• 제목/요약/키워드: FRAGMENTATION

검색결과 1,882건 처리시간 0.024초

인장/압축 Broutman Fragmentation시험법과 음향방출을 이용한 단섬유 복합재료의 미세파괴 메커니즘의 연구 (A Study on Microfailure Mechanism of Single-Fiber Composites using Tensile/Compressive Broutman Fragmentation Techniques and Acoustic Emission)

  • Park, Joung-Man;Kim, Jin-Won;Yoon, Dong-Jin
    • Composites Research
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.54-66
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    • 2000
  • 탄소섬유/에폭시 복합재료의 계면 및 미세파괴 물성을 인장 fragmentation과 압축 Broutman 두 시험법과 음향방출 시험을 이용하여 평가하였다. Maleic anhydride polymeric coupling agent와 amino-silane를 각각 전기증착법 및 dipping을 통하여 섬유표면에 적용하였다. 두 coupling agents를 사용한 섬유와 기지간의 계면전단강도는 인장 및 압축 두 시험에서 모두 미처리와 비교하여 큰 증가를 나타내었다. 인장시험 동안에, 원추모양의 섬유파단과 기지의 cracking 그리고 부분적인 interlayer failure로 이루어진 전형적인 미세파괴 형태가 발생하였다. 이에 비하여, 압축시험에서는 부러진 섬유의 끝에서 대각선 방향이 슬립거동이 관찰되었다. 주어진 두 힘의 하중상태에서 섬유의 파단은 항복점 전후 부근에서 일어났다. 음향방출분포는 인장에서 섬유표면 처리와 미처리의 두 조건에서 미세파괴 신호가 잘 분리되었으며, 한편, 압축에서는 signal이 다소 중복되어 나타났다. 이는 탄소섬유의 인장력/압축력 간의 파괴에너지 차이에 기인한다고 고려된다. 탄소와 basalt 섬유복합재료의 섬유파단 waveform의 최대 voltage는 압축보다 인장시험에서 상당히 크게 나타났으며, 이들은 음향방출시험으로 파괴에너지 차이를 명확히 비교 및 확인할 수 있었다.

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BHK-21 세포에서의 일본뇌염바이러스 구조단백질에 의한 세포독성 (Cytopathic Effects of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Structural Proteins in BHK-21 Cells)

  • 성기민;정용석
    • 미생물학회지
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    • 제38권3호
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    • pp.213-220
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    • 2002
  • 일본뇌염바이러스(Japanese encephalitis virus, JEV)의 구조단백질 capsid (C), precursor membrane (prM/M), 및 envelop (E) 단백질의 독립적인 발현을 위한 inducible expression system을 구축하였다. 발현세포주로는 BHK-21을 사용하였으며 발현의 induction에는 tetracycline analog인 doxycycline이 사용되었다. Transfectant BHK-21/IV(vector대조구), BHK21/IC(C), BHK-21/IP (prM/M),및 BHK-21/IE는 G418과 hygromycin 존재하에 클로닝되었으며 doxycycline induction에 따른 각 유전자의 mRNA 전사를 확인하였다. 세포의 성장곡선, chromatin condensation, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, 및 flow cytometry에 의한 DNA content profile 분석을 통해 induction에 의한 각 구조단백질의 발현이 숙주세포에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 세 transfectants 모두 세포성장이 감소하고 chromatin이 응축되었다. 그러나 DNA fragmentation 및 DNA content profile 분석에서는BHK-21/IC만이 induction에 따라 상응하여 반응하였다. 이상의 결과는 JEV 감염에 의한 apoptotic 세포사멸 유도기전에서 capsid 단백질이 직접적이고 독립적인 영향요인이 될 수 있음을 제시한다.

Fragmentation and energy absorption characteristics of Red, Berea and Buff sandstones based on different loading rates and water contents

  • Kim, Eunhye;Garcia, Adriana;Changani, Hossein
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제14권2호
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    • pp.151-159
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    • 2018
  • Annually, the global production of construction aggregates reaches over 40 billion tons, making aggregates the largest mining sector by volume and value. Currently, the aggregate industry is shifting from sand to hard rock as a result of legislation limiting the extraction of natural sands and gravels. A major implication of this change in the aggregate industry is the need for understanding rock fragmentation and energy absorption to produce more cost-effective aggregates. In this paper, we focused on incorporating dynamic rock and soil mechanics to understand the effects of loading rate and water saturation on the rock fragmentation and energy absorption of three different sandstones (Red, Berea and Buff) with different pore sizes. Rock core samples were prepared in accordance to the ASTM standards for compressive strength testing. Saturated and dry samples were subsequently prepared and fragmented via fast and dynamic compressive strength tests. The particle size distributions of the resulting fragments were subsequently analyzed using mechanical gradation tests. Our results indicate that the rock fragment size generally decreased with increasing loading rate and water content. In addition, the fragment sizes in the larger pore size sample (Buff sandstone) were relatively smaller those in the smaller pore size sample (Red sandstone). Notably, energy absorption decreased with increased loading rate, water content and rock pore size. These results support the conclusion that rock fragment size is positively correlated with the energy absorption of rocks. In addition, the rock fragment size increases as the energy absorption increases. Thus, our data provide insightful information for improving cost-effective aggregate production methods.

안전한 6LoWPAN 단편화 패킷 재전송 기법에 관한 연구 (A Secure 6LoWPAN Re-transmission Mechanism for Packet Fragmentation against Replay Attacks)

  • 김현곤
    • 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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    • 제14권10호
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    • pp.101-110
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    • 2009
  • 6LoWPAN은 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC과 PHY 계층 위에서 IPv6 패킷을 전송하기 위해 IPv6 헤더 압축, TCP/UDP/ICMP 헤더 압축, 단편화 및 재조립 등을 수행하는 적응계층이다. 그러나 보안 관점에서 보면 기존 IP 계층에서 단편화 및 재조립으로 인한 보안 취약점을 그대로 가지고 있으며 6LoWPAN 적응계층 고유의 새로운 보안 취약점에 노출될 수 있다. 센서 노드는 특성상 재생공격으로 인해 단편화된 패킷의 재전송이 빈번하게 발생하게 되면 심각한 통신장애가 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 6LoWPAN 계층에서 패킷 단편화로 발생할 수 있는 보안 취약점을 분석하고 재생공격으로 인한 재전송을 최소화할 수 있는 메커니즘을 제안하였다. 6LoWPAN 표준을 기반으로 추가적인 재전송 절차 및 단편화 패킷 구조를 설계하고 재전송 지연시간을 분석하였다. 제안하는 메커니즘은 타임스템프, 난스, 체크섬을 도입하여 센서 노드에 가해질 수 있는 재생공격을 최소화한다. 이를 통해 불필요한 패킷 단편화 및 재조립을 제거함으로써 센서 노드의 재조합 버퍼 오버플로우, 통신 속도 저하, 컴퓨팅 자원 손실, 노드 재부팅 등을 최소화시켜 통신의 신뢰도를 높일 수 있다.

시험시공을 통한 MDS 발파공법의 현장 적용성에 관한 연구 (A Study on the MDS Blasting Method Applicability by Test Field Construction)

  • 이봉현;최성웅
    • 화약ㆍ발파
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    • 제42권1호
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    • pp.23-33
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    • 2024
  • 최근 발파에 대한 다양한 신기술과 특허공법들이 개발되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 MDS 발파공법의 현장 적용성을 확인코자 시험시공을 진행하였으며, 파쇄입도와 300mm 이상의 대괴 발생률을 측정 및 분석하여 기존의 표준 발파공법과 비교하였다. 시험시공은 각 회차별로 동일한 벤치에서 표준발파와 MDS발파를 각 3회씩 시공하였으며, 디지털 영상처리기법을 활용하여 파쇄입도(P80)와 대괴 발생률(S30)을 측정하였다. 또한, 현장에서 체 바가지를 제작하여 파쇄석 더미에서 대괴를 선별하고 계근 및 환산처리를 통해 실측값을 산출하였다. 분석 결과 파쇄입도는 MDS발파가 표준발파보다 평균 약 21.0% 감소하였으며, 대괴 발생률에서 100-S30은 평균 10.1%, 실측값은 평균 7.6% 감소하였다. 시공 현장의 암질 차이로 인해 각 회차별로 발파효과는 차이가 있었지만, 전체적인 경향으로 볼 때 동등한 조건에서 MDS발파가 표준발파에 비해 파쇄입도 및 대괴 발생률에서 보다 효과적인 결과를 나타낸 것으로 판단된다.

Origin of limestone conglomerates in the Choson Supergroup(Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea

  • Kwon Y.K.;Chough S.K.;Choi D.K.;Lee D.J.
    • 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국석유지질학회 2001년도 제8차 학술발표회 발표논문집
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    • pp.63-65
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    • 2001
  • The Chosen Supergroup (Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea consists mainly of shallow marine carbonates and contains a variety of limestone conglomerates. These conglomerates largely comprise oligomictic, rounded lime-mudstone clasts of various size and shape (equant, oval, discoidal, tabular, and irregular) and dolomitic shale matrices. Most clasts are characterized by jigsaw-fit (mosaic), disorganized, or edgewise fabric and autoclastic lithology. Each conglomerate layer is commonly interbedded with limestone-dolomitic shale couplets and occasionally underlain by fractured limestone layer, capped by calcareous shale. According to composition, characteristic sedimentary structures, and fabric, limestone conglomerates in the Hwajol, Tumugol, Makkol, and Mungok formations of Chosen Supergroup can be classified into 4 types: (1) disorganized polymictic conglomerate (Cd), (2) horizontally stratified polymictic conglomerate (Cs), (3) mosaic conglomerate (Cm), and (4) disorganized/edgewise oligomictic conglomerate (Cd/e). These conglomerates are either depositional (Cd and Cs) or diagenetic (Cm and Cd/e) in origin. Depositional conglomerates are interpreted as storm deposits, tidal channel fills, or transgressive lag deposits. On the other hand, diagenetic conglomerates are not deposited by normal sedimentary processes, but formed by post-depositional diagenetic processes. Diagenetic conglomerates in the Chosen Supergroup are characterized by autoclastic and oligomictic lithology of lime-mudstone clasts, jigsaw-fit (mosaic) fabric, edgewise fabric, and a gradual transition from the underlying bed (Table 1). Autoclastic and oligomictic lithologies may be indicative of subsurface brecciation (fragmentation). Consolidation of lime-mudstone clasts pre-requisite for brecciation may result from dissolution and reprecipitation of CaCO3 by degradation of organic matter during burial. Jigsaw-fit fabric has been considered as evidence for in situ fragmentation. The edgewise fabric is most likely formed by expulsion of pore fluid during compaction. The lower boundary of intraformational conglomerates of depositional origin is commonly sharp and erosional. In contrast, diagenetic conglomerate layers mostly show a gradual transition from the underlying unit, which is indicative of progressive fragmentation upward (Fig. 1). The underlying fractured limestone layer also shows evidence for in situ fragmentation such as jigsaw-fit fabric and the same lithology as the overlying conglomerate layer (Fig, 1). Evidence from the conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that diagenetic conglomerates are formed by in situ subsurface fragmentation of limestone layers and rounding of the fragments. In situ subsurface fragmentation may be primarily due to compaction, dewatering (upward-moving pore fluids), and dissolution, accompanying volume reduction. This process commonly occurs under the conditions of (1) alternating layers of carbonate-rich and carbonate-poor sediments and (B) early differential cementation of carbonate-rich layers. Differential cementation commonly takes place between alternating beds of carbonate-rich and clay-rich layers, because high carbonate content promotes cementation, whereas clay inhibits cementation. After deposition of alternating beds and differential cementation, with progressive burial, upward-moving pore fluid may raise pore-pressure in the upper part of limestone layers, due to commonly overlying impermeable shale layers (or beds). The high pore-pressure may reinforce propagation of fragmentation and cause upward-expulsion of pore fluid which probably produces edgewise fabric of tabular clasts. The fluidized flow then extends laterally, causing reorientation and further rounding of clasts. This process is analogous to that of autobrecciation, which can be analogously termed autoconglomeration. This is a fragmentation and rounding process whereby earlier semiconsolidated portions of limestone are incorporated into still fluid portions. The rounding may be due mainly to immiscibility and surface tension of lime-mud. The progressive rounding of the fragmented clasts probably results from grain attrition by fluidized flow. A synthetic study of limestone conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that very small percent of the conglomerate layers are of depositional origin, whereas the rest, more than $80\%$, are of diagenetic origin. The common occurrence of diagenetic conglomerates warrants further study on limestone conglomerates elsewhere in the world.

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내장형 시스템을 위한 Budgeted 메모리 할당기 (Budgeted Memory Allocator for Embedded Systems)

  • 이중희;이준환
    • 전자공학회논문지SC
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    • 제45권2호
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    • pp.61-70
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    • 2008
  • 내장형 시스템의 설계 유연성을 높이고 예측하기 어려운 입력과 출력을 다루기 위해 동적 메모리 할당기가 사용된다. 일반적으로 내장형 시스템은 사용 기간 동안 계속 수행되기 때문에 메모리 할당기를 설계하는데 있어서 단편화 문제가 중요한 고려 사항 중 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 미리 구분된 객체들에 대한 전용 영역을 활용하여 단편화를 최소화시키기는 budgeted 메모리 할당기를 제안한다. 최신의 메모리 할당기를 사용하는 대신 budgeted 메모리 할당기를 사용하면 필요한 힙 영역의 크기를 최대 49.5% 감소시킬 수 있었다. 힙 영역의 크기가 16KB 이상이면 budgeted 메모리 할당기를 사용함으로 늘어나는 코드의 크기를 줄어든 단편화로 보상할 수 있다.

미얀마 네피도 지역의 도시개발로 인한 토지피복변화 탐지 및 산림파편화 분석 (Land cover change and forest fragmentation analysis for Naypyidaw, Myanmar)

  • 공인혜;백경혜;이동근
    • 환경영향평가
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    • 제22권2호
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    • pp.147-156
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    • 2013
  • Myanmar(Burma) has been preserved valuable environmental resources because of its political isolation. But recently, Myanmar has moved a capital city(Naypyidaw) at central forest area and it has been urbanized radically since 2005. In this paper, we built multi-temporal land cover map from Landsat images of 1970s to 2012 with ENVI 4.5 software. For a broad approach, administrative district Yamethin which includes Naypyidaw is classified into 3 classes and with only Naypyidaw region is classified with 4-5 classes to analyse specific changes. And with forest cover extracted by Object Oriented Classification, we evaluated forest fragmentation before and after the development using Patch Analyst(FRAGSTATs 3.3) at Yamethin area. For Yamethin area, there were significant forest cover change, 51% in 1999 to 48% in 2012, and for Naypyidaw area, 67% in 1999 to 57% in 2012 respectively. Also landscape indices resulted from Patch Analyst concluded that the total edge, edge density and mean shaped index of forest patches increased and total core area is decreased. It is attributed from land cover change with urbanization and agricultural land expansion.

상륙이 생쥐에 이식된 L1210 세포의 증식에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Phytolaccae Radix on the Proliferation of Transplanted-L1210 cells in Mice)

  • 한미숙;오찬호;은재순
    • 동의생리병리학회지
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    • 제16권2호
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    • pp.311-315
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    • 2002
  • Cellular death by apoptosis is an active process, depending on gene transcription and protein synthesis. It was reported that nitric oxide can induce apoptosis in several cancer cell-lines. We studied effects of Phytolacca esculentum van Houtt (Phytolaccaceae) Radix water extract (PRE) on the proliferation of transplanted-L1210 cells in mice. When PRE (500 mg/kg) was administered orally once a day for 7 days after transplantation of L1210 cells to mice, DNA fragmentation of transplanted-L1210 cells was induced and mitochondrial transmembrane potential of those cells was reduced. Additionally, DNA fragmentation of L1210 cells was induced by the treatment of PRE in vitro. Also, DNA fragmentation of L1210 cells was enhanced by co-culture with the peritoneal macrophages obtained from PRE-administered mice and was partly inhibited by L-NMMA in vitro. PRE enhanced the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α from peritoneal rnacrophages. These results suggest that PRE induces apoptosis of transplanted-L1210 cells via directive action on L1210 cells and stimulation of nitric oxide and tumor neaosis factor-α from macrophages.

pCT105로 원격 유도된 PC12 세포에서 조구등으로부터 분리한 corynoxeine의 항치매 효과 (The Effects of Anti-Alzheimer on CT105-induced PC 12 Cells by Corynoxeine Isolated from Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus)

  • 강형원;김상태;류영수
    • 동의생리병리학회지
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.1111-1119
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    • 2004
  • In this study, we investigated that the effects of corynoxeine on the apoptosis by inducible CT105 in PC 12 cells and neuronpathogenic agent as CT105 confirmed with apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, neurite outgrowth and immunocytochemistry analysis This study examines whether corynoxeine have an anti-alzhmeimer agent by inhibition of apoptosis by CT105 and induces neurite outgrowth. Cytotoxicity was assessed in PC12 cell cultures by DNA fragmentation and measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture media. The treatment of corynoxeine in exposure of cultures to CT105 and provided complete protection against cytotoxicity. CT105-induced cytotoxicity was blocked by apoptotsis, repaired by DNA fragmentation, neurite outgrowth and exposure to CT105 expression and regenerated with neurite outgrowth and immunocytochemistry by corynoxeine. These results indicate that in neuronal cell cultures, damage of T105, repaired excitotoxicity by corynoxeine and CT105-induced cytotoxicity is blocked primarily by the activation of anti-apoptosis.