• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2014

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of two non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures of HFC32/HFC152a at various compositions were measured on both 26 fpi low-fin and Turbo-C enhanced tubes, of 19.0 mm outside diameter. All data were taken at the vapor temperature of $39^{\circ}C$, with a wall subcooling of 3~8 K. Test results showed that the HTCs of the tested mixtures on the enhanced tubes were much lower than the ideal values calculated by mass fraction weighting of the pure component HTCs. Also, the reduction of HTCs due to the diffusion vapor film was much larger than that of a plain tube. Unlike HTCs of pure fluids, HTCs of the mixtures measured on enhanced tubes increased, as the wall subcooling increased, which was due to the sudden break-up of the vapor diffusion film with an increase in wall subcooling. Finally, the heat transfer enhancement ratios for mixtures were found to be much lower, than those of pure fluids.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2011

In this work, nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients(HTCs) of pure water are measured on horizontal 26 fpi low fin, Turbo-B and Thermoexcel-E square surfaces of 9.53 mm length. HTCs are taken from 10 $kW/m^2$ to critical heat flux for all surfaces. Test results show that critical heat fluxes(CHFs) of all enhanced surfaces are greatly improved as compared to that of a plain surface. CHFs of water on the 26 fpi low fin surface, Thermoexcel-E surface, and Turbo-B are increased up to 320%, 275%, and 150% as compared to that of the plain surface, respectively. CHF of the Turbo-B enhanced surface is lower than that of the 26 fpi low fin surface due to the surface geometry. The heat transfer enhancement ratios of the Thermoexcel-E surface, low fin surface and Turbo-B enhanced surface are 1.6~2.9, 1.6~2.1, 1.4~1.7 respectively in the range of heat fluxes tested. Judging from these results, it can be said that these types of enhanced surfaces can be used in heat transfer applications at high heat fluxes.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

붕산과 5붕산암모늄으로 처리한 편백목재 시험편의 연소특성에 관한 실험을 ISO 5660-1 표준에 따른 콘칼로리미터를 이용하여 수행하였다. 그 결과 붕소화합물로 처리한 시험편의 화재성능지수(FPI)는 공시편보다 1.2~2.1배 증가하였고, 화재성장지수(FGI)는 공시편보다 1.6~8.4% 증가하였다. 또한 총연기발생률(TSR)은 공시편보다 9.0~28.3.% 낮았다. 이것은 붕소화합물로 처리한 시험편이 난연효과로 탄화층을 생성하기 때문으로 이해된다. 공시편은 418 s에서 가장 높은 CO농도인 0.01112%를 보였으나 붕소화합물로 처리한 시험편은 공시편보다 13.2~37.5% 감소하였다. 따라서 붕소화합물로 처리한 목재는 화재위험성과 위해성이 낮아질 것으로 예상된다.

• 공업화학
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2024

Chung's equation-XII에 의하여 4종의 목재에 대한 화재위험성 및 화재안전성을 종합적으로 평가하였다. 시험편은 미국물푸레나무, 버드나무, 들메나무, 산벚나무를 선정하였다. 시험편의 연소특성 시험은 콘칼로리미터(ISO 5660-1)를 사용하였으며, 최종적으로 화재위험성지수-XII (FRI-XII)를 이용하여 화재위험성등급(FRR)을 예측하였다. 예측된 화재성능지수-X (FPI-X)과 화재성장지수-X (FGI-X)은 각각 469.03~1109.73 s²/kW와 0.0009~0.0280 kW/s²로 나타났다. 또한 화재성능지수-XI (FPI-XI)과 화재성장지수-XI (FGI-XI)은 각각 0.41~0.97와 1.11~3.11이었다. 화재위험성 등급인 화재위험성지수-XII (FRI-XII)는 들메나무가 7.60 (화재위험성 등급: D)으로서 가장 높은 화재위험성을 나타내었다. 그리고 Chung's equation-IX인 화재위험성지수-IX (FRI-IX)와 비교하였다. FRI-IX과 FRI-XII에 의한 화재위험성 등급은 버드나무와 들메나무가 공통적으로 높았다. 또한 FRI-XII와 FRI-IX에 의한 결과는 유사한 관계가 이루어졌으며, 각각의 화재안성등급의 크기는 서로 간 근접하게 일치하였다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.153-162
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• 1997

In this study, the wet surface heat transfer coefficients and friction factors of the heat exchanger with slit-wavy fin were measured. Four sample cores of two or three row with fins of 12 fpi or 16 fpi were tested. Tests were conducted in a closed loop wind tunnel, where the heat exchanger was mounted at 45 degree inclination angle. The wet surface heat transfer coefficient was reduced following the procedure given in ARI 420-81. During the course, new definitions of the $\varepsilon$-NTU applicable to enthalpy driving system were introduced. The wet surface heat transfer coefficients were approximately equal to the dry surface values. However, the friction factors were approximately 120% to 170% higher than those of the dry surface. Both the heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor of the wet surface increased as the relative humidity increased, fin pitch decreased, and the number of row decreased, although the difference was not large.

• Rapid Communication in Photoscience
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-20
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• 2012

Novel star-shaped imide compounds containing electron-donating triphenylamine and/or electron-withdrawing bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl side groups were synthesized via a two-step process. First, 3,6-dibromo-benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid (2B4BA) was reacted with 4-aminophenyl (diphenylamine) (ATPA) or 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline (6FA) by imide reaction. Then, Suzuki coupling reaction was carried out on these compounds with 4-(N,N-diphenylamino)-1-phenyl boronic acid (BTPA) or 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl boronic acid (6FBB), resulting in 3,6-bis[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]-N,N'-bis[4-(diphenylamino) phenyl]-pyromellitimide (TPTPPI), 3,6-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoro methyl) phenyl]-N,N'-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-pyro mellitimide (6F6FPI) or 3,6-bis[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]-N,N'-bis[3,5-bistrifluoromethyl)phenyl]-pyromellitimide (6FTPPI). The imide compounds obtained were characterized by NMR, FT-IR, DSC, TGA, melting point analyzer, EA, and solubility measurements. In addition, their optical and electrical properties were evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). 6F6FPI exhibited deep blue emission (443 nm), along with high $T_m$ ($382^{\circ}C$) and relatively high $T_g$ ($148^{\circ}C$).

• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1995

Thermospheric neutral winds and temperatures have been collected from the ground-based Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) at Thule Air Base ($76.5^{\circ}N{\;}69.0^{\circ}W$), Greenland since 1985. The thermospheric observations are obtained by determining the Doppler characteristics f the [OI] 6300 ${\AA}$ emissions of atomic oxygen. The FPI operates routinely during the winter season, with a limitation in the observation by the existence of clouds. For this study, data acquired from 1985 to 1991 were analyzed. The neutral wind measurements from these long-term measurements are used to investigate the influence of solar cycle variation on the high-latitude thermospheric dynamics. These data provide experimental results of the geomagnetic polar cap are also compared with the predictions of two semiempirical models : the vector spherical harmonics (VSH) model of Killeen et al. (1987) and the horizontal wind model (HWM) of Hedin et al. (1991). The experimental results show a good positive correlation between solar activity and thermospheric wind speed over the geomagnetic polar cap. The calculated correlation coefficient indicates that an increase of 100 in F10.7 index corresponds to an increase in wind speed of about 100 m/s. The model predictions reveal similar trends of wind speed variation as a function of solar activity, with the VSH and HWM models tending to overestimate and underestimate the wind speed, respectively.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.237-247
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• 2002

We report all sky camera and Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) observations of mesospheric gravity waves and a 12-hour wave at Resolute $(75^{\circ}N)$ and a joint observation of 10-hour wave with Eureka $(80^{\circ}N)$. All sky camera observations showed a low occurrence of mesosphere gravity waves during equinoxes, which is similar to the mid-latitude region. A slightly higher occurrence near solstice appears to indicate that gravity waves are not filtered out by the neutral wind in the winter. The FPI observation of a 12-hour wave showed amplitude variations from day to day. The phase of the wave is mostly stable and consistent with the GSWM prediction in the winter. The phase shifts with season as predicted by the GSWM. Four events of the 12-hour wave were found in spring with amplitudes larger than the GSW predictions. The FPls at Resolute and Eureka also observed a wave with period close to 10 hours. The 10-hour wave maybe the result of the non-linear interaction between the semi-diurnal tide and the quasi-two day wave. Further studies are under way. Overall, the combined Resolute and Eureka observation have revealed some new fractures about the mesospheric gravity wave, tidal wave, and other oscillations.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2019

본 연구는 붕소/실리콘 화합물을 건축 내장재용 목재에 도포한 후 화재위험성을 열 위험성에대하여 화재성능지수와 화재성장지수를 중심으로 조사하였다. 화합물은 Boric acid와 Boronic acid 유도체를 Tetraethoxyorthosilicate와 반응시켜 합성하였다. 열방출 성질은 Cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1)를 사용하여 측정하였으며 편백나무를 사용하였다. 화재강도는 외부 열 유속(External heat flux)을 50 kW/㎡로 고정시켰다. 연소시킨 후 측정된 화재성능지수는 편백나무와 비교하여 Boric acid/silicone (BA/Si) sol이 1.6배, Isobutylboronic Acid/silicone 졸 (IBBA/Si)과 Phenyl boronic acid/silicone 졸 (PBA/Si)은 각각 1.1배 증가하였다. 화재성능지수에 의한 화재위험성은 BA/Si < IBBA/Si ≈ PBA/Si 순으로 증가하였다. 화재성장지수는 편백나무와 비교하여 BA/Si와 IBBA/Si는 각각 94%, 8% 감소하였고 PBA/Si는 17% 증가하였다. 화재성장지수에 의한 화재위험성은 BA/Si < IBBA/Si < PBA/Si 순으로 증가하였다. 화재위험성을 종합적으로 평가하면 BA/Si < IBBA/Si < PBA/Si 순으로 높았다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.6-14
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• 2018

본 연구는 건축용 목재의 화재위험성에대하여 열방출 특성을 중심으로 조사하였다. 열방출 성질은 cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1)를 이용하여 측정하였으며 4종의 목재를 사용하였다. 외부 열유속 $25kW/m^2$에서 연소시킨 후 측정된 착화시간은 35 s부터 55 s까지였다. 나왕(lauan)과 적송의 착화 시간은 각각 54 s, 55 s로 가장 지연된 값으로 얻어졌다. 최대열방출율은 $156.87{\sim}235.1kW/m^2$ 였고 화재초기의 위험성은 가문비나무가 가장 높았다. 삼나무의 평균유효연소열은 19.1 MJ/kg였고 시료들 중에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 화재성능지수(FPI)에 의한 목재의 화재위험성은 나왕($0.2468s{\cdot}m^2/kW$) < 적송($0.2339s{\cdot}m^2/kW$) < 가문비나무($0.2308s{\cdot}m^2/kW$) < 삼나무($0.2231s{\cdot}m^2/kW$) 순으로 높았고 화재성장지수(FGI)에 의한 목재의 화재위험성은 나왕($0.5088kW/m^2{\cdot}s$) < 적송($0.511kW/m^2{\cdot}s$) < 삼나무 ($2.8522kW/m^2{\cdot}s$) < 가문비나무($3.0662kW/m^2{\cdot}s$) 순으로 높았다. 그러므로 목재의 열방출 특성에 대한 화재위험성은 가문비나무와 삼나무가 높은 것으로 나타났다.