Station and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the $Ni\~{n}o$ 3.4 region. However, this relation may be not applied over the region around King Sejong Station, but at only one station, Frei.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.11
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• pp.45-56
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• 1997

In the process of modermization the problem of environment destruction has become a worldwide issue. And now this problem is a concern for all branches of science, including that of architectural desigv. This thesis tries to find the meaning of ecological architectural space, one that encreases the organic relationship, and communication, between architectrual space and urban environmental space, between human beings and architecture, and between human beings and their environment. As an example, we will take a look at the architectural space-design of Frei Otto, who offers diverse creative ecological architectural forms. His concept of architecture has the critical character when compared with the traditionan conventional concept of architecture. The ecological characteristics of his architectural spacedesign can be summarized as follows: The first characteristic is his ample use of natural objects in the architectural structure. An ample use of living things like trees and plants as well as of inanimate thing like water, wind as architectural elements enhances the functional efficiency of architecture. The second characteristic is its ecological architectural system, which saves energy faciliates ventilation by changing the position and direction of the building, by systematically applying the materials, and by efficiently arranging the inner space. The third characteristic is the dematerialization of architecture and the use of materials that are economical and appropriate for the circulation system of nature. The use of natural elements and recycling natural objects, makes it possible to reuse materials of the destroyed building. In short, the ecological architecture of Frei Otto, which shows the relation between human beings and architecture, presents diverse possibilities of the archtectural space as a complex natural system, which is more than a simple combination of separatge elements.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.6 s.59
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• pp.68-76
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• 2006

Founding himself on 'The Principle of Self-making' that is the instrument of 'the natural construction' and accomplishing the various interdisciplinary researches, Frei Otto could explicate the fundamental structure of life that is able to make visible the self-making processes in the nature, the technique and the architecture. It is the flexible pneumatic construction that is grounded on the fibrous organization. This was a milestone not only for him who wanted to put the idea of the new architectural form into practice, but also for the contemporary architecture that faces on the style-pluralistic disorientedness. The architectural form of the natural construction includes in itself three constitutional sub-ideas. One of them is 'the adaptable architecture', which is inclined to the architecture similar to the organization of human body, and the other 'the light architecture' that is in the pursuit of the optimal form through the minimal material. The last one is 'the ecological architecture' that aims to realize the optimal dwelling environment based on the effective energy consumption by accumulating knowledges of the always fluid and unstable nature. With these architectural ideas Frei Otto could develop a new architectural form language 'the light architecture of the natural construction'. This study is purposed to explain the various experiments that were made by his team and the basic principles of the structural dynamics of 'the architecture of the natural construction' and then to analyze the structures that were built on the ground of those principles.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.4
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• pp.81-107
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• 2001

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Probleme der semantischen Interpretationen der heutigen deutschen Anaphern im $oberfl\"{a}chenstrukturell$ einfachen Satz mit Hilfe von Langackers 'C-Command' und Chomskys 'Government and Binding Theorie' zu $l\"{o}sen$. Bis Anfang der 70er Jahren wurden die koreferentiellen Erscheinungen zwischen NPs meist durch den von Langacker eingefuhrten 'precede and command' Begriff $gel\"{o}st$. Aber dieser Begriff ist $h\"{o}chst\;abitr\"{a}r$ auf theoretischen $Gr\"{u}nden$ und empirisch $inad\"{a}quat$. Reinhart versuchte, einige Schwierigkeiten mit Bezug auf Koreferenz-Beziehungen zwischen NPs zu $l\"{o}sen$, indem er command durch c-command ersetzte. Mit Hilfe von 'c-command'-Relationen werden manche Probleme, die bisher theoretisch nicht $erkl\"{a}rt$ werden konnten, befriedigend $gel\"{o}st$. Chomsky schlagt 'Binding Conditions' vor, um die semantischen Interpretationen der Anaphern im einfachen Satz zu behandeln. Die von ihm vorgeschlagenen 3 Bedingungen sind: (i) Eine Anapher $mu\ss$ in ihrer 'governing' Kategorie gebunden sein, (ii) Eine pronominale NP $mu\ss$ in ihrer 'governing' Kategorie frei sein, (iii) Eine lexikalische NP $mu{\ss}\;\"{u}berall$ frei sein. Dabei versteht man Anapher unter Reflexivpronomen, die pronominale NP unter Personalpronomen, und die lexikalische NP unter Referenz- Ausdruck. Aber in der vorliegenden Arbeit fassen ein Reflexivpronomen und ein Personalpronomen zu einer Anapher zusammen. Aufgrund der 'Binding Conditions' werden viele Fragen der semantischen Interpretationen, vor allem der komplementaren Verteilungen von den im einafchen Satz erscheinenden Anaphern erschlossen.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.9
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• pp.65-87
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• 2004

Im $gegew\"{a}rtigen$ Deutschen gibt es zwei verschiedene Auffassungen $\"{u}ber$ das adjektivische Wortbildungsmorphem -Ios. $W\"{a}hrend$ -Ios einerseits als Halbsuffix betrachtet wird, will man es andererseits als Suffix betrachten. Die $Gr\"{u}nde$, die -Ios als Halbsuffix gelten lassen, sind die folgenden : 1. Es besteht eine semantische Verwandtschaft zwischen -Ios und dem freien Morphem Ios. 2. Anders als Suffix hat es ein $zus\"{a}tzliches$ semantisches Merkmal. 3. Die Bildungen mit -Ios haben die Fugenelemente. 4. Es konkurriert mit adjektivischen Halbsuffixen. Die $Gr\"{u}nde$, die -Ios als Suffix gelten lassen, sind die folgenden: 1. Im Unterschied zu -frei und -leer dient es zur wertungsneutralen Feststellung des Sachverhalts 'Nichtvorhandensein'. 2. Es besitzt eine einheitliche semantische Funktion. (BS+ -Ios = ohne BS) 3. Es $geh\"{o}rt$ zur Lautstruktur 'KVK'. Diese entspricht der Lautstruktur der adjektiven Suffixe -bar, -lich. -sam usw. Diese verschiedenen Merkmale von -Ios lassen das Morphem noch nicht als Suffix gelten.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 2008

In a service business, it is difficult to cope with all your customers' needs. They come and go with various wants and when it comes to their own good there are complaining. Such variances in the service business interfere the operation resulting in inefficiency. To come against all those fluctuate wants, Frei is suggesting a new way how to cope with this customer variability in the service business: Low-Cost accommodation and uncompromised reduction. However, his assertion that these solutions can reduce cost and enhance service quality at the same time is empirically not proved. Thus, the following research will be dedicated in the empirical proof whether the solutions mentioned above can enhance service quality while reducing cost by pursuing efficiency in the service business.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.747-758
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• 2009

In this paper, we investigate the growth and fixed points of meromorphic solutions of higher order linear differential equations with meromorphic coefficients and their derivatives. Because of the restriction of differential equations, we obtain that the properties of fixed points of meromorphic solutions of higher order linear differential equations with meromorphic coefficients and their derivatives are more interesting than that of general transcendental meromorphic functions. Our results extend the previous results due to M. Frei, M. Ozawa, G. Gundersen, and J. K. Langley and Z. Chen and K. Shon.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.369-373
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• 2003

This study was performed to test whether endomorphin-1 has analgesic effect, when locally administrated into inflamed peripheral tissue. Carrageenan suspension (0.5%) was injected intraplantarly into the right paw of Sprague-Dawley male rats, and the rats were subjected to a series of mechanical stimuli with von Frei filaments before and after the injection. Carrageenan-injected rats showed typical inflammatory hyperalgesic signs and decrease of withdrawal threshold, peaked at 3 to 6 hours after the injection and lasted more than 3 days. Endomorphin-1 was intraplantarly injected with carrageenan, simultaneously or 3∼4 hours after carrageenan. Simultaneous injection of endomorphin-1 with carrageenan significantly reduced hyperalgesia and thd analgesic effect was prolonged up to 8 hours. The delivery of endomorphin-1 ($50{\mu}g$) into the inflamed area after 3 to 4 hours of carrageenan injection significantly increased the threshold of hyperalgesic mechanical withdrawal response, but only partially. Intrathecal treatment of endomorphin-1 completely reversed carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia. This report is the first to show that peripherally delivered endomorphin-1 relieved inflammatory hyperalgesia. But a control through peripheral ${\mu}-opioid$ receptors appears to be not sufficient for complete pain treatment.